Home - Taxonomy - Geography - Biodiversity - Literature - Purchase RepFocus Recent updates Related bibliographies: Reptiles Turtles Testudinidae North America Taxonomy of the genus Gopherus Biodiversity of the family Testudinidae Bibliography of the genus Gopherus (Gopher Tortoises) (Reptilia: Testudines: Testudinidae) Note: In order to limit redundancy, relevant literature indexed in the related bibliographies in the left column may not have been included in this page. For a comprehensive search of literature, these bibliographies should therefore also be consulted. Gopherus in general Aguirre, G.; McCoy, E.D.; Mushinsky, H.R.; Villagran-Santa Cruz, M.; Garcia Collazo, R.; Andreu, G.C. (eds.) 1995. Proceedings of North American Tortoise Conference, Mapimi Biosphere Reserve, Durango, Mexico October 8-11, 1994. Publicaciones de la Sociedad Herpetologica Mexicana 2: 1-87. Auffenberg, W. 1976. The genus Gopherus (Testudinidae): Pt. 1. Osteology and relationships of extant species. Bulletin Fla St. Mus. biol. Sci. 20(2): 47-110. Auffenberg, W.; Franz, R. 1978. Gopherus. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 211: 1-2. Averill-Murray, R.C.; Averill Murray, A. 2002. Distribution and density of Desert Tortoise at Ironwood Forest National Monument. Sonoran Herpetologist 15(7): 78-79. Avery, H.W. 1995. Constraints of body size, environmental stochasticity, and livestock grazing on the nutritional ecology of North American tortoises. Publicaciones de la Sociedad Herpetologica Mexicana 2: 14-16. Berry, K.H.; Morafka, D.J.; Murphy, R.W. 2002. Defining the Desert Tortoise(s): our first priority for a coherent conservation strategy. Chelonian Conservation and Biology 4(2): 249-262. Bour, R.; Dubois, A. 1984. Xerobates Agassiz, 1857, synonyme plus ancien de Scaptochelys Bramble, 1982 (Reptilia, Chelonii, Testudinidae). Bulletin Mensuel de la Societe Linneenne de Lyon 53(1): 30-32. Bramble, D.M. 1978. Some functional and evolutionary correlates of burrowing behavior in Gopher tortoises. Desert Tortoise Council Proceedings of Symposium 3: 58-59. Bramble, D.M. 1982. Scaptochelys: generic revision and evolution of Gopher Tortoises. Copeia 1982(4): 852-867. Burge, B.L. 1985. Introduction to the TORT-group. Desert Tortoise Council Proceedings of Symposium 7: 10-11. Bury, R.B. 1982. North American tortoises, an overview. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Wildlife Research Report 12: -. Bury, R.B.; Germano, D.J. 1994. Biology of North American tortoises: introduction. U S Fish and Wildlife Service Fish and Wildlife Research 13: 1-5. Crumly, C.R. 1987. The genus name for North American Gopher Tortoises. Desert Tortoise Council Proceedings of Symposium 9: 147-148. Crumly, C.R. 1994. Phylogenetic systematics of North American tortoises (genus Gopherus): evidence for their classification. U S Fish and Wildlife Service Fish and Wildlife Research 13: 7-32. Devender, T.R. van 2002. Cenozoic environments and the evolution of the Gopher Tortoises (genus Gopherus). pp. 29-51. In: Van Devender, T.R. (ed.). The Sonoran desert tortoise. Natural history, biology, and conservation. The University of Arizona Press & The Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum, Tucson. 388 pp. Doak, D.F.; Morris, W.F.; Pfister, C.; Kendall, B.E.; Bruna, E.M. 2005. Correctly estimating how environmental stochasticity influences fitness and population growth. American Naturalist 166(1): E14-E21. Dodd, C.K. 1979. Federal listing activities and the genus Gopherus. Desert Tortoise Council Proceedings of Symposium 4: 19-25. Dodd, C.K. 1980. Federal protection of North American tortoises: an update. Desert Tortoise Council Proceedings of Symposium 5: 93-98. Edwards, T.; Karl, A.E.; Vaughn, M.; Rosen, P.C.; Melendez Torres, C.; Murphy, R.W. 2016. The desert tortoise trichotomy: Mexico hosts a third, new sister-species of tortoise in the Gopherus morafkai-G. agassizii group. ZooKeys 562: 131-158. Edwards, T.; Tollis, M.; Hsieh, P.; Gutenkunst, R.N.; Liu, Z.; Kusumi, K.; Culver, M.; Murphy, R.W. 2016. Assessing models of speciation under different biogeographic scenarios; an empirical study using multi-locus and RNA-seq analyses. Ecology and Evolution 6(2): 379-396. Germano, D.J. 1993. Shell morphology of North American tortoises. American Midland Naturalist 129(2): 319-335. Germano, D.J. 1994. Comparative life histories of North American tortoises. U S Fish and Wildlife Service Fish and Wildlife Research 13: 174-186. Germano, D.J. 1994. Growth and age at maturity of North American tortoises in relation to regional climates. Canadian Journal of Zoology 72(5): 918-931. Germano, D.J. 1995. Modelling populations of North American tortoises: model results and assessment of data adequacy. Publicaciones de la Sociedad Herpetologica Mexicana 2: 29-31. Germano, D.J.; Bury, R.B. 1994. Research on North American tortoises: a critique with suggestions for the future. U S Fish and Wildlife Service Fish and Wildlife Research 13: 187-204. Grant, C. 1960. Differentiation of the southwestern tortoises (genus Gopherus), with notes on their habits. Transactions of the San Diego Society of Natural History 12: 441-448. Grant, C. 1960. Gopherus. Herpetologica 16: 29-31. Johnson, V.M.; Guyer, C.; Shawkey, M.D.; Roberts, S.R. 2008. Abundance, identification, and prospective participation of bacteria on Gopher Tortoise shell degradation. Journal of the Alabama Academy of Science 79(3-4): 190-199. Lamb, T.; Avise, J.C.; Gibbons, T.W. 1989. Phylogeographic patterns in mitochondrial DNA of the Desert Tortoise (Xerobates agassizi), and evolutionary relationships among the North American Gopher Tortoises. Evolution 43(1): 76-87. Lamb, T.; Lydeard, C. 1994. A molecular phylogeny of the Gopher Tortoises, with comments on familial relationships within the Testudinoidea. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 3(4): 283-291. Lamfrom, D.; Knighten, R. 2012. Tortoises through the Lens - A Visual Exploration of a Mojave Desert Icon. 2nd printing. Sunbelt Publications, San Diego, California. 50 pp. Lovich, J.E. 1995. Ecology of North American tortoises. Publicaciones de la Sociedad Herpetologica Mexicana 2: 50-53. McCord, R.D. 2002. Fossil history and evolution of the Gopher Tortoises (genus Gopherus). pp. 52-66. In: Van Devender, T.R. (ed.). The Sonoran desert tortoise. Natural history, biology, and conservation. The University of Arizona Press & The Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum, Tucson. 388 pp. McCord, W.P.; Joseph-Ouni, M. 2004. Chelonian illustrations. 14. North and South American tortoises. Reptilia (GB) 34: 47-50. McCoy, E.D. 1995. Field techniques for studying North American tortoises. Publicaciones de la Sociedad Herpetologica Mexicana 2: 54-57. Morafka, D.J. 1994. Neonates: missing links in the life histories of North American tortoises. U S Fish and Wildlife Service Fish and Wildlife Research 13: 161-173. Morafka, D.J. 1995. What does evolutionary ecology and phylogenetics reveal about contemporary Gopher Tortoises (Testudinidae: Gopherus), their morphology, life history strategies, and ecological niches? Publicaciones de la Sociedad Herpetologica Mexicana 2: 58-60. Nafus, M.G. 2015. Indeterminate growth in Desert Tortoises. Copeia 103(3): 520-524. Poorman, F.; Poorman, R. 1971. agassizi vs. berlandieri. International Turtle and Tortoise Society Journal 5(1): 14-16. Rhodin, A.G.J. (ed.). 2002. The gopherine tortoises, Gopherus spp. Chelonian Conservation and Biology 4(2): 247-507. Rostal, D.C.; McCoy, R.D.; Mushinsky, H.R. (eds.). 2014. Biology and Conservation of North American Tortoises. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. 208 pp. Rust, H.T. 1938. Die Gopherschildkröten. Blätter für Aquarien- und Terrarienkunde (Braunschweig) 49: 22-25. Stephen-Hassard, Q.M. 1958. The timeless tortoise. Zoonooz 31(6): 13-15. Wermuth, H. 1969. Gopherschildkröten. DATZ (Die Aquarien- und Terrarien-Zeitschrift) 22: 152-182. Winchell, S. 2006. Tortoises of North America. An overview of the genus Gopherus. Reptilia (GB) 49: 9-15. Winchell, S. 2007. Die Landschildkröten Nordamerikas. Ein Überblick über die Gattung Gopherus. Reptilia (D) 11(62): 20-27. Gopherus agassizii Anonymous. 1989. Emergency action taken to protect the Desert Tortoise. Endangered Species Technical Bulletin 14(9-10): 1, 5-6. Anonymous. 1990. Final listing rules approved for the Desert Tortoise and seven other species. Endangered Species Technical Bulletin 15(5): 7-8. Anonymous. 1994. Conservation biology of the Desert Tortoise. Herpetological Monographs 8: 1-160. Agha, M.; Augustine, B.; Lovich, J.E.; Delaney, D.; Sinervo, B.; Murphy, M.O.; Ennen, J.R.; Briggs, J.R.; Cooper, R.; Price, S.J. 2015. Using motion-sensor camera technology to infer seasonal activity and thermal niche of the Desert Tortoise (Gopherus agassizii). Journal of Thermal Biology 49-5: 119-126. Agha, M.; Delaney, D.; Lovich, J.E.; Briggs, J.; Austin, M.; Price, S.J. 2015. Nelson's Big Horn Sheep (Ovis canadensis nelsoni) trample Agassiz's Desert Tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) burrow at a California wind energy facility. Bulletin Southern California Academy of Sciences 114(1): 58-62. Agha, M.; Lovich, J.E.; Ennen, J.R.; Augustine, B.; Arundel, T.R.; Murphy, M.O.; Meyer-Wilkins, K.; Bjurlin, C.; Delaney, D.; Briggs, J.; Austin, M.; Madrak, S.V.; Price, S.J. 2015. Turbines and terrestrial vertebrates: variation in tortoise survivorship between a wind energy facility and an adjacent undisturbed wildland area in the Desert Southwest (USA). Environmental Management 56(2): 332-341. Agha, M.; Lovich, J.E.; Ennen, J.R.; Wilcox, E. 2013. Nest-guarding by female Agassiz’s Desert Tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) at a wind-energy facility near Palm Springs, California. Southwestern Naturalist 58(2): 254-257. Agha, M.; Murphy, M.O.; Lovich, J.E.; Ennen, J.R.; Oldham, C.R.; Meyer, K.; Bjurlin, C.; Austin, M.; Madrak, S.; Loughran, C.; Tennant, L.; Price, S.J. 2015. The effect of research activities and winter precipitation on voiding behaviour of Agassiz's Desert Tortoises (Gopherus agassizii). Wildlife Research 41(8): 641-649. Agha, M.; Smith, A.L.; Lovich, J.E.; Delaney, D.; Ennen, J.R.; Briggs, J.; Fleckenstein, L.J.; Tennant, L.A.; Puffer, S.R.; Walde, A.; Arundel, T.R.; Price, S.J.; Todd, B.D. 2017. Mammalian mesocarnivore visitation at tortoise burrows in a wind farm. Journal of Wildlife Management 81(6): 1117-1124 Aiello, C.M.; Nussear, K.E.; Walde, A.D.; Esque, T.C.; Emblidge, P.G.; Sah, P.; Bansal, S.; Hudson, P.J. 2014. Disease dynamics during wildlife translocations: disruptions to the host population and potential consequences for transmission in desert tortoise contact networks. Animal Conservation 17: 27-39. Amarello, M.A.; Setser, K.; Goode, M. 2004. Natural history notes: Masticophis flagellum (Coachwhip). Diet. Herpetological Review 35(2): 178. Anderson, D.R.; Burnham, K.P.; Lubow, B.C.; Thomas, L.; Corn, P.S.; Medica, P.A.; Marlow, R.W. 2001. Field trials of line transect methods applied to estimation of Desert Tortoise abundance. Journal of Wildlife Management 65(3): 583-597. Andrew, N.G.; Bleich, V.C.; Morrison, A.D.; Lesicka, L.M.; Cooley, P.J. 2001. Wildlife mortalities associated with artificial water sources. Wildlife Society Bulletin 29(1): 275-280. Aslan, C.E.; Schaefer, A.; Swann, D.E. 2003. Natural history notes: Gopherus agassizii (Desert Tortoise). Elevational range. Herpetological Review 34(1): 57. Auffenberg, W.; Franz, R. 1978. Gopherus agassizii. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 212: 1-2. Averill Murray, R.C.; Klug, C.M. 1999. Reproduction in Desert Tortoises in the Sonoran Desert, Arizona. Sonoran Herpetologist 12(7): 70-72. Averill-Murray, R.C. 2000. Reproduction and activity of Desert Tortoises at Sugarloaf Mountain, Arizona. Sonoran Herpetologist 13(9): 98-102. Averill-Murray, R.C. 2002. Effects on survival of Desert Tortoises (Gopherus agassizii) urinating during handling. Chelonian Conservation and Biology 4(2): 430-435. Averill-Murray, R.C. 2002. Reproduction of Gopherus agassizii in the Sonoran Desert, Arizona. Chelonian Conservation and Biology 4(2): 295-301. Averill-Murray, R.C. 2011. Comment on the conservation status of the Desert Tortoise(s). Herpetological Review 42(4): 500-501. Averill-Murray, R.C.; Averill Murray, A. 2005. Regional-scale estimation of density and habitat use of the Desert Tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) in Arizona. Journal of Herpetology 39(1): 65-72. Averill-Murray, R.C.; Darst, C.R.; Field, K.J.; Allison, L.J. 2012. A new approach to conservation of the Mojave Desert Tortoise. Bioscience 62(10): 893-899. Averill-Murray, R.C.; Darst, C.R.; Strout, N.; Wong, M. 2013. Conserving population linkages for the Mojave Desert Tortoise (Gopherus agassizii). Herpetological Conservation and Biology 8(1): 1-15. Averill-Murray, R.C.; Hagerty, B.E. 2014. Translocation relative to spatial genetic structure of the Mojave Desert Tortoise, Gopherus agassizii. Chelonian Conservation and Biology 13(1): 35-41. Averill-Murray, R.C.; Martin, B.E.; Bailey, S.J.; Wirt, E.B. 2002. Activity and behavior of the Sonoran Desert Tortoise in Arizona. pp. 135-158. In: Van Devender, T.R. (ed.). The Sonoran desert tortoise. Natural history, biology, and conservation. The University of Arizona Press & The Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum, Tucson. 388 pp. Averill-Murray, R.C.; Woodman, A.P.; Howland, J.M. 2002. Population ecology of the Sonoran Desert Tortoise in Arizona. pp. 109-134. In: Van Devender, T.R. (ed.). The Sonoran desert tortoise. Natural history, biology, and conservation. The University of Arizona Press & The Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum, Tucson. 388 pp. Avery, H.W. 1995. Digestive physiology and nutritional ecology of the Desert Tortoise fed native versus non-native vegetation: implications for tortoise conservation and land management. Desert Tortoise Council Proceedings of Symposium 19: 143. Bailey, S.J.; Schwalbe, C.R.; Lowe, C.H. 1995. Hibernaculum use by a population of Desert Tortoises (Gopherus agassizii) in the Sonoran Desert. Journal of Herpetology 29(3): 361-369. Barboza, P.S. 1995. Nutrient balances and maintenance requirements for nitrogen and energy in Desert Tortoises (Xerobates agassizii) consuming forages. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A Physiology 112(3-4): 537-545. Barrett, S. 1995. Critical habitat for the Desert Tortoise. Desert Tortoise Council Proceedings of Symposium 19: 144. Barrett, S.L. 1989. Desert Tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) home range and habitat use in the Picacho Mountains, Pinal County, Final report. Desert Tortoise Council Proceedings of Symposium 10 1985 [1989]: 75. Barrett, S.L. 1990. Home range and habitat of the desert-tortoise (Xerobates agassizi) in the Picacho Mountains of Arizona. Herpetologica 46(2): 202-206. Barrett, S.L.; Humphrey, J.A. 1986. Agonistic interactions between Gopherus agassizii (Testudinidae) and Heloderma suspectum (Helodermatidae). Southwestern Naturalist 31(2): 261-263. Barrow, J. 1979. Aspects of ecology of the desert tortoise, Gopherus agassizi, in Joshua Tree National Monument, Pinto Basin, Riverside County, California. Desert Tortoise Council Proceedings of Symposium 4: 105-131. Barrows, C.W. 2011. Sensitivity to climate change for two reptiles at the Mojave-Sonoran Desert interface. Journal of Arid Environments 75(7): 629-635. Barrows, C.W.; Henen, B.T.; Karl, A.E. 2016. Identifying climate refugia: a framework to inform conservation strategies for Agassiz's Desert Tortoise in a warmer future. Chelonian Conservation and Biology 15(1): 2-11. Bartholomew, B. 1993. Desert Tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) nesting behaviour. Vivarium (Lakeside) 4(4): 27-29. Baxter, P.C.; Wilson, D.S.; Morafka, D.J. 2008. Effects of nest date and placement of eggs in burrows on sex ratios and potential survival of hatchling Desert Tortoises, Gopherus agassizii. Chelonian Conservation and Biology 7(1): 52-59. Baxter, R.J. 1988. Spatial distribution of Desert Tortoises (Gopherus agassizii) at Twentynine Palms, California: implications for relocations. U.S. Forest Service General Technical Report RM 166: 180-189. Baxter, R.J.; Stewart, G.R. 1990. Excavation of winter burrows and relocation of Desert Tortoises (Gopherus agassizii) at the Luz Solar Generation Station Kramer Junction, California. Desert Tortoise Council Proceedings of Symposium 11 [1986]: 124-127. Baxter, R.J.; Stewart, G.R. 1990. Report of continuing field work on the Desert Tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) at the Twentynine Palms Marine Corps Air Ground Combat Center, spring 1985. Desert Tortoise Council Proceedings of Symposium 11 [1986]: 128-140. Beaman, K.R. (ed.) 1993. A compilation of reports and papers presented at the 17th annual symposium. Desert Tortoise Council Proceedings of Symposium 17: 1-262. Beck, D.; Coombs, E. 1987. The current status of the Paradise Canyon, Utah, Desert Tortoise population. Desert Tortoise Council Proceedings of Symposium 9: 43-50. Bender, M. 1980. Beaver Dam Slope population of the Desert Tortoise listed as Threatened. Endangered Species Technical Bulletin 5(9): 1, 4-5. Berry, K.H. 1976. A comparison of size classes and sex ratios in four populations of the desert tortoise. Desert Tortoise Council Proceedings of Symposium 1: 38-50. Berry, K.H. 1978. Livestock grazing and the desert tortoise. Desert Tortoise Council Proceedings of Symposium 3: 136-155. Berry, K.H. 1978. Livestock grazing and the desert tortoise. Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference 43: 505-519. Berry, K.H. 1980. State report - California. Desert Tortoise Council Proceedings of Symposium 5: 61-67. Berry, K.H. 1980. The potential impacts of the draft California Desert Plan on the Desert Tortoise in the California Desert Conservation Area. Desert Tortoise Council Proceedings of Symposium 5: 137-138. Berry, K.H. 1981. State report - California. Desert Tortoise Council Proceedings of Symposium 6: 49-52. Berry, K.H. 1985. State report - California. Desert Tortoise Council Proceedings of Symposium 7: 82-83. Berry, K.H. 1986. Desert Tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) relocation: implications of social behavior and movements. Herpetologica 42(1): 113-125. Berry, K.H. 1986. Desert Tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) research in California, 1976-1985. Herpetologica 42(1): 62-67. Berry, K.H. 1986. Incidence of gunshot deaths in Desert Tortoise populations in California. Wildlife Society Bulletin 14(2): 127-132. Berry, K.H. 1986. State report - California. Desert Tortoise Council Proceedings of Symposium 8: 44-46. Berry, K.H. 1989. Gopherus agassizi Desert Tortoise. Occasional Papers of the IUCN Species Survival Commission 5: 5-7. Berry, K.H. 1990. The status of the Desert Tortoise in 1990: current population issues in California. pp. 80-82. In: Beaman, K.R.; Caporaso, F.; McKeown, S. & Graff, M.D. (eds.). Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Turtles and Tortoises: conservation and captive husbandry, Chapman University, August 9-12, 1990. California Turtle and Tortoise Club, Van Nuys. 171 pp. Berry, K.H. 1995. The status of the Desert Tortoise and conservation efforts in the United States. Publicaciones de la Sociedad Herpetologica Mexicana 2: 21-25. Berry, K.H. 2002. Using growth ring counts to age juvenile Desert Tortoises (Gopherus agassizii) in the wild. Chelonian Conservation and Biology 4(2): 416-424. Berry, K.H.; Bailey, T.Y.; Anderson, K.M. 2006. Attributes of Desert Tortoise populations at the National Training Center, Central Mojave Desert, California, USA. Journal of Arid Environments 67 (Supplement): 165-191. Berry, K.H.; Christopher, M.M. 2001. Guidelines for the field evaluation of Desert Tortoise health and disease. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 37(3): 427-450. Berry, K.H.; Coble, A.A.; Yee, J.L.; Mack, J.S.; Perry, W.M.; Anderson, K.M.; Brown, M.B. 2015. Distance to human populations influences epidemiology of respiratory disease in Desert Tortoises. Journal of Wildlife Management 79(1): 122-136. Berry, K.H.; Keith, K.; Bailey, T. 2008. Status of the Desert Tortoise in Red Rock Canyon State Park. California Fish and Game 94(2): 98-118. Berry, K.H.; Lyren, L.M.; Yee, J.L.; Bailey, T.Y. 2014. Protection benefits Desert Tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) abundance: the influence of three management strategies on a threatened species. Herpetological Monographs 28: 66-92. Berry, K.H.; Medica, P. 1995. Desert Tortoises in the Mojave and Colorado Deserts. pp. 135-137. In: LaRoe, E.T.; Farris, G.S.; Puckett, C.E.; Doran, P.D. & Mac, M.J. (eds.). Our living resources: a report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals and ecosystems. U.S. Department of the Interior, National Biological Service, Washington, D.C. 530 pp. Berry, K.H.; Nicholson, L.L.; Juarez, S.; Woodman, A.P. 1990. Changes in Desert Tortoise populations at four study sites in California. Desert Tortoise Council Proceedings of Symposium 11 [1986]: 60-80. Berry, K.H.; Shields, T.; Jacobson, E.R. 2016. Natural history notes: Gopherus agassizii (Mohave Desert Tortoise). Probable rattlesnake envenomation. Herpetological Review 47(4): 652-653. Berry, K.H.; Shields, T.; Woodman, A.P.; Campbell, T.; Roberson, J.; Bohuski, K.; Karl, A. 1990. Changes in Desert Tortoise populations at the Desert Tortoise Research Natural Area between 1979 and 1985. Desert Tortoise Council Proceedings of Symposium 11 [1986]: 100-123. Berry, K.H.; Spangenberg, E.K.; Homer, B.L.; Jacobson, E.R. 2002. Deaths of Desert Tortoises following periods of drought and research manipulation. Chelonian Conservation and Biology 4(2): 436-448. Berry, K.H.; Turner, F.B. 1986. Spring activities and habits of juvenile Desert Tortoises, Gopherus agassizii, in California. Copeia 1986(4): 1010-1012. Berry, K.H.; Turner, F.B. 1987. Notes on the behaviour and habitat preference of juvenile Desert Tortoises (Gopherus agassizii) in California. Desert Tortoise Council Proceedings of Symposium 9: 111-130. Berry, K.H.; Woodman, A.P.; Nicholson, L.L.; Burge, B.L. 1986. The distribution and abundance of the Desert Tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) on the Chocolate Mountains Aerial Gunnery Range. Desert Tortoise Council Proceedings of Symposium 8: 47-65. Berry, K.H.; Yee, J.L.; Coble, A.A.; Perry, W.M.; Shields, T.A. 2013. Multiple factors affect a population of Agassiz's Desert Tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) in the northwestern Mojave Desert. Herpetological Monographs 27: 87-109. Bickett, J.A. 1980. A baseline study of the Desert Tortoise, Gopherus agassizi, at the Interpretive Centre site, Desert Tortoise Natural Area. Desert Tortoise Council Proceedings of Symposium 5: 174-176. Bissett, D. 1972. A report on survival. International Turtle and Tortoise Society Journal 6(2): 8-9, 32. Bjurlin, C.D.; Bissonette, J.A. 2004. Survival during early life stages of the Desert Tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) in the south-central Mojave Desert. Journal of Herpetology 38(4): 527-535. Black, J.H. 1976. Observations on courtship behavior of the desert tortoise. Great Basin Naturalist 36(4): 467-470. Boarman, W.I. 1992. Problems with management of a native predator on a threatened species: raven predation on Desert Tortoises. Proceedings of the Vertebrate Pest Conference 15: 48-52. Boarman, W.I. 1993. The raven management program of the Bureau of Land Management: status as of 1992. Desert Tortoise Council Proceedings of Symposium 17: 113-116. Boarman, W.I. 2003. Managing a subsidized predator population: Reducing common raven predation on Desert Tortoises. Environmental Management 32(2): 205-217. Boarman, W.I.; Berry, K.H. 1995. Common ravens in the southwestern United States, 1968-92. pp. 73-75. In: LaRoe, E.T.; Farris, G.S.; Puckett, C.E.; Doran, P.D. & Mac, M.J. (eds.). Our living resources: a report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals and ecosystems. U.S. Department of the Interior, National Biological Service, Washington, D.C. 530 pp. Boarman, W.I.; Coe, S.J. 2002. An evaluation of the distribution and abundance of common ravens at Joshua Tree National Park. Bulletin Southern California Academy of Sciences 101(2): 86-102. Boarman, W.I.; Kristan, W.B. 2006. Evaluation of evidence supporting the effectiveness of Desert Tortoise recovery actions. U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 5143: 1-27. Boarman, W.I.; Patten, M.A.; Camp, R.J.; Collis, S.J. 2006. Ecology of a population of subsidized predators: Common ravens in the central Mojave Desert, California. Journal of Arid Environments 67 (Supplement): 248-261. Boarman, W.I.; Sazaki, M. 2006. A highway's road-effect zone for Desert Tortoises (Gopherus agassizii). Journal of Arid Environments 65(1): 94-101. Boarman, W.I.; Sazaki, M.; Berry, K.H.; Goodlett, G.O.; Jennings, W.B.; Woodman, A.P. 1993. Measuring the effectiveness of a tortoise-proof fence and culverts: status report from first field season. Desert Tortoise Council Proceedings of Symposium 17: 126-142. Bogert, C.M. 1937. Note on the growth rate of the desert tortoise Gopherus agassizi. Copeia 1937: 191-192. Bolwahnn, F.L. 1985. A recovery plan for the Desert Tortoise. Desert Tortoise Council Proceedings of Symposium 7: 73-75. Boone, J.L.; Holt, E.A. 2001. Sexing young free-ranging Desert Tortoises (Gopherus agassizii) using external morphology. Chelonian Conservation and Biology 4(1): 28-33. Boone, J.L.; Rakestraw, D.L.; Rautenstrauch, K.R. 1999. Natural history notes: Gopherus agassizii (Desert Tortoise). Predation. Herpetological Review 30(1): 40. Booth, K. 1958. Development of eggs and young of desert tortoise. Herpetologica 13: 261-263. Booth, K.A.; Buskirk, J. 1988. Three generations of captive-hatched Desert Tortoises, Xerobates agassizii. Herpetological Review 19(3): 55-56. Bostick, V. 1990. The Desert Tortoise in relation to cattle grazing. Rangelands 12(3): 149-151. Bowns, J.E.; Ogden, P.; Sullins, J.; Henderson, D. 1991. Desert Tortoise report to the SRM board. Rangelands 13(2): 91-92. Brennan, I.G. 2012. Natural history notes: Gopherus agassizii (Mojave Desert Tortoise). Diet. Herpetological Review 43(4): 638-639. Britten, H.B.; Riddle, B.R.; Brussard, P.F.; Marlow, R.; Lee, T.E. 1997. Genetic delineation of management units for the Desert Tortoise, Gopherus agassizii, in northeastern Mojave Desert. Copeia 1997(3): 523-530. Brode, J.M. 1987. State report - California. Desert Tortoise Council Proceedings of Symposium 9: 64. Brooks, M.L.; Esque, T.C. 2002. Alien plants and fire in Desert Tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) habitat of the Mojave and CoLorado deserts. Chelonian Conservation and Biology 4(2): 330-340. Brown, T.K.; Nagy, K.A.; Morafka, D.J. 2005. Costs of growth in tortoises. Journal of Herpetology 39(1): 19-23. Bulova, S.J. 1993. Observation on burrow use by captive Desert Tortoises. Desert Tortoise Council Proceedings of Symposium 17: 143-150. Bulova, S.J. 1994. Patterns of burrow use by Desert Tortoises: gender differences and seasonal trends. Herpetological Monographs 8: 133-143. Bulova, S.J. 1997. Conspecific chemical cues influence burrow choice by Desert Tortoises (Gopherus agassizii). Copeia 1997(4): 802-810. Burge, B.L. 1977. Daily and seasonal behaviour and areas utilized by the desert tortoise Gopherus agassizi in southern Nevada. Desert Tortoise Council Proceedings of Symposium 2: 59-94. Burge, B.L. 1978. 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