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Taxonomy of the genus Bitis Biodiversity of the family Viperidae

Bibliography of the genus
Bitis (African Adders)

(Reptilia: Serpentes: Viperidae)

Note: In order to limit redundancy, relevant literature indexed in the related bibliographies in the left column may not have been included in this page. For a comprehensive search of literature, these bibliographies should therefore also be consulted.


Bitis in general

Akester, J. 1989. Captive breeding programme for African vipers (Bitis spp.). Conservationist (Harare) 50-51: 1-3.

Bouillon, A. 1965. Serpentes danger! Zooleo 2: 1-76.

Branch, W.R. 1989. A new adder (Bitis) from the Cedarberg, and the status of Bitis inornata (A. Smith, 1849): preliminary observations. Journal of the Herpetological Association of Africa 36(1): 64-67.

Derleyn, P.P. 1977. Notes sur les serpents du Burundi. Les genres Thrasops, Dendroaspis et Bitis. Revue de Zoologie Africaine 91(3): 525-537.

Dorandeu, F. 1991. Les grandes viperes africaines du genre Bitis Gray, 1842 et leur venin. Apercus zoologique, biochimique et clinique. Medecine Tropicale 51(3): 293-306.

Hoser, R.T. 2013. A formal five-way division of the Gaboon Viper species complex: Bitis (Macrocerastes) gabonica (Dumeril, Bibron and Dumeril, 1854) and a two-way division of the Nose-horned Viper species complex Bitis (Macrocerastes) nasicornis (Shaw, 1802) (Serpentes: Viperidae: Bitisini). Australasian Journal of Herpetology 19: 25-31.

Hoser, R.T. 2013. African adders (Bitis Gray, 1842), reviewed, including, two new subgenera, five new species of Puff adder, all formerly Bitis arietans (Merrem, 1820) subspecific division of Bitis caudalis (Smith, 1839) and division of the Berg Adders Bitis atropos (Linnaeus, 1758) (Serpentes: Viperidae: Bitisini). Australasian Journal of Herpetology 19: 3-24.

International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 1945. Opinion 188. Suppression of the name Cobra Laurenti 1768 and suspension of the rules for Bitis Gray, 1842. Opinions and Declarations of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 3(7): 77-87.

Lenk, P.; Herrmann, H.W.; Joger, U.; Wink, M. 1999. Phylogeny and taxonomic subdivision of Bitis (Reptilia: Viperidae) based on molecular evidence. Kaupia Darmstädter Beiträge Zur Naturgeschichte 8: 31-38.

Markley, H.R. 1992. The giant vipers of Africa in the wild and in captivity. Vivarium (Lakeside) 4(1): 22-27.

Peters, U. 1988. African vipers of the genus Bitis. Snake Keeper 2(11): 15-19.

Stejneger, L.H. 1936. Types of the amphibian and reptilian genera proposed by Laurenti in 1768. Copeia 1936(3): 133-141.

Wittenberg, R.D.; Jadin, R.C.; Fenwick, A.M.; Gutberlet, R.L. 2015. Recovering the evolutionary history of Africa's most diverse viper genus: morphological and molecular phylogeny of Bitis (Reptilia: Squamata: Viperidae). Organisms Diversity & Evolution 15(1): 115-125.

Bitis albanica

Branch, W.R. 1999. Dwarf adders of the Bitis cornuta-inornata complex (Serpentes: Viperidae) in southern Africa. Kaupia Darmstädter Beiträge Zur Naturgeschichte 8: 39-63.

Underwood, G. 1968. On the status of some South African vipers. Annals of the Cape Provincial Museums 6: 81-85.

Bitis arietans

Anonymous. 1967. Adder for a playmate. Loris 11: 124.

Al Asmari, A.; Rajamohammed, A.M.; Khan, H.A. 2014. Identification and phylogeny of Arabian snakes: Comparison of venom chromatographic profiles versus 16S rRNA gene sequences. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 21(5): 436-441.

Alexander, G.J.; Kruger, C. 2010. Natural history notes: Bitis arietans arietans (Merrem, 1820). Puff Adder. Winter mating activity. African Herp News 50: 30-34.

Alexander, G.J.; Maritz, B. 2010. Natural history notes: Bitis arietans arietans (Merrem, 1820). Puff Adder. Partial resistance to Naja venom. African Herp News 50: 34-36.

Alves, R. 1960. Some case histories of snake bites in Southern Rhodesia. Journal of the Herpetological Association of Rhodesia 9(1): 15-17.

Balarin, L. 1960. Case history of a puff adder (Bitis arietans) bite. Journal of the Herpetological Association of Rhodesia 11: 4-6.

Barlow, A.; Baker, K.; Hendry, C.R.; Peppin, L.; Phelps, T.; Tolley, K.A.; Wüster, C.E.; Wüster, W. 2013. Phylogeography of the widespread African puff adder (Bitis arietans) reveals multiple Pleistocene refugia in southern Africa. Molecular Ecology 22(4): 1134-1157.

Barts, M.; Bassil, S. 2008. Beobachtung eines Kommentkampfes bei Bitis arietans arietans. Sauria (Berlin) 30(3): 39-42.

Blaylock, R.S. 1960. Case history of a bite from Bitis a. arietans in Bulawayo. Journal of the Herpetological Association of Rhodesia 12: 9.

Bourgeois, M. 1964. Les reptiles de la Kasapa (Elisábethville). Publ. Univ. Elisábethville 7: 65-89.

Boycott, R.C. 1978. Puff adder birth. Journal of the Herpetological Association of Africa 17(1): 21.

Branch, D.; Branch, W.R. 2004. Bitis arietans. Puff Adder. Arboreal behaviour. African Herp News 37: 26-27.

Branch, W.R. 1999. Bitis arietans peghullae Stewart 1973 (Serpentes: Viperidae): a valid race of puff adder? African Journal of Herpetology 48(1-2): 15-19.

Broadley, D.G. 1974. Ophiophagy in Bitis arietans in Zambia. Journal of the Herpetological Association of Africa 12: 30-31.

Broadley, D.G.; Parker, R.H. 1976. Natural hybridization between the puff adder and gaboon viper in Zululand. (Serpentes: Viperidae). Durban Museum Novitates 11(3): 77-83.

Campbell, W.A. 1958. Birth of puffadders and swallowing of young. African Wild Life 12: 164.

Cansdale, G.S. 1958. West African snakes: Correction to fig. of E. carinatus, vol. 14, p. 113, should be B. arietans. Nigerian Field 23: 47-48.

Capocaccia, L. 1955. Contributo allo studio della distribuzione geografica di Bitis lachesis somalica Parker. Doriana 2(60): 1-7.

Chandra, A.; Sagredo, K. 2013. Die Puffotter (Bitis arietans). Terraria-Elaphe 2013(44): 34-42.

Chenaux-Repond, R. 1974. Cattle egrets mob swimming puff adder. Honeyguide 78: 46-47.

Clapp, J.A. 1977. Courtship behaviour in the puff adder. EANHS (East Africa Natural History Society) Bulletin 1977: 7-8.

Cloudsley-Thompson, J.L. 1988. The puff adder (Bitis arietans). British Herpetological Society Bulletin 26: 23-25.

Coborn, J. 1977. Observations on the genus Bitis. Report Cotswold Herpetological Symposium 1977: 37-41.

Cochran, D.M. 1944. Dangerous reptiles (popular). Rep. Smithson. Instn. 1943: 275-325.

Coulson, I.M.; Riddell, I.C. 1988. Growth of an African puff adder (Bitis arietans arietans) in captivity - first year of life. Journal of the Herpetological Association of Africa 35(1): 35-36.

Donald, L.J. 1962. Foods and feeding [Bitis arietans, Trimerorhinus tritaeniatus]. Lammergeyer 2(1): 70.

Dowling, H.G. 1959. Rattles and hisses and rasping scales. Animal Kingdom 62: 140-142.

Egan, V.T. 1996. African puff adders Bitis arietans. Reptile & Amphibian Magazine 1996(May-June): 26-32.

Elzen, P. van den 1983. Zur herpetofauna des Brandberges, Südwest-Afrika. Bonner Zoologische Beiträge 34(1-3): 293-309.

Eniang, E.A.; Ebin, C.O.; Luiselli, L. 2002. On the composition of the snake fauna of Okwangwo division of Cross River National Park, a hilly forest-savanna transition zone in south-eastern Nigeria (Squamata: Serpentes). Herpetozoa 15(1-2): 79-82.

FitzSimons, V. 1956. Reptiles and Amphibians of the Wonderboom Nature Reserve. Fauna and Flora (Pretoria) 7: 89-106.

FitzSimons, V.; Brain, C.K. 1958. A short account of the reptiles of the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park. Koedoe 1: 99-104.

Frade, F.; Manacas, S. 1955. Serpentes do Ultramar portugues. Garcia de Orta Sér. Zool. (Lisboa) 3(4): 547-553.

French, M.R. 1959. Case history of a puff adder bite in Salisbury. Journal of the Herpetological Association of Rhodesia 8: 9.

Geniez, M.; Geniez, P. 1995. Nouvelles observations sur l'herpetofaune marocaine, 4: le Sahara Occidental, 2. Bulletin de la Societe Herpetologique de France 67-68: 1-10.

Gillespie, S.; Patterson, R.W.; Morgan, D.R. 1992. The first captive propagation of striped-phase puff adders (Bitis arietans). Journal of the Herpetological Association of Africa 40: 95-96.

Girard, F. 1999. Geographical distribution: Geographical distribution: Bitis arietans (Merrem, 1820). Puff Adder. South Africa: Northern Cape Province. African Herp News 28: 34.

Glaudas, X.; Alexander, G. 2014. Natural history notes: Bitis arietans (Puff Adder). Foraging behavior. Herpetological Review 45(1): 139-140.

Glaudas, X.; Kearney, T.C.; Alexander, G.J. 2017. Museum specimens bias measures of snake diet: a case study using the ambush-foraging Puff Adder (Bitis arietans). Herpetologica 73(2): 121–128.

Glaudas, X.; Kearney, T.C.; Alexander, G.J. 2017. To hold or not to hold? The effects of prey type and size on the predatory strategy of a venomous snake. Journal of Zoology (London) 302(3): 211-218

Goddard, M.G. 1962. Case history of a puff adder (Bilis arietans) bite. Journal of the Herpetological Association of Rhodesia 17-18: 15-16.

Haagner, G.V. 1990. The maintenance of puffadders (Bitis a. arietans) in captivity, with notes on captive breeding. Journal of the Herpetological Association of Africa 38: 53-55.

Heck, L. 1956. Puffotter-Fang im Trockenbett des Swacop. DATZ (Die Aquarien- und Terrarien-Zeitschrift) 9(2): 52-3.

Heuwinkel, H.; Beigel-Heuwinkel, U. 2006. Alarmrufe von Dreifarbglanzstaren (Lamprotornis superbus) bei Entdeckung eines Bodenfeindes. Acta Biologica Benrodis 13: 249-252.

Hoier, R. 1950. A travers plaines et volcans au Pare National Albert. Reptiles. pp. 119-127. Bruxelles. 174 pp.

Jacobsen, N.H.G. 1986. Growth of puff adders (Bitis arietans) in captivity. Journal of the Herpetological Association of Africa 32(1): 19-23.

Janecek, J. 1976. An exceptionally large puff adder brood Bitis arietans at Dvur Kralove Zoo. International Zoo Yearbook 16: 85-86.

Keyter, B.J. 1958. The birth of puffadders. African Wild Life 12: 76.

Knight, A.P. 1959. More about puff adders. African Wild Life 13: 84.

Lake, A. 1999. Amateur breeding of the Puff Adder, Bitis arietans. African Herp News 28: 16-17.

Lombard, G.L. 1958. Birth of baby puffadders and swallowing of young. African Wild Life 12: 253.

Machts, T. 2015. Eine Beobachtung zur Ophiophagie bei der Puffotter (Bitis arietans). Terraria-Elaphe 2015(51): 58-61.

Maritz, B. 2013. Natural history notes: Bitis arietans arietans (Merrem, 1820). Predation. African Herp News 59: 21-28.

Maurer, F.W. 1975. Observation of a mating pair of African puff adders, Bitis arietans arietans. Botswana Notes and Records 7: 198-201.

Mertens, R. 1968. Remarks on the scientific name of the African puff adder. Copeia 1968: 621-622.

Meyer, J.A. 2004. Erfolgreiche Nachzucht von Bitis arietans (Merrem, 1820). Elaphe 12(3): 18.

Necas, P. 1995. Preliminary results of the herpetological expedition "ETHIOPIA'92". pp. 335-336. In: Llorente, G.A.; Montori, A.; Santos, X. & Carretero, M.A. (eds.). Scientia Herpetologica: papers submitted from the 7th Ordinary General Meeting of Societas Europaea Herpetologica, Barcelona, September 15-19, 1993. Asociacion Herpetologica Espanola, Barcelona. 385 pp.

Owen, J.S. 1956. Torit snakes. Sudan Notes 37: 92-93.

Peters, J.A.; Broadley, D.G. 1967. The scientific name of the African puff adder. Copeia 1967: 864-865.

Phelps, T. 2006. Bitis arietans (Merrem, 1820). Puff Adder. Sedentary behavior. African Herp News 39: 13-14.

Phillips, M.A.; Waterman, J.M. 2014. Anti-snake behaviour in a facultative cooperative breeder, the Cape Ground Squirrel. Behaviour 151(12-13): 1735-1758.

Pitman, C.R.S. 1962. Jumping snakes. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 58: 809.

Rosi, R. 1988. The breeding in captivity of the puff adder, Bitis arietans (Merrem, 1820). Litteratura Serpentium (English Edition) 8(3): 123-133.

Schaefer, N. 1970. Striking speeds of some South African snakes. Journal of the Herpetological Association of Africa 6(1): 12-16.

Schetty, P. 1951. Die Puffotter Bitis arietans Merrem. DATZ (Die Aquarien- und Terrarien-Zeitschrift) 4: 107-108.

Schweizer, H. 1950. Über die Puffotter, Bitis arietans Merrem, und ihre Fortpflanzung im Terrarium. Wochenschrift für Aquarien- und Terrarienkunde (Braunschweig) 44(7): 213-216.

Schweizer, H. 1954. Die Puffotter, Bitis arietans (Merrem). DATZ (Die Aquarien- und Terrarien-Zeitschrift) 7: 71-73.

Scortecci, G. 1955. Viaggio di esplorazione biologica sulle montagne della Migiurtinia compiuto con il contribute del consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche. Bollettino dei Musei e degli Istituti Biologici dell'Universita di Genova 25 [1953-1955]: 43-105.

Sibanda, M.; Moyo, E. 2001. Western banded snake eagle kills puff adder. CCA Ecological Journal 3: 155.

Skelton-Bourgeois, M. 1961. Reptiles et batraciens du Stanley Pool. Ann. Mus. Afr. Centr. 103: 169-183.

Stewart, G. 1973. The East African puff adder. Baltimore Univ. Communs 1: 1-4.

Thomas, E. 1966. Beuteerwerb bei Puffottern, Bitis lachesis (Laurenti). (Filmvorführung). Verhandlungen der Deutschen Zoologischen Gesellschaft 29: Unpaginated.

Thorne, S.C.; Hamman, K.C.D. 1981. Predation by the sharptooth catfish Clarias gariepinus (Siluriformes: Clariidae) on the common puff-adder Bitis arietans (Squamata: Viperidae). Journal of the Herpetological Association of Africa 25: 14-15.

Thorne, S.C.; Hamman, K.C.D. 1981. Predation by the sharptooth catfish Clarias gariepinus (Siluriformis: Clariidae) on the common puff-adder Bitis arietans (Squamata: Viperidae). Journal of the Herpetological Association of Africa 25(1): 14-15.

Verwey, M. 2003. Puff adder digs itself into the sand. CCA Ecological Journal 5: 263.

Villiers, A. 1950. Contribution a l'étude de l'Air (Mission L. Chopard et A. Villiers). Reptiles. Ophidiens et cheloniens. Mem. Inst. Franc. Afr. Noire 10: 337-344.

Villiers, A. 1956. Le Parc National du Niokolo-Koba, Reptiles. Memoires de l'Institut Fondamental D'Afrique Noire 48: 143-162.

Vozenilek, P. 1973. Die Puffotter (Bitis arietans Merrem, 1820). Aquarium Aqua Terra 7(52): 416-418.

Warner, J.K.; Kyle, K.J. 2010. Natural history notes: Bitis gabonica Dumeril, Bibron & Dumeril, 1854. Gaboon Adder. Diet. African Herp News 51: 13-15.

Warrell, D.A.; Ormerod, L.D.; Davidson, N.M. 1977. Bites by puff-adder (Bitis arietans) in Nigeria, and value of antivenom. British Medical Journal 5998 [1975]: 697-700.

Watkins-Pitchford, R. 1953. Cobras and puff-adders. Country Life 113(2924): 264-266.

Wyk, J.H. van; Haacke, W.; Macfadyen, D. 2001. Naja mossambica. Mozambique Spitting Cobra or M'fezi. African Herp News 33: 15.

York, D.S.; Silver, T.M.; Smith, A.A. 1998. Innervation of the supranasal sac of the puff adder. Anatomical Record 251(2): 221-225.

Young, B.; Jaggers, J.; Nejman, N.; Kley, N.J. 2001. Buccal expansion during hissing in the puff adder, Bitis arietans. Copeia 2001(1): 270-273.

Young, B.A. 2010. How a heavy-bodied snake strikes quickly: high-power axial musculature in the puff adder (Bitis arietans). Journal of Experimental Zoology Part A-Ecological Genetics and Physiology 313A(2): 114-121.

Young, B.A.; Nejman, N.; Meltzer, K.; Marvin, J. 1999. The mechanics of sound production in the puff adder Bitis arietans (Serpentes: Viperidae) and the information content of the snake hiss. Journal of Experimental Biology 202(17): 2281-2289.

Bitis armata

Branch, W.R. 1999. Dwarf adders of the Bitis cornuta-inornata complex (Serpentes: Viperidae) in southern Africa. Kaupia Darmstädter Beiträge Zur Naturgeschichte 8: 39-63.

Phelps, T. 2006. Bitis armata (A. Smith, 1826). Southern Adder. Prey items. African Herp News 40: 26.

Phelps, T. 2006. Bitis armata (A. Smith, 1826). Southern Adder. Sedentary behaviour. African Herp News 40: 25.

Phelps, T. 2006. Bitis armata (Smith, 1826). Southern Adder. Arboreal behaviour. African Herp News 39: 14-16.

Phelps, T. 2006. Bitis armata (Smith, 1826). Southern Adder. Predation. African Herp News 40: 24-25, 27.

Underwood, G. 1968. On the status of some South African vipers. Annals of the Cape Provincial Museums 6: 81-85.

Bitis atropos

Anonymous. 1958. The case history of a Bitis atropos bite. Journal of the Herpetological Association of Rhodesia 2(1): 6.

Anonymous. 1984. Die Atropos-Viper oder Bergotter (Bitis atropos). Herpetofauna (Weinstadt) 6(30): 29.

Dyer, B. 1979. Some reptile breeding records. Journal of the Herpetological Association of Africa 20(1): 6.

Kratzer, H. 1963. Eine dekorative Terrarienbewohnerin: Bitis atropos Linnaeus. DATZ (Die Aquarien- und Terrarien-Zeitschrift) 16: 310-313.

Lloyd, C.N.V. 1977. Report on a Berg adder bite. Journal of the Herpetological Association of Africa 16: 8-10.

Stejneger, L.H. 1936. Types of the amphibian and reptilian genera proposed by Laurenti in 1768. Copeia 1936(3): 133-141.

Bitis caudalis

Akester, J. 1983. Male combat and reproductive behaviour in captive Bitis caudalis (A. Smith). British Journal of Herpetology 6(9): 329-333.

Blaver, G.T. 1977. Case history of a horned adder (Bitis caudalis) bite in Rhodesia. Journal of the Herpetological Association of Africa 15: 23-26.

Branch, W.R.; Bauer, A.M.; Lamb, T. 2002. Natural history notes: Bitis caudalis (Horned Adder). Prey size. Herpetological Review 33(2): 137-138.

Broadley, D.G. 1960. Two snakes new for Southern Rhodesia and some other interesting specimens. Journal of the Herpetological Association of Rhodesia 12: 4-5.

Broadley, D.G. 1972. The horned viper Bitis caudalis (A. Smith) in the central Kalahari. Botswana Notes and Records 4: 263-264.

Cunningham, P.L.; Waal, C. van der 2010. Natural history notes: Naja nigricincta nigricincta Bogert, 1940. Western Barred Spitting Cobra. Diet. African Herp News 51: 9-11.

DeNardo, D.F.; Luna, J.V.; Hwang, M. 2002. Ambient temperature activity of Horned Adders, Bitis caudalis: how cold is too cold? Journal of Herpetology 36(4): 688-691.

Douglas, R. 1981. Notes on the reproduction of the common horned adder (Bitis caudalis) in the Central Namib Desert. Journal of the Herpetological Association of Africa 25(1): 5-6.

FitzSimons, V.; Brain, C.K. 1958. A short account of the reptiles of the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park. Koedoe 1: 99-104.

Hoesch, W. 1960. Südwestafrikanische Schlangen im Vivarium. DATZ (Die Aquarien- und Terrarien-Zeitschrift) 13: 342-343.

Hoffmann, L.A.C. 1988. Note on the ecology of the horned adder Bitis caudalis (A. Smith) from Gobabeb, Namib-Naukluft Park. Journal of the Herpetological Association of Africa 35(1): 33-34.

Hoser, R.T. 2013. African adders (Bitis Gray, 1842), reviewed, including, two new subgenera, five new species of Puff adder, all formerly Bitis arietans (Merrem, 1820) subspecific division of Bitis caudalis (Smith, 1839) and division of the Berg Adders Bitis atropos (Linnaeus, 1758) (Serpentes: Viperidae: Bitisini). Australasian Journal of Herpetology 19: 3-24.

Mertens, R. 1953. Die Wüstenottern und ihre Anpassungen an ihren Lebensraum. Natur und Volk 83(5): 148-56.

Murphy, J.B. 1974. Case history of snakebite due to the horned puffadder, Bitis caudalis. Journal of the Herpetological Association of Africa 12: 22.

Murray, I.W.; Irish, E. 2015. Natural history notes: Bitis caudalis (Horned Adder). Fog water harvesting. Herpetological Review 46(2): 266.

Phelps, T.; Els, J. 2006. Bitis caudalis (A. Smith, 1839). Horned Adder. African Herp News 40: 30-31.

Phillips, J.A.; Alberts, A.C. 1992. Naive ophiophagus [sic] lizards recognize and avoid venomous snakes using chemical cues. Journal of Chemical Ecology 18(10): 1775-1783.

Reiserer, R.S. 2002. Stimulus control of caudal luring and other feeding responses: a program for research on visual perception in vipers. pp. 361-383. In: Schuett, G.W.; Höggren, M.; Douglas, M.E.; Greene, H.W. (eds.). Biology of the vipers. Eagle Mountain Publishing, Eagle Mountain. 580 pp.

Rose, W. 1956. The abominable sand man of South West Africa. African Wild Life 10: 127-128.

Schaefer, N. 1970. Striking speeds of some South African snakes. Journal of the Herpetological Association of Africa 6(1): 12-16.

Shine, R.; Branch, W.R.; Harlow, P.S.; Webb, J.K. 1998. Reproductive biology and food habits of horned adders, Bitis caudalis (Viperidae), from southern Africa. Copeia 1998(2): 391-401.

Shine, R.; Branch, W.R.; Harlow, P.S.; Webb, J.K. 1998. Reproductive biology and food habits of horned adders, Bitis caudalis (Viperidae, from southern Africa. Copeia 1998(2): 391-401.

Tschudi, L. 1969. Die Büschelbrauenviper Bitis caudalis caudalis (Smith, 1839), ihr Nachwuchs. Aqua Terra 6: 52-55.

Underwood, G. 1968. On the status of some South African vipers. Annals of the Cape Provincial Museums 6: 81-85.

Visser, J. 1981. Additional records and corrections for the Cape Province. Journal of the Herpetological Association of Africa 25: 6-8.

Visser, J.D. 1959. The South African sidewinder (Bitis c. caudalis). African Wild Life 13: 249-250.

Young, B.A.; Meltzer, K.; Marsit, C. 1999. Scratching the surface of mimicry: sound production through scale abrasion in snakes. Hamadryad 24(1): 29-38.

Bitis cornuta

Branch, W.R. 1999. Dwarf adders of the Bitis cornuta-inornata complex (Serpentes: Viperidae) in southern Africa. Kaupia Darmstädter Beiträge Zur Naturgeschichte 8: 39-63.

Schillert, A. 2016. Das Porträt: Bitis cornuta (DAUDIN, 1803). Sauria (Berlin) 38(2): 1-2.

Visser, J. 1981. Additional records and corrections for the Cape Province. Journal of the Herpetological Association of Africa 25: 6-8.

Bitis gabonica

Akester, J. 1978. Letter from Rhodesia: breeding gaboon vipers. British Herpetological Society Newsletter 19: 15-16.

Akester, J. 1979. Male combat in captive gaboon vipers (Serpentes: Viperidae). Herpetologica 35(2): 124-128.

Akester, J. 1979. Successful mating and reproduction by a gaboon viper, Bitis gabonica, in captivity. Arnoldia (Rhodesia) 8(31): 1-5.

Akester, J. 1980. Breeding Gaboon vipers, Bitis gabonica gabonica in captivity. pp. 63-68. pp. 63-68. In: Townson, S., Millichamp, N.J., Lucas, D.G.D. & Millwood, A.J. (eds.). The care and breeding of captive reptiles. British Herpetological Society, London. 98 pp.

Akester, J. 1984. Further observations on the breeding of the gaboon viper (Bitis g. gabonica) in captivity (Serpentes: Viperidae). Arnoldia Zimbabwe 9(13): 217-222.

Bartlett, R.D. 1995. Copperheads, masters of camouflage (with mention of Cottonmouths, Cantils and Gaboon Vipers). Tropical Fish Hobbyist 44(4): 152, 154, 156, 158, 160-163, 165-168, 170-171.

Benson, C.W. 1964. The gaboon viper. Puku 2: 131.

Berry, P.S.M. 1963. The Gaboon viper of the plateau forests of Northern Rhodesia. Puku 1: 71-74.

Bodbijl, T. 1994. The autecology of the Gaboon adder, Bitis gabonica gabonica. Unpubl. M.Sc. thesis, University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa.

Bodbijl, T. 1997. Habitat selection in gaboon adders. pp. 116-120. In: Wyk, J.H. van (ed.). Proceedings of the FitzSimons Commemorative Symposium (South African lizards: 50 years of progress) and Third H.A.A. Symposium on African herpetology: held at the Transvaal Museum, Pretoria, South Africa, 11-15 October 1993. Herpetological Association of Africa, Matieland. 227 pp.

Bodbijl, T. 1997. Spermatogenic cycle in the gaboon adder. pp. 125-129. In: Wyk, J.H. van (ed.). Proceedings of the FitzSimons Commemorative Symposium (South African lizards: 50 years of progress) and Third H.A.A. Symposium on African herpetology: held at the Transvaal Museum, Pretoria, South Africa, 11-15 October 1993. Herpetological Association of Africa, Matieland. 227 pp.

Bodbijl, T. 1997. Threats to gaboon adders. pp. 121-124. In: Wyk, J.H. van (ed.). Proceedings of the FitzSimons Commemorative Symposium (South African lizards: 50 years of progress) and Third H.A.A. Symposium on African herpetology: held at the Transvaal Museum, Pretoria, South Africa, 11-15 October 1993. Herpetological Association of Africa, Matieland. 227 pp.

Bombi, P.; Akani, G.C.; Ebere, N.; Luiselli, L.M. 2011. Potential effects of climate change on high- and low-abundance populations of the Gaboon viper (Bitis gabonica) and the nose-horned viper (B. nasicornis) in southern Nigeria. Herpetological Journal 21(1): 59-64.

Bonnet, X.; Shine, R.; Naulleau, G.; Thiburce, C. 2001. Plastic vipers: Influence of food intake on the size and shape of Gaboon vipers (Bitis gabonica). Journal of Zoology (London) 255(3): 341-351.

Bowler, L. 1988. The gabon viper. Snake Keeper 2(1): 19.

Broadley, D.G.; Parker, R.H. 1976. Natural hybridization between the puff adder and gaboon viper in Zululand. (Serpentes: Viperidae). Durban Museum Novitates 11(3): 77-83.

Cheesman, W.E. 1955. Gaboon viper (Bitis gabonica). African Wild Life 9: 154.

Coborn, J. 1977. Observations on the genus Bitis. Report Cotswold Herpetological Symposium 1977: 37-41.

Cochran, D.M. 1944. Dangerous reptiles (popular). Rep. Smithson. Instn. 1943: 275-325.

Corkill, N.L. 1945. Occurrence of the gaboon and rhinoceros vipers in the Sudan. Sudan Notes 26(2): 338, 354-355.

Cundall, D. 2002. Envenomation strategies, head form and feeding ecology in vipers. pp. 149-161. In: Schuett, G.W.; Höggren, M.; Douglas, M.E.; Greene, H.W. (eds.). Biology of the vipers. Eagle Mountain Publishing, Eagle Mountain. 580 pp.

Donovan, P. 2002. Bitis gabonica, the Gaboon viper. Reptilia (GB) 20: 57-62.

Eniang, E.A.; Ebin, C.O.; Luiselli, L. 2002. On the composition of the snake fauna of Okwangwo division of Cross River National Park, a hilly forest-savanna transition zone in south-eastern Nigeria (Squamata: Serpentes). Herpetozoa 15(1-2): 79-82.

Foerster, S. 2008. Two incidents of venomous snakebite on juvenile blue and Sykes monkeys (Cercopithecus mitis stuhlmanni and C. m. albogularis). Primates 49(4): 300-303.

Frade, F.; Manacas, S. 1955. Serpentes do Ultramar portugues. Garcia de Orta Sér. Zool. (Lisboa) 3(4): 547-553.

Grasset, E. 1946. La vipère du Gabon, Envenimation par Bitis gabonica. Son venin et serotherapic anti-veneuse specifique. Acta Tropica (Basel) 3(2): 97-115.

Grasset, E.; Zoutendyk, A. 1938. Studies on the gaboon viper (Bitis gabonica) and the preparation of a specific therapeutic antivenene. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 31(4): 445-450.

Haagner, G.V. 1986. Notes on the diet of the Gaboon viper. Lammergeyer 37: 56.

Hediger, H. 1954. Die Schlange mit den längsten Giftzähnen. Kosmos (Stuttgart) 50: 94-96.

Heeg, J. 1954. Bitten by gaboon viper. African Wild Life 8(4): 345-346.

Hoier, R. 1950. A travers plaines et volcans au Pare National Albert. Reptiles. pp. 119-127. Bruxelles. 174 pp.

Huffman, T.N. 1974. Reproduction of a gaboon viper, Bitis gabonica gabonica, in captivity. Arnoldia 6: 1-7

Hyslop, S.; Marsh, N.A. 1991. Comparison of the physiological effects in rabbits of gaboon viper (Bitis gabonica) venoms from different sources. Toxicon 29(10): 1235-1250.

Ionides, C.J.P.; Pitman, C.R.S. 1965. Notes on three East African venomous snake populations. Puku 3: 87-95.

Kyle, K.J.; Warner, J.K. 2010. Natural history notes: Bitis gabonica Dumeril, Bibron & Dumeril, 1854. Gaboon Adder. Winter breeding. African Herp News 51: 11-13.

Kyle, R. 2003. The status of and some notes on the gaboon adder Bitis gabonica in northern KwaZulu/Natal, South Africa and southern Mozambique. Koedoe 46(2): 113-116.

Lanka, V.; Vozenilek, P. 1978. [The venom fangs of the Gaboon viper - Bitis gabonica]. (In Czech). Ziva 26(2): 68-69.

Lawson, D.P. 2006. Observations on the habitat use, home range, and movement of Bitis gabonica and B. nasicornis (Serpentes: Viperidae) in southwestern Cameroon, Africa. Herpetological Natural History 10(1): 99-104.

Linn, I.J.; Perrin, M.R.; Bodbijl, T. 2006. Movements and home range of the gaboon adder, Bitis gabonica gabonica, in Zululand, South Africa. African Zoology 41(2): 252-265.

Luiselli, L. 2006. Food niche overlap between sympatric potential competitors increases with habitat alteration at different trophic levels in rain-forest reptiles (omnivorous tortoises and carnivorous vipers). Journal of Tropical Ecology 22(6): 695-704.

Luiselli, L. 2006. Site occupancy and density of sympatric gaboon viper (Bitis gabonica) and nose-horned viper (Bitis nasicornis). Journal of Tropical Ecology 22(5): 555-564.

Luiselli, L.; Akani, G.C. 1998. Observations on the ecology of Bitis gabonica gabonica and Bitis nasicornis (Viperidae) in the rain forests of south-eastern Nigeria. Bulletin de la Societe Herpetologique de France 87-88: 25-34.

Luiselli, L.; Akani, G.C. 2003. Diet of sympatric Gaboon vipers (Bitis gabonica) and nose-horned vipers (Bitis nasicornis) in southern Nigeria. African Journal of Herpetology 52(2): 101-106.

Luiselli, L.; Akani, G.C.; Angelici, F.M.; Barieenee, I.F. 1998. Reproductive strategies of sympatric Bitis gabonica and Bitis nasicornis (Viperidae) in the Niger Delta (Port Harcourt, Nigeria): preliminary data. Amphibia-Reptilia 19(2): 223-229.

Mason, J.H. 1954. Gaboon adder venom. African Wild Life 8(4): 340.

Menegon, M.; Salvidio, S.; Moyer, D. 2003. Reptiles and amphibians of Nguu North Forest Reserve, Tanzania: a first contribution. African Herp News 36: 2-8.

Mertens, R. 1951. Gibt es verschiedene Rassen der Gabunotter, Bitis gabonica? DATZ (Die Aquarien- und Terrarien-Zeitschrift) 4: 270-271.

Oliveira, P.S. de; Rocha, M.T.; Castro, A.G.; Betancourt, I.R.; Wen, F.H.; Neto, A.P.; Bastos, M.L.; Tambourgi, D.V.; Sant’Anna, S.S. 2016. New records of Gaboon viper (Bitis gabonica) in Angola. Herpetological Bulletin 136: 42-43.

Owen, J.S. 1956. Torit snakes. Sudan Notes 37: 92-93.

Parker, H.W.; Moreau, R.E.; Pakenham, R.H.W. 1940. Notes on the herpetology of the East African islands. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Ser. 11) 5: 309-314.

Parry, C.R. 1975. Notes on eye movement in Bitis gabonica. Journal of the Herpetological Association of Africa 13: 14.

Pauwels, O.S.G.; Braun, J.J.; Brum, A.; Carlino, P.; Chirio, L.; Glaizot, O.; Meirte, D.; Morelle, S.; Royauté, L. 2017. Miscellanea Herpetologica Gabonica XI. Bulletin of the Chicago Herpetological Society 52(12): 205-211.

Perrin, M.R.; Bodbijl, T. 2001. Diet and prey selection of the gaboon adder in Zululand (KwaZulu-Natal), South Africa. South African Journal of Wildlife Research 31(3-4): 127-134.

Perrin, M.R.; Bodbijl, T. 2001. Habitat selection and small mammal prey availability of the gaboon adder in Zululand (KwaZulu-Natal), South Africa. South African Journal of Wildlife Research 31(3-4): 115-126.

Phelps, T. 2003. Bitis gabonica (gaboon adder): unusual mortality. Herpetological Bulletin 86: 24-25.

Rasmussen, J.B. 1995. Afrikanske slanger. 6. Bitis gabonica. [African snakes. 6. Bitis gabonica]. (In Danish, English summary). Nordisk Herpetologisk Forening 38(4): 55-63.

Schaefer, N. 1970. Striking speeds of some South African snakes. Journal of the Herpetological Association of Africa 6(1): 12-16.

Snedigar, R.; Rokosky, E.J. 1949. Notes on new-born Gaboon vipers. Copeia 1949(2): 145-146.

Staley, F.H. 1929. A case report of Gaboon viper poisoning with recovery. Bulletin of the Antivenin Institute of America 3: 31-39.

Visser, J.D.; Carpenter, G. 1977. Notes on a Gaboon adder bite. Journal of the Herpetological Association of Africa 15: 21-22.

Vit, Z. 1977. B. gabonica (Dum., Bibr. et Dum. 1854) a B. nasicornis (Shaw 1802). Two biggest members of the genus Bitis. Fauna Bohemiae Septentrionalis 2: 87-102.

Vosseler, J. 1908. Die Puffotter Usambaras (Bitis gabonica (D. B.)). Zool. Beob. (Frankfurt am Main) 49: 167-172.

Warner, J.K. 2009. Conservation biology of the Gaboon Adder (Bitis gabonica) in South Africa. Unpubl. M.Sc. thesis, University the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.

Warner, J.K.; Alexander, G.J. 2011. Natural history notes: Bitis gabonica (Gaboon Viper). Diet and prey size. Herpetological Review 42(2): 280-281.

Warner, J.K.; Kyle, K.J. 2010. Natural history notes: Bitis gabonica Dumeril, Bibron & Dumeril, 1854. Gaboon Adder. Diet. African Herp News 51: 13-15.

Watkins, B.; Saunders, R. 2012. Utilizing a slide to move heavy-bodied snakes. Herpetological Review 43(1): 69-70.

Wilson, J.G.M. 2004. First record of the gaboon viper, Bitus [Bitis] gabonica, on Mulanje Mountain. Nyala 22: 49.

Bitis harenna

Gower, D.J.; Wade, E.O.Z.; Spawls, S.; Böhme, W.; Buechley, E.R.; Sykes, D.; Colston, T.J. 2016. A new large species of Bitis Gray, 1842 (Serpentes: Viperidae) from the Bale Mountains of Ethiopia. Zootaxa 4093(1): 41-63.

Bitis heraldica

Mertens, R. 1958. Bitis heraldica, eine oft verkannte Otter aus Angola. Senckenbergiana Biologica 39: 145-148.

Bitis inornata

Branch, W.R. 1999. Dwarf adders of the Bitis cornuta-inornata complex (Serpentes: Viperidae) in southern Africa. Kaupia Darmstädter Beiträge Zur Naturgeschichte 8: 39-63.

Underwood, G. 1968. On the status of some South African vipers. Annals of the Cape Provincial Museums 6: 81-85.

Bitis nasicornis

Akester, J. 1989. Captive breeding of the rhinoceros-horned viper, Bitis nasicornis. British Herpetological Society Bulletin 28: 31-36.

Blomst, T. 1977. [A bite from Bitis nasicornis and its consequences]. (In Danish). Nordisk Herpetologisk Forening 20(8): 186-188.

Bombi, P.; Akani, G.C.; Ebere, N.; Luiselli, L.M. 2011. Potential effects of climate change on high- and low-abundance populations of the Gaboon viper (Bitis gabonica) and the nose-horned viper (B. nasicornis) in southern Nigeria. Herpetological Journal 21(1): 59-64.

Brunner, A. 1970. Bitis nasicornis, ein Problem-Pflegling? DATZ (Die Aquarien- und Terrarien-Zeitschrift) 23: 376-378.

Capocaccia, L. 1961. Contributo allo studio deiserpenti delle isole del Golfo di Guinea. Annali del Museo Civico de Storia Naturale di Genova 72: 285-309.

Clamens, G. 1952. Le serpent en pays Senoufo. Notes Africaines 56: 118-120.

Coborn, J. 1977. Observations on the genus Bitis. Report Cotswold Herpetological Symposium 1977: 37-41.

Cochran, D.M. 1944. Dangerous reptiles (popular). Rep. Smithson. Instn. 1943: 275-325.

Corkill, N.L. 1945. Occurrence of the gaboon and rhinoceros vipers in the Sudan. Sudan Notes 26(2): 338, 354-355.

Cundall, D. 2002. Envenomation strategies, head form and feeding ecology in vipers. pp. 149-161. In: Schuett, G.W.; Höggren, M.; Douglas, M.E.; Greene, H.W. (eds.). Biology of the vipers. Eagle Mountain Publishing, Eagle Mountain. 580 pp.

Eniang, E.A.; Ebin, C.O.; Luiselli, L. 2002. On the composition of the snake fauna of Okwangwo division of Cross River National Park, a hilly forest-savanna transition zone in south-eastern Nigeria (Squamata: Serpentes). Herpetozoa 15(1-2): 79-82.

Froesch, P. 1967. Bitis nasicornis, ein Problem-Pflegling? DATZ (Die Aquarien- und Terrarien-Zeitschrift) 20: 186-189.

Hoier, R. 1950. A travers plaines et volcans au Pare National Albert. Reptiles. pp. 119-127. Bruxelles. 174 pp.

Hughes, B. 1968. An unusual rhinoceros viper, Bitis nasicornis, from Ghana, West Africa. Zoologische Mededelingen (Leiden) 43: 107-115.

Krause, P.B. 1982. Differences in the musculature of the venom gland among River Jack vipers, Bitis nasicornis. Journal of Herpetology 16(1): 87-89.

Lawson, D.P. 2006. Observations on the habitat use, home range, and movement of Bitis gabonica and B. nasicornis (Serpentes: Viperidae) in southwestern Cameroon, Africa. Herpetological Natural History 10(1): 99-104.

Luiselli, L. 2006. Food niche overlap between sympatric potential competitors increases with habitat alteration at different trophic levels in rain-forest reptiles (omnivorous tortoises and carnivorous vipers). Journal of Tropical Ecology 22(6): 695-704.

Luiselli, L. 2006. Site occupancy and density of sympatric gaboon viper (Bitis gabonica) and nose-horned viper (Bitis nasicornis). Journal of Tropical Ecology 22(5): 555-564.

Luiselli, L.; Akani, G.C. 1998. Observations on the ecology of Bitis gabonica gabonica and Bitis nasicornis (Viperidae) in the rain forests of south-eastern Nigeria. Bulletin de la Societe Herpetologique de France 87-88: 25-34.

Luiselli, L.; Akani, G.C. 2003. Diet of sympatric Gaboon vipers (Bitis gabonica) and nose-horned vipers (Bitis nasicornis) in southern Nigeria. African Journal of Herpetology 52(2): 101-106.

Luiselli, L.; Akani, G.C.; Angelici, F.M.; Barieenee, I.F. 1998. Reproductive strategies of sympatric Bitis gabonica and Bitis nasicornis (Viperidae) in the Niger Delta (Port Harcourt, Nigeria): preliminary data. Amphibia-Reptilia 19(2): 223-229.

Matthews, J.G. 1968. The rhinoceros viper; a note on envenomation and capture of prey. Uganda Journal (Kampala) 32: 81-82.

O'Connell, B.; Greenlee, R.; Bacon, J.; Smith, H.M.; Chiszar, D. 1985. Strike-induced chemosensory searching in elapid snakes (cobras, taipans, tiger snakes and death adders) at San Diego Zoo. Psychological Record 35(4): 431-436.

Pauwels, O.S.G.; Braun, J.J.; Brum, A.; Carlino, P.; Chirio, L.; Glaizot, O.; Meirte, D.; Morelle, S.; Royauté, L. 2017. Miscellanea Herpetologica Gabonica XI. Bulletin of the Chicago Herpetological Society 52(12): 205-211.

Pauwels, O.S.G.; Garff, B. le; Ineich, I.; Carlino, P.; Melcore, I.; Boundenga, L.; Vigna, C.; Stévart, T.; Jeffery, K.; Orbell, C.; Squarcini, J.B.; Vande weghe, J.P.; White, L. 2016. Miscellanea Herpetologica Gabonica V & VI. Bulletin of the Chicago Herpetological Society 51(11): 177-185.

Porteres, R. 1949. Emplois alimentaire et magique de la vipère cornue (Bitis nasicornis Shaw) en Guinee Francaise forestiere. Notes Africaines 41: 14-15.

Rahm, U. 1953. Einige Schlangen des westafrikanischen Urwaldes. DATZ (Die Aquarien- und Terrarien-Zeitschrift) 6: 292-294.

Rasmussen, J.B.; Hughes, B. 1997. Description of some new snake species. 1. Th. Reinhardt. Vid. Sel. naturvid. og mathem. Afh. (1843) 10 Part: 233-279. Steenstrupia 22 [1996]: 13-39.

Reuss, F.A.T. 1938. Vipera nasicornis (Shaw), Nashornotter. Zool. Zentral Anz. Berlin 17: 1.

Russell, M. 1999. Natural history notes: Bitis nasicornis (Rhinoceros Viper). Dermatophagy. Herpetological Review 30(2): 99.

Shaw, C.E. 1960. Deadly viper in disguise. Zoonooz 33(3): 3-4.

Vit, Z. 1977. B. gabonica (Dum., Bibr. et Dum. 1854) a B. nasicornis (Shaw 1802). Two biggest members of the genus Bitis. Fauna Bohemiae Septentrionalis 2: 87-102.

Wood, M. 1997. Notes on Rhinoceros Viper (Bitis nasicornis) in captivity. Bulletin of the Chicago Herpetological Society 32(11): 228-229.

Bitis parviocula

Böhme, W. 1977. Eine neue Art der Gattung Bitis (Serpentes, Viperidae) aus Äthiopien. Monitore Zoologico Italiano 9(3): 59-68.

Maritz, B.; Wallner, A.; Deans, R. 2013. Natural history notes: Bitis parviocula (Böhme 1977). Reproduction. African Herp News 59: 28-29.

Necas, P. 1995. Preliminary results of the herpetological expedition "ETHIOPIA'92". pp. 335-336. In: Llorente, G.A.; Montori, A.; Santos, X. & Carretero, M.A. (eds.). Scientia Herpetologica: papers submitted from the 7th Ordinary General Meeting of Societas Europaea Herpetologica, Barcelona, September 15-19, 1993. Asociacion Herpetologica Espanola, Barcelona. 385 pp.

Necas, P. 1997. Five endemic montane snakes from Ethiopia. Reptile & Amphibian Magazine 49: 58-65.

Necas, P.; Lizler, R.; Trailin, V. 1993. Nachtrag zur Biologie zweier seltener Schlangenarten aus Äthiopien: Bitis parviocula Bohme, 1977 und Pseudoboodon boehmei Rasmussen & Largen, 1992, mit Bemerkungen zur Wiederentdeckung von Lamprophis erlangeri (Sternfeld, 1908). Herpetofauna (Weinstadt) 15(87): 17-20.

Necas, P.; Lizler, R.; Trailin, V. 1993. Über die Biologie zweier seltener Schlangenarten aus Äthiopien: Bitis parviocula Bohme, 1977 und Pseudoboodon boehmei Rasmussen & Largen, 1992. Herpetofauna (Weinstadt) 15(85): 6-13.

Bitis peringueyi

Brain, C.K. 1959. Sidewinding locomotion of the South West African adder Bitis peringueyi. Bull. S. Afr. Mus. Ass. 7: 58-61.

Brain, C.K. 1960. Observations on the locomotion of the Southwest African adder, Bitis peringueyi (Boulenger), with speculations on the origin of sidewinding. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 24: 19-24.

Hoesch, W. 1958. Anpassung als Vorgang. Bonner Zoologische Beiträge 8(3-4): 285-295.

Louw, G.N. 1972. The role of advective fog in the water economy of certain Namib desert animals. Symposia of the Zoological Society of London 31: 297-314.

Mertens, R. 1953. Die Wüstenottern und ihre Anpassungen an ihren Lebensraum. Natur und Volk 83(5): 148-56.

Robinson, M.D.; Hughes, D.A. 1978. Observations on the natural history of Peringuey's adder, Bitis peringueyi (Boulenger) (Reptilia: Viperidae). Annals of the Transvaal Museum 31(16): 189-193.

Switak, K.H. 1981. In search of Namib reptiles. Wildlife (London) 23(1): 16-18.

Visser, J. 2010. Natural history notes: Bitis peringueyi Boulenger, 1888. Peringuey's Adder. Mortality. African Herp News 52: 16-17.

Bitis rhinoceros

Clamens, G. 1952. Le serpent en pays Senoufo. Notes Africaines 56: 118-120.

Jacobs, D.M.; Belcher, A.D. 1984. Notes on captive reproduction in the west African viper (Bitis gabonica rhinoceros Schlegel.). Annual Reptile Symposium on Captive Propagation and Husbandry Proceedings 7 [1983]: 103-107.

Lesage, F.M.C. 1956. Snake not quite charmed. Nigerian Field 21(3): 111-121.

Mertens, R. 1951. Gibt es verschiedene Rassen der Gabunotter, Bitis gabonica? DATZ (Die Aquarien- und Terrarien-Zeitschrift) 4: 270-271.

Penner, J.; Fruteau, C.; Range, F.; Rödel, M.O. 2008. Finding a needle in a haystack: new methods of locating and working with rhinoceros vipers (Bitis rhinoceros). Herpetological Review 39(3): 310-314.

Pezzano, V. 1986. Reproduction of Bitis gabonica rhinoceros (Schlegel, 1855) in captivity. Litteratura Serpentium (English Edition) 6(2): 56-65.

Rahm, U. 1953. Einige Schlangen des westafrikanischen Urwaldes. DATZ (Die Aquarien- und Terrarien-Zeitschrift) 6: 292-294.

Rasmussen, J.B. 1995. Afrikanske slanger. 6. Bitis gabonica. [African snakes. 6. Bitis gabonica]. (In Danish, English summary). Nordisk Herpetologisk Forening 38(4): 55-63.

Rosi, R. 1988. Captive breeding of Bitis gabonica rhinoceros. Litteratura Serpentium (English Edition) 8(4): 182-188.

Slegers, H. 1996. Bitis gabonica rhinoceros, the gaboon viper. Litteratura Serpentium (English Edition) 16(2): 44-48.

Spinner, M.; Gorb, S.N.; Balmert, A.; Bleckmann, H.; Westhoff, G. 2014. Non-contaminating camouflage: multifunctional skin microornamentation in the West African Gaboon Viper (Bitis rhinoceros). PLoS ONE 9(3): e91087.

Bitis rubida

Anonymous. 1987. Herpetology (DNEC). New adder found in the Cedarberg. Port Elizabeth Museum Annual Report 1986-1987: 9.

Branch, W.R. 1997. A new adder (Bitis; Viperidae) from the Western Cape Province, South Africa. South African Journal of Zoology 32(2): 37-42.

Fleck, J. 2018. Notes on the Dwarf Puff Adder Bitis rubida Branch, 1997 and its husbandry and propagation. Sauria (Berlin) 40(4): 21-28.

Klose, L. 2013. Natural history notes: Bitis rubida (Branch, 1997). Reproduction. African Herp News 59: 29-32.

Phelps, T. 2006. Bitis rubida Branch, 1997. Red Adder. Side-winding behaviour. African Herp News 41: 23.

Phelps, T.; Els, J. 2006. Bitis rubida Branch, 1997. Red Adder. Diet/morphology. African Herp News 41: 24-25.

Bitis schneideri

Haacke, W.D. 1975. Description of a new adder (Viperidae, Reptilia) from southern Africa, with a discussion of related forms. Cimbebasia (Ser. A) 4(5): 115-128.

Maritz, B. 2012. Natural history notes: Bitis schneideri Boetger 1886. Namaqua Dwarf Adder. Relative prey size. African Herp News 57: 16.

Maritz, B. 2012. To run or hide?: escape behaviour in a cryptic African snake. African Zoology 47(2): 270-274.

Maritz, B.; Alexander, G.J. 2011. Morphology, sexual dimorphism, and growth in the smallest viperid, Bitis schneideri (Reptilia: Squamata: Viperidae). Journal of Herpetology 45(4): 457-462.

Maritz, B.; Alexander, G.J. 2012. Movement patterns in the smallest viper, Bitis schneideri. Copeia 2012(4): 732-737.

Maritz, B.; Alexander, G.J. 2012. Dwarfs on the move: spatial ecology of the world's smallest viper, Bitis schneideri. Copeia 2012(1): 115-120.

Maritz, B.; Alexander, G.J. 2012. Population density and survival estimates of the African viperid, Bitis schneideri. Herpetologica 68(2): 195-202.

Maritz, B.; Alexander, G.J. 2013. Namaqua dwarf adders must breed frequently: the problem with being small. Journal of Zoology (London) 289(1): 27-31.

Maritz, B.; Alexander, G.J. 2014. Namaqua Dwarf Adders are generalist predators. African Journal of Herpetology 63(1): 79-86.

Maritz, B.; Alexander, G.J. 2016. Scale-dependent orientation in movement paths: a case study of an African Viper. Ethology 122(3): 207-214.

Maritz, B.; Scott, S.L. 2010. Assessing the threat of avian predation on a small viperid snake. African Zoology 45(2): 309-314.

Mertens, R. 1954. Neue Schlangenrassen aus Südwest- und Südafrika. Zoologischer Anzeiger 152: 213-219.

Wessels, B.R.; Maritz, B. 2009. Natural history notes: Bitis schneideri (Namaqua Dwarf Adder). Diet. Herpetological Review 40(4): 440.

Bitis worthingtoni

MacInnes, D.G. 1948. Reptile notes. Bitis worthingtoni. Nature in East Africa (Nairobi) 5: 4-5.

Bitis xeropaga

Fleck, J. 1999. Bemerkungen zur Wüstenbergotter Bitis xeropaga Haacke, 1975 sowie Beobachtungen bei der Haltung und Zucht. Herpetofauna (Weinstadt) 21(122): 5-9.

Haacke, W.D. 1975. Description of a new adder (Viperidae, Reptilia) from southern Africa, with a discussion of related forms. Cimbebasia (Ser. A) 4(5): 115-128.