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Bibliography of the reptiles of the
Middle East


Note: In order to limit redundancy, relevant literature indexed in the related bibliographies in the left column may not have been included in this page. For a comprehensive search of literature, these bibliographies should therefore also be consulted.


Anonymous. 1990. Les tortues marines de Mediterranee. Reserves Naturelles (Brussels) 1990(1): 19-20.

Anonymous. 1995. Important Mediterranean nesting beaches discovered. Marine Turtle Newsletter 71: 9-10.

Allouse, B.E. 1955. A bibliography on the vertebrate fauna of Iraq and neighboring countries. III. reptiles and amphibians. Iraq Natural History Museum Publication 6: 1-26.

Al-Merghani, M.; Miller, J.D.; Al-Mansi, A.; Khushaim, O.; Pilcher, N.J. 1996. The marine turtles of the Arabian Gulf. NCWCD studies 1991-1994. pp. 351-359. In: Krupp, F.; Abuzinada, A.H. & Nader, I.A. (eds.). A marine wildlife sanctuary for the Arabian Gulf. Environmental research and conservation following the 1991 Gulf War oil spill. NCWCD, Riyadh. 511 pp.

Anderson, J. 1896. A contribution to the herpetology of Arabia with a preliminary list of the reptiles and batrachians of Egypt. R.H. Porter, London. 122 p. (Reprinted in 1984 by Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, Athens, Ohio, with an introduction and checklist of the Arabian herpetofauna by Leviton, A.E. & Aldrich, M.L.).

Anderson, J. 1901. A list of the reptiles and batrachians obtained by Mr. A. Blayney Percival in southern Arabia, with notes by the collector. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 2(1): 137-152.

Anderson, J. 1984. Herpetology of Arabia - with a preliminary List of the Reptiles and Batrachians of Egypt. (Reprint, first published in 1896). Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, Athens, Ohio. 122 pp.

Arnold, E.N. 1977. Little-known geckos (Reptilia: Gekkonidae) from Arabia with description of two new species from the Sultanate of Oman. (In: The scientific results of the Oman flora and fauna survey 1975). Journal of Oman Studies Special Report 1: 81-110.

Arnold, E.N. 1986. A key and annotated check list to the lizards and amphisbaenians of Arabia. Fauna of Saudi Arabia 8: 385-435.

Arnold, E.N. 1987. Zoogeography of the reptiles and amphibians of Arabia. Beihefte zum Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients Reihe A Naturwissenschaften 28: 245-256.

Ataur Rahim, M. 1979. Biology of the Arabian Peninsula. A bibliographic study. Amphibia & Reptilia. Publications Saudi Biological Society 3: 117-126.

Bauer, A.M. 2000. The Symbolae Physicae and the herpetology of Hemprich and Ehrenberg's expedition to Egypt and the Middle East. International Society for the History and Bibliography of Herpetology Newsletter and Bulletin 2(1): 8-16.

Bauer, A.M. 2000. The Symbolae Physicae and the herpetology of Hemprich and Ehrenberg's expedition to Egypt and the Middle East. Bibliotheca Herpetologica 2(1): 8-16.

Bodenheimer, F.S. 1937. Problems of animal distribution in Arabia. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London 150: 47-49.

Boulenger, G.A. 1892. Notes on Transcaspian Reptiles. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1892: 628-633.

Brodmann, P. 1987. Die Giftschlangen Europas und die Gattung Vipera in Afrika und Asien. Kummerly & Frey, Bern. 148 pp.

Brown, J.N.B. 1989. Sea snakes of the Arabian Gulf. Wildlife Views 4(11): 2-5.

Buttiker, W. 1981. The wildlife of Arabia. Stacey International, London. 96 pp.

Cheeseman, R.E. 1929. Report on the Reptilia and Batrachia from Hasa, Jafura and Jabrin in eastern and Central Arabia (by H.W. Parker). pp. 386-393. In: Unknown Arabia. London.

Cheesman, R.E. 1926. In unknown Arabia. Macmillan & Co, London. Unpaginated.

Corkill, N.L.; Cochrane, J.A. 1965. The snakes of the Arabian Peninsula and Socotra. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 62: 475-506.

Egan, D. 2007. Snakes of Arabia. A field guide to the snakes of the Arabian Peninsula and its shores. Motivate Publishing, Dubai & London. 208 pp.

Esterbauer, H. 1987. Giftschlangen der Wüsten und Halbwüsten des Nahen Ostens. Aquaria (St. Gallen) 34(2): 27-32.

Forsskål, P. 1775. Descriptiones animalium, avium, amphibiorum, piscium, insectorum, vermium; quae in itinere orientali observavit Petrus Forskål . . . post mortem auctoris edidit Carsten Niebuhr, adjuncta est materia medica Kahirina atque tabula Maris Rubri geographica. Heineck & Faber, Hauniae (=Copenhagen). 164 pp.

Frazier, J.; Bertram, G.C.; Evans, P.G.H. 1987. Turtles and marine mammals. pp. 288-314. In: Edwards, A.J. & Head, S.M. (eds.). Red Sea. Pergamon Press, Oxford, New York etc. 441 pp.

Frazier, J.; Salas, S. 1984. The status of marine turtles in the Egyptian Red Sea. Biological Conservation 30(1): 41-67.

Frazier, J.G. 1983. Conservation of Sea Turtles of the Red Sea. Bulletin of the Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries 9: 443-449.

Fritz, U.; Obst, F.J.; Andreas, B. (eds.) 1998. Contributions to a "Herpetologia arabica". Proceedings of the meeting at the Staatliches Museum für Tierkunde Dresden, 21.-23.3.1997. Faunistische Abhandlungen (Dresden) 21(Supplement): 1-182.

Gallagher, M.D. 1990. Snakes of the Arabian Gulf and Oman with practical advice on first aid and how to avoid snakebite. M.D. Gallagher, Muscat, Oman. 16 pp.

Gallagher, M.D. 1993. Snakes of the Arabian Gulf and Oman: With Practical Advice on First Aid & How to Avoid Snakebite. 3rd ed. Mazoon, Muscat. 18 pp.

Gasperetti, J. 1974. A preliminary sketch of the snakes of the Arabian peninsula. Journal Saudi Arab. nat. Hist. Soc. 1(12): 1-72.

Gasperetti, J. 1977. Snakes in Arabia. Journal of the Saudi Arabian Natural History Society 19: 3-16.

Gasperetti, J. 1988. Snakes of Arabia. Fauna of Saudi Arabia 9: 169-450.

Gasperetti, J.; Stimson, A.F.; Miller, J.D.; Ross, J.P.; Gasperetti, P.R. 1993. Turtles of Arabia. Fauna of Saudi Arabia 13: 170-367.

Geniez, P. 2015. Serpents d'Europe, d'Afrique du Nord et du Moyen-Orient. Guide Delachaux. 380 pp.

Geniez, P. 2018. Snakes of Europe, North Africa and the Middle East: A Photographic Guide. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey. 384 pp. (Translation of 2015 French original).

Gopalakrishnakone, P.; Chou, L.M. (eds.) 1990. Snakes of medical importance (Asia-Pacific region). Venom and Toxin Group, National University of Singapore & International Society on Toxinology. 676 pp.

Griffiths, A.J. 1983. The snakes of Arabia. Herptile 8(1): 1-7.

Gruber, U. 2009. Die Schlangen Europas - Alle Arten Europas und Nordafrikas. (Reprint). Kosmos, Stuttgart. 304 pp.

Haas, G. 1957. Some amphibians and reptiles from Arabia. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (Ser. 4) 29(4): 47-86.

Haas, G. 1961. On a collection of Arabian reptiles. Ann. Carnegie Mus. Nat. Hist. 36(3): 19-28.

Haas, G.; Battersby, J.C. 1959. Amphibians and reptiles from Arabia. Copeia 1959: 196-202.

Haas, G.; Werner, Y.L. 1969. Lizards and snakes from southwestern Asia, collected by Henry Field. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 138(6): 327-405.

Hass, G.; Werner, Y.L. 1970. Lizards and snakes from south western Asia, collected by Henry Field. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 138: 327-405.

Hemprich, F.G.; Ehrenberg, C.G. 1899. Symbolae physicae, seu icones adhuc ineditae corporum naturalium novorum aut minus cognitorum quae ex itineribus per Libyam, Ægyptias, Nubiam, Dongolam, Syriam, Arabiam et Habessiniam publico institutis sumptu...studia annis MDCCOXX-MDCCCXXV redierunt. Zoologica. Berlin.

Hillenius, D. 1966. Notes on chameleons. 3. The chameleons of southern Arabia. Beaufortia 13: 91-108.

Holtzinger-Tenever, H. 1914. Liste der am Toten Meer gesammelten Reptilien und Amphibien. Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin 1: 231-233.

Jacobs, G. 1976. Keys to the herpetofauna of the eastern Hemisphere. Part 4. Asia Minor, Atlantic Ocean and islands, and Australia. Smithsonian Herpetological Information Service 34: 1-5.

Joger, U. 1984. The venomous snakes of the Near and Middle East. Beihefte zum Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients Reihe A Naturwissenschaften 12: 1-115.

Joger, U. 1987. An interpretation of reptile zoogeography in Arabia, with special reference to Arabian herpetofaunal relations with Africa. Beihefte zum Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients Reihe A Naturwissenschaften 28: 257-271.

Klemmer, K. 1968. Classification and distribution of European, North African, and North and West Asiatic venomous snakes. pp. 309-325. In: Bücherl, W.; Buckley, E.E. & Deulofeu, V. (eds.). Venomous animals and their venoms, Academic Press, London, New York. 707 pp.

Leviton, A.E.; Anderson, S.C.; Adler, K.; Minton, S.A. 1992. Handbook to Middle East amphibians and reptiles. SSAR (Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles). 252 pp. (Contributions to Herpetology no. 8).

Loughland, R.A.; Cunningham, P.L. 2002. Vertebrate fauna of sabkhat from the Arabian Peninsula: a review of Mammalia, Reptilia and Amphibia. Tasks for Vegetation Science 36: 255-266.

Mandaville, J.P. 1967. The hooded malpolon, M. moilensis (Reuss), and notes on other snakes of northeastern Arabia. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 64: 115-118.

Metallinou, M. 2014. Systematics, biogeography and evolution of selected widespread reptile genera from the arid areas of North Africa and Arabia. Ph.D. thesis, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. 294 pp.

Mosseri Marlio, C. 2000. The ancient distribution of Sea Turtle nesting beaches: an archaeological perspective from Arabia. Testudo 5(2): 31-36.

Neumann, O.R. 1905. Über nordost-afrikanische und arabische Kriechtiere. Zoologische Jahrbücher (Abteilung für Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Tiere) (Jena) 22: 389-404.

Nilson, G.; Andrén, C. 1986. The mountain vipers of the Middle East - the Vipera xanthina complex (Reptilia, Viperidae). Bonner Zoologische Monographien 20: 1-90.

Obst, F.J. 1998. Beiträge zu einer "Herpetologia arabica". Faunistische Abhandlungen (Dresden) 21(Supplement): 5-8.

Olivier, G.A. 1804. Voyage dans l'Empire Othoman, l'Egypte et la Perse. Agasse, Paris. Vol. 4.

Parker, H.W. 1931. Reptiles and amphibians. pp. 228-230. (Appendix 2-B). In: Thomas, B. A camel journey across the Rub'-al-Khali. Geogr. Jour. 78: 209-242.

Parker, H.W. 1931. Some reptiles and amphibians from S. E. Arabia. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Ser. 10) 8: 514-522.

Parker, H.W. 1941. British Museum (Natural History) expedition to Southwest Arabia 1937-8. 2. Reptiles and amphibians, pp. 3-6. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) London. Unpaginated.

Peracca, M.G. 1894. Viaggio del Dr. E. Festa in Palestina, nel Libano e regioni vicine. VI. Rettili ed anfibi. Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Comp. Univ. Torino 9(167): 1-20.

Ross, J.P.; Barwani, M.A. 1982. Review of Sea Turtles in the Arabian area. pp. 373-383. In: Bjorndal, K.A. (ed.). Biology and conservation of sea turtles. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. 583 pp.

Russell, F.E. 1991. Venomous snakes of the Middle East. Veterinary and Human Toxicology 33(1): 68.

Russell, F.E.; Campbell, J.R. 2015. Venomous terrestrial snakes of the Middle East. Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt am Main. 186 pp.

Schmidt, K.P. 1930. Reptiles of Marshall Field North Arabian Desert Expeditions, 1927-1928. Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Chicago 17(6): 223-230.

Schmidt, K.P. 1939. Reptiles and amphibians from southwestern Asia. Field Museum of Natural History Zoological Series 24(7): 49-92.

Schmidt, K.P. 1941. Reptiles and amphibians from central Arabia. Field Museum of Natural History Zoological Series 24(16): 161-165.

Shacham, B.; Federman, R.; Lahav-Ginott, S.; Werner, Y.L. 2016. The northward extension of reptiles in the Palearctic, with the Jordan Valley (Israel) as a model: snakes outrace lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Journal of Natural History 50(15-16): 1017-1033.

Sindaco, R. 1998. Annotated checklist of the reptiles of the Mediterranean countries, with keys to Asiatic and African species. Part 1 - turtles, crocodiles, amphisbaenians and lizards. (Reptilia). Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale "Giacomo Doria" 92: 85-190.

Sindaco, R.; Jeremchenko, V.K. 2008. The reptiles of the Western Palearctic. 1. Annotated checklist and distributional atlas of the turtles, crocodiles, amphisbaenians and lizards of Europe, North Africa, Middle East and Central Asia. Edizioni Belvedere, Latina. 579 pp.

Sindaco, R.; Venchi, A.; Grieco, C. 2013. The reptiles of the Western Palearctic. Vol. 2. Annotated checklist and distributional atlas of the snakes of Europe, North Africa, Middle East and Central Asia, with an update to volume 1. Edizioni Belvedere, Latina. 543 pp.

Spano, S. 1973. Missioni Scortecci nell'Arabia meridionale (1962-1965): Leptotyphlopidae e Colubridae (Ophidia). Bollettino dei Musei e degli Istituti Biologici dell'Universita di Genova 40: 131-135.

Steindachner, F. 1903. Batrachier und Reptilien aus Südarabien und Sokotra. Sitzungsberichte der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Berlin 112: 7-14.

Szczerbak, N.N.; Golubev, M.L. 1996. Gecko fauna of the USSR and contiguous regions. (Contributions to Herpetology. Vol. 13). SSAR (Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles). 233 pp. (Translation of: Gekkony fauny SSSR i sopredelnykh stran. Opredelitel. Translation by: Golubev, M.L. & Malinsky, S.A.).

Tornier, G. 1904. Schildkröten und Eidechsen aus Nord-Ost Afrika und Arabien. Zoologische Jahrbücher (Abteilung für Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Tiere) (Jena) 22: 365-388.

Tornier, G. 1905. Schildkröten und Eidechsen aus Nordost-Afrika und Arabien. Zoologische Jahrbücher (Abteilung für Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Tiere) (Jena) 22: 365-388.

United States Department of Defense 1991. Venomous snakes of the Middle East. U.S. Dept Defense Intelligence Doc Dst-1810s-469-91. 160 Pp.

Venchi, A.; Sindaco, R. 2007. Annotated checklist of the reptiles of the Mediterranean countries, with keys to species identification. Part 2 - snakes. (Reptilia, Serpentes). Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale "Giacomo Doria" 98 [2006-2007]: 259-364.

Venzmer, G. 1922. Neues Verzeichnis der Amphibien and Reptilien von Kleinasien. Zoologische Jahrbücher (Abteilung für Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Tiere) (Jena) 46: 43-60.

Warrell, D.A. 1995. Clinical toxicology of snakebite in Africa and the Middle East/Arabian Peninsula. pp. 433-492. In: Meier, J. & White, J. (eds.). Handbook of clinical toxicology of animal venoms and poisons. CRC Press, Boca Raton, New York, etc. 752 pp.

Welch, K.R.G. 1983. Herpetology of Europe and Southwest Asia. A checklist and bibliography of the orders Amphisbaenia, Sauria and Serpentes. Krieger, Malabar, Florida. 135 pp.

Welch, K.R.G. 1984. Herpetology of Africa and southwest Asia: a preliminary checklist of the crocodilians and chelonians. Herptile 9(2): 71-75.

Werner, F. 1895. Über eine Sammlung von Reptilien aus Persien, Mesopotamien und Arabien. Verhandlungen der Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien 45: 13-20.

Werner, F. 1902. Über die Faunengebiete Kleinasiens. Verhandlungen der Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien 52: 145-146.

Werner, F. 1903. Die Reptilien und Amphibien von Kleinasien. Sitzungsberichte der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Berlin 111: 1057-1121.

Zugmayer, E. 1906. Beiträge zur Herpetologie von Vorder-Asien. Zoologische Jahrbücher (Abteilung für Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Tiere) (Jena) 23: 449-486.