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Taxonomy of the genus Macrovipera Biodiversity of the family Viperidae

Bibliography of the genus
Macrovipera (Giant Vipers)

(Reptilia: Serpentes: Viperidae)

Note: In order to limit redundancy, relevant literature indexed in the related bibliographies in the left column may not have been included in this page. For a comprehensive search of literature, these bibliographies should therefore also be consulted.


Macrovipera in general

Herrmann, H.W.; Joger, U.; Nilson, G. 1992. Phylogeny and systematics of viperine snakes. III. Resurrection of the genus Macrovipera (Reuss, 1927) as suggested by biochemical evidence. Amphibia-Reptilia 13(4): 375-392.

Reuss, T. 1927. Beschreibung neuer Vipern aus Jugoslawien. Zoologischer Anzeiger 71: 215-223.

Macrovipera lebetinus

Afsar, M.; Cicek, K.; Dincaslan, Y.E.; Ayaz, D.; Tok, C.V. 2013. New record localities of five snake species in Turkey. Herpetozoa 25(3-4): 179-183.

Alkhasov, M. 1988. [Seasonal dynamics and daily activity of the blunt nosed viper Vipera lebetina in Dagestan]. pp. 48-52. pp. 48-52. (In Russian). In: Zonn, S.V. (ed.). Problemy biologicheskoi produktivnosti deltovykh ekosistem [Problems of biological productivity for delta ecosystems]. Dagestan Philial As USSR, Makhachkala. 135 pp.

Al-Oran, R.M.; Rostum, S.; Joger, U.; Amr, Z. 1998. First record of the Levantine viper, Macrovipera lebetina, from Jordan. Zoology in the Middle East 16: 65-70.

Alskperov, K.M.; Aliev, T.R.; Ganiev, F.R. 1985. On distribution and ecology of Vipera lebetina obtusa in the Araxes lowland within Nakhitshevan ASSR. Vestnik Zoologii 1985(3): 59-63.

Anton, T.G. 1987. General observations on three Soviet snakes, with notes on the Transcaucasian-Transcaspian Vipera. Bulletin of the Chicago Herpetological Society 22(3): 53-57.

Arikan, H.; Göcmen, B.; Mermer, A.; Bahar, H. 2005. An electrophoretic comparison of the venoms of a colubrid and various viperid snakes from Turkey and Cyprus, with some taxonomic and phylogenetic implications. Zootaxa 1038: 1-10.

Arikan, H.; Kumlutas, Y.; Türkozan, O.; Baran, I. 2003. Electrophoretic patterns of some viper venoms from Turkey. Turkish Journal of Zoology 27(3): 239-242.

Bakiev, A.G.; Malenyov, A.L. 2000. [Levantine viper (Vipera lebetina) keeping, exploitation and reproduction in Togliatti serpentarium (experimental work results)]. (In Russian, English summary). Izvestiya Samarskogo Nauchnogo Centra Rossiskaya Akademii Nauk 2(2)(4): 339-343.

Billing, H.; Schätti, B. 1984. Vorläufige Mitteilung zum Subspezies-Problem bei Vipera lebetina (Linnaeus, 1758) (Serpentes: Viperidae). Salamandra 20(2-3): 65-69.

Bodenheimer, F.S. 1957. Vipera lebetina Linnaeus, 1758 (Cyprus) in Palestine. Bodenheimer, F. S. Studies in Biology and its History. Jerusalem 1: 114-118.

Bogdanov, O.P. 1962. Autumnal feeding of Vipera lebetina L. in the Nuratau mountain ridge. Zoologicheskii Zhurnal 41: 293-294.

Bogdanov, O.P. 1979. [Stone built shelters for sheep and goats - a habitat for vipers]. (In Russian). Uzbekskii Biologicheskii Zhurnal 1979(4): 79-80.

Bogdanov, O.P.; Sharifov, F.G. 1970. Changes in the species composition and population density of reptiles in the Milsky Steppe, with respect to irrigation. Zoologicheskii Zhurnal 49: 939-941.

Bogdanov, O.P.; Sharifov, F.G. 1979. [The maintenance of Caucasian blunt-nosed vipers in captivity]. pp. 100-122. (In Russian). In: Darevsky, I.S., Garanin, V.I., Khozatsky, L.I., Zhukova, T.I. & Zinyakova, M.P. (eds.) Herpetologiya. Kuban State University, Krasnodar. 129 pp.

Bogdanov, O.P.; Zinyakova, M.P. 1965. On the diurnal activity of Vipera lebetina turanica on the ridge Nuratau. Zoologicheskii Zhurnal 44: 1733-1734.

Böhme, W. 1987. Nachweis von Vipera lebetina (Linnaeus, 1758) (Serpentes: Viperidae) an der zentralen Südküste der Türkei. Salamandra 23(2-3): 173-175.

Budich, G.; Petzold, H.G. 1972. Beutestreit bei Levanteottern. Eine Fotodokumentation aus dem Tierpark Berlin. Aquarien Terrarien Monatschrift für Ornithologie und Vivarienkunde 19(1): 8-11.

Cattaneo, A. 1989. Note espetologiche sulle isole greche di Serifos, Sifnos e Milos (Cicladi occidentali). Atti della Societa Italiana di Scienze Naturali e del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano 130(2): 57-76.

Cherlin, V.A.; Shepilov, S.A. 2014. [Thermal biology of Macrovipera lebetina turanica and Macrovipera lebetina cernovi from Western Kyzylkum]. (In Russian). Zoologicheskii Zhurnal 93(2): 242-247.

Cherlin, V.A.; Shepilov, S.A. 2014. Thermal biology of the Central Asian Blunt-nosed Viper (Macrovipera lebetina turanica) from Nuratau Crest and the Chernov Blunt-nosed Viper (Macrovipera lebetina cernovi) from Western Kysylkum. Biology Bulletin 41(8): 639-644.

Chernov, S.A. 1944. Systematic position of the Gurza (Vipera levetina) of Tadjikistan. Izvestia Of Tho Tadjik Sect. Acad. Sci. U.S.S.R. 5: 89-102.

Chikin, Y.A. 1991. The geographic variations of non-metric characteristics of colour pattern in Vipera lebetina turanica (Reptilia, Viperidae). Gerpetologicheskie Issledovaniya 1: 5-11, 171.

Chikin, Y.A. 1997. A catalogue of non-metrical variations in skull bones of Vipera lebetina (Reptilia, Viperidae). Asiatic Herpetological Research 7: 6-18.

Chikin, Y.A.; Shcherbak, N.N. 1992. New subspecies of Vipera lebetina cernovi ssp. nov. (Reptilia, Viperidae) from Middle Asia. Vestnik Zoologii 1992(6): 45-49.

Coskun, Y.; Coskun, M.; Schweiger, M. 2011. New locality records of blunt-nosed viper, Macrovipera lebetina obtusa in central Anatolia, Turkey (Serpentes: Viperidae). Cumhuriyet Universitesi Fen Edebiyat Fakultesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi 32(2): 22-28.

David, P.; Ananjeva, N.B.; Das, I.; Golubev, M. 1999. Translation of the original description of Vipera obtusa Dwigubsky, 1832 (Serpentes: Viperidae: Viperinae), with designation of a neotype. Russian Journal of Herpetology 6(3): 193-198.

Domergue, C.A. 1949. Auto-observation de l'envenimation par Vipera lebetina L. Bull. Soc. Sci. nat. Tunisie 2: 68-63.

Eiselt, J.; Baran, I. 1970. Ergebnisse zoologischer Sammelreisen in der Türkei: Viperidae. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien 74: 357-369.

Entzeroth, A. 1989. Ein weiteres Belegexemplar von Vipera lebetina (Linnaeus, 1758) (Serpentes: Viperidae) von der zentralen Südküste der Türkei. Salamandra 25(1): 59-61.

Flachsenberger, W.; Mirtschin, P. 1995. Digestive properties of snake venoms. Herpetofauna (Sydney) 25(2): 28-31.

Fraser, L. 1929. A case of snakebite in Cyprus. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 23(3): 315.

Göcmen, B.; Arikan, H.; Cicek, K.; Yildiz, M.Z. 2007. A serological comparison of the populations of the levantine viper, Macrovipera lebetina (Linnaeus, 1758) in Cyprus and southern Turkey. North-Western Journal of Zoology 3(2): 75-80.

Göcmen, B.; Arikan, H.; Mermer, A.; Langerwerf, B.; Bahar, H. 2006. Morphological, hemipenial and venom electrophoresis comparisons of the levantine viper, Macrovipera lebetina (Linnaeus, 1758), from Cyprus and southern Anatolia. Turkish Journal of Zoology 30(2): 225-234.

Gumprecht, A.; Lauten, U. 1997. Zur Fortpflanzung und Haltung der Levante-Otter Macrovipera lebetina lebetina (Linnaeus, 1758). Sauria (Berlin) 19(1): 39-43.

Hraoui-Bloquet, S.; Sadek, R.A.; Sindaco, R.; Venchi, A. 2002. The herpetofauna of Lebanon: New data on distribution. Zoology in the Middle East 27: 35-46.

Igolkina, V.A. 1989. Breeding the Lebetine viper ssp. Vipera lebetina turanica and Vipera l. obtusa at Leningrad Zoo. International Zoo Yearbook 28: 183-189.

Igolkina, V.A.; Cherlin, V.A.; Orlov, N.L.; Lukin, YU.A. 1977. [The reproduction of the blunt-nosed viper (Vipera lebetina) in captivity]. pp. 98-99. In: Darevsky, I.S. [Fourth All-Union Herpetological Conference. Questions in Herpetology]. Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Zoologicheskij Institut. Izdatel'stvo 'Nauka', Leningrad. 243 pp. (In Russian).

Jestrzemski, D. 2015. Feldstudie zur zypriotischen Levanteotter (Macrovipera lebetina lebetina). Terraria-Elaphe 2015(51): 54-57.

Kabisch, K.; Wiedl, H.J. 2009. Zur Levanteotter, Macrovipera lebetina lebetina (Linnaeus, 1758) auf Zypern. Sauria (Berlin) 30(4): 29-36.

Kamelin, E.R.; Lukin, Y.A.; Milto, K.D. 1997. Hybridization of Vipera schweizeri (Werner, 1935) and Vipera lebetina obtusa (Dvigubsky 1832). Russian Journal of Herpetology 4(1): 75-78.

Kankava, V.L.; Muskhelishvili, T.A. 1974. Sexual cycle in males of Vipera lebetina. Zoologicheskii Zhurnal 53(3): 481-484.

Komeva, L.G. 1973. Morphology of female reproductive system in Vipera lebetina with special reference to its activity. Zoologicheskii Zhurnal 52(1): 85-93.

Kunzl, H. 1957. Beobachtungen an ost-russischen Levanteottern. DATZ (Die Aquarien- und Terrarien-Zeitschrift) 10: 108-110.

Kuznetsov, A. 1977. [New data on the distribution of Agama ruderata and Vipera lebetina in south-east Azerbaidyan.] pp. 123-124. In: Darevsky, I.S. [Fourth All-Union Herpetological Conference. Questions in Herpetology]. Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Zoologicheskij Institut. Izdatel'stvo 'Nauka', Leningrad. 243 pp. (In Russian).

Makeev, V.M.; Bozhansky, A.T.; Homustenko, Y.D. 1986. Numbers and ecology of the snake Vipera lebetina turanica in the central Kopet-Dag. Ekologiya (Sverdlovsk) 1986(5): 82-84.

Makeyev, V.M. 1969. A contribution to the comparative ecology of the kafi (Vipera lebetina) and the cobra (Naja oxiana) in the southwest Kopet-Dag. Zoologicheskii Zhurnal 48: 1832-1837.

Mermer, A.; Göcmen, B.; Cicek, K. 2012. Extreme cases of colour pattern and size in Levantine Viper, Macrovipera lebetina (L., 1758) from the West of Euphrates Basin (Southern Anatolia, Turkey). Biharean Biologist 6(1): 70-71.

Moradi, N.; Rastegar-Pouyani, N.; Rastegar-Pouyani, E. 2014. Geographic variation in the morphology of Macrovipera lebetina (Linnaeus, 1758) (Ophidia: Viperidae) in Iran. Acta Herpetologica 9(2): 187-202.

Muskhelishvili, T.A. 1972. The biology of the reproduction of the asp Vipera lebetina obtusa Dw. Soobshcheniya Akademii Nauk Gruzinskoi SSR 62(1): 201-203.

Nadjafov, J.A.; Inskenderov, T.M. 1995. Adaptation of Transcaucasian Levantine viper, Vipera lebetina obtusa, to year round poison taking under captivity. Vestnik Zoologii 4: 72-73.

Nadjafov, J.A.; Iskenderov, T.M. 1994. The peculiarities of reproduction of levantine viper (Vipera lebetina obtusa). Zoologicheskii Zhurnal 73(6): 79-84.

Nasoori, A.; Taghipour, A.; Delavar, S.; Aminirissehei, A.; Moghaddam, S. 2014. Heart place and tail length evaluation in Naja oxiana, Macrovipera lebetina, and Montivipera latifii. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine 7: S137-S142.

Nilson, G.; Andrén, C. 1988. Vipera lebetina transmediterranea, a new subspecies of viper from North Africa, with remarks on the taxonomy of Vipera lebetina and Vipera mauritanica (Reptilia: Viperidae). Bonner Zoologische Beiträge 39(4): 371-379.

Pitskhelauri, V.P. 1974. Sex and age composition of the population Vipera lebetina L. and its habitation density in the Vashlovani State Reservation. Soobshcheniya Akademii Nauk Gruzinskoi SSR 76(3): 705-708.

Pitskhelauri, V.P.; Bakradze, M.A. 1977. [On the ecology of Vipera lebetina in the Vashlovansk Reserve]. pp. 174-176. In: Darevsky, I.S. [Fourth All-Union Herpetological Conference. Questions in Herpetology]. Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Zoologicheskij Institut. Izdatel'stvo 'Nauka', Leningrad. 243 pp. (In Russian).

Radspieler, C. 1998. Haltung und Nachzucht der Östlichen Levanteotter, Macrovipera lebetina turanica (Cernow, 1940), in der F2-Generation. Herpetofauna (Weinstadt) 20(112): 5-7.

Radspieler, C.; Schweiger, M. 1989. Die Levanteotter Daboia (Synonym Vipera) lebetina (Linnaeus, 1758). Teil 1: Taxonomische und ökologische Betrachtungen. Herpetofauna (Weinstadt) 11(62): 29-34.

Radspieler, C.; Schweiger, M. 1989. Die Levanteotter Daboia (Synonym Vipera) lebetina Linnaeus, 1758. Teil 2: Lebensweise und Verhalten, Haltung. Zucht und Aufzucht im Gefangenschaft. Herpetofauna (Weinstadt) 11(63): 11-19.

Schweiger, M. 1983. Die Folgen eines schweren Bisses von Vipera lebetina obtusa; seine medizinische Behandlung und Spätfolgen. Herpetofauna (Weinstadt) 5(26): 14-16.

Sharma, L.R.; Lal, V.; Simpson, I.D. 2008. Snakes of medical significance in India: the first reported case of envenoming by the Levantine viper (Macrovipera lebetina). Wilderness & Environmental Medicine 19(3): 195-198.

Szczerbak, N.N.; Böhme, W. 2005. Macrovipera lebetina - Levante-Otter. pp. 25-42. In: Joger, U. & Stümpel, N. (eds.). Handbuch der Reptilien und Amphibien Europas. Schlangen III. Viperidae. AULA-Verlag, Wiebelsheim. 420 pp.

Tok, C.V.; Cihan, D.; Ayaz, D. 2002. A new record of Macrovipera lebetina obtusa (Viperidae) from south-eastern Anatolia. Zoology in the Middle East 25: 23-26.

Tsellarius, A.Y.; Cherlin, V.A.; Lukin, Y.A. 1983. [Reptile population of Eroilanduz drainless depression (Badkhyz, Turkmenia)]. (In Russian, English summary). Izvestiya Akademii Nauk Turkmenskoi SSR Seriya Biologicheskikh Nauk 1983(6): 63-66.

Zerova, G.A.; Chikin, Y.A. 1992. Polymorphism of the structure of the separate skull-bones in Vipera (Daboia) lebetina. pp. 497-500. In: Korsos, Z. & Kiss, I. (eds.): Proceedings of the 6th Ordinary General Meeting of the Societas Europaea Herpetologica, 19-23 August 1991, Budapest, Hungary. Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest. 531 pp.

Zinyakova, M.P. 1962. Feeding of the snake Vipera lebetina turanica on the northern slopes of the ridge Nuratau. Zoologicheskii Zhurnal 41: 1896-1898.

Zinyakova, M.P. 1979. [On the intraspecific variation in the skull of the blunt-nosed viper]. pp. 65-73. (In Russian). In: Darevsky, I.S., Garanin, V.I., Khozatsky, L.I., Zhukova, T.I. & Zinyakova, M.P. (eds.) Herpetologiya. Kuban State University, Krasnodar. 129 pp.

Zinyakova, M.P. 1981. [On the variability of development of the Vipera lebetina skull in central Asia and Azerbaidjan]. pp. 57. (In Russian). In: Darevsky, I.S., Ananjeva, N.B., Barkagan, Z.S., Borkin, L.Y., Sokolova, T.M. & Shcherbak, N.N. (eds.). The problems of herpetology: abstracts. Nauka, Leningrad. 163 pp.

Macrovipera razii

Oraie, H.; Rastegar-Pouyani, E.; Khosravani, A.; Moradi, N.; Akbari, A.; Sehhatisabet, M.E.; Shafiei, S.; Stümpel, N.; Joger, U. 2018. Molecular and morphological analyses have revealed a new species of blunt-nosed viper of the genus Macrovipera in Iran. Salamandra 54(4): 233-248.

Macrovipera schweizeri

Adamopoulou, C.; Valakos, E.D.; Legakis, A. 1997. Notes on the diet and reproduction of the Cyclades blunt-nosed viper, Macrovipera schweizeri (Werner, 1935). (Squamata: Serpentes: Viperidae). Herpetozoa 10(3-4): 173-175.

Andren, C.; Nilson, G.; Dimitropoulos, A.; Ioannides, Y. 1995. Conservation of the Milos viper (Macrovipera schweizeri, syn. Vipera lebetina schweizeri). Preliminary report. Annales Musei Goulandris 9 [1994]: 245-252.

Broggi, M.F. 2014. The herpetofauna of Kimolos (Milos Archipelago, Greece). Herpetozoa 27(1-2): 102-103.

Clark, R.J. 1965. Note on a large viper from the Cyclades. British Journal of Herpetology 3: 205-206.

Dimitropoulos, A. 1988. A few notes about the captive breeding and mating behaviour of Milos Levantine viper (Vipera lebetina shweizeri) (Werner, 1935), and the Ottoman viper (Vipera xanthina xanthina) (Gray, 1849). Herptile 13(3): 93-98.

Even, E.; Pijnappel, G. 1989. Night-activity by Vipera lebetina schweizeri during warm weather. Litteratura Serpentium (English Edition) 9(5): 215-217.

Hingley, K.J. 1989. The Milos viper, Vipera lebetina schweizeri, and the threat to its future. Snake Keeper 3(10): 4-5.

Kamelin, E.R.; Lukin, Y.A.; Milto, K.D. 1997. Hybridization of Vipera schweizeri (Werner, 1935) and Vipera lebetina obtusa (Dvigubsky 1832). Russian Journal of Herpetology 4(1): 75-78.

Klemmer, K. 1982. Rote Schlangen. Natur und Museum (Frankfurt am Main) 112(9): 292-294.

Kreiner, G. 2014. Die Milosotter, Macrovipera schweizeri, ein Endemit der Kykladen. Terraria-Elaphe 2014(47): 30-36.

Mertens, R. 1951. Die Levante-Otter der Cycladen. Senckenbergiana 32: 207-209.

Mertens, R. 1955. Der Typus von Vipera lebetina schweizeri. Senckenbergiana Biologica 36: 297-299.

Nilson, G. 2005. Macrovipera schweizeri - Kykladenviper. pp. 43-59. In: Joger, U. & Stümpel, N. (eds.). Handbuch der Reptilien und Amphibien Europas. Schlangen III. Viperidae. AULA-Verlag, Wiebelsheim. 420 pp.

Nilson, G.; Andren, C.; Ioannidis, Y.; Dimaki, M. 1999. Ecology and conservation of the Milos viper, Macrovipera schweizeri (Werner, 1935). Amphibia-Reptilia 20(4): 355-375.

Perry, J.J.; Blody, D.A. 1986. Courtship and reproduction in captive Cretan vipers, Vipera lebetina schweizeri. Herpetological Review 17(2): 41-42.

Schweiger, M. 1981. Auf der Suche nach Milos-Levanteottern (Vipera lebetina schweizeri) und die Haltung dieser im Terrarium. Herpetofauna (Weinstadt) 3(10): 10-11.

Schweizer, H. 1957. Weiteres über die Ringelnatter und Levante-Otter der West-Cycladen. DATZ (Die Aquarien- und Terrarien-Zeitschrift) 10: 161-164.

Stemmler, O. 1967. Der Kommentkampf von Vipera lebetina schweizeri Werner 1935. Aqua Terra 4: 89-91.

Tamas, T.; Tibor, K. 2002. Eine rötliche Milosotter (Macrovipera schweizeri) mit runder Pupille (Abb.). Elaphe 10(4): 69.

Wettstein, O. von 1953. Dreizehn neue Reptilienrassen von den Ägäichsen Inseln. Anz. Ost. Akad. Wiss. 89: 251-256.

Zwinenberg, A.J. 1979. [Biology and status of the cyclade blunt-nosed viper (Vipera lebetina schweizeri)]. (In Dutch). Lacerta 37(9): 138-146.