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Taxonomy of the genus Carphophis Biodiversity of the family Colubridae

Bibliography of the genus
Carphophis (North American Worm Snakes)

(Reptilia: Serpentes: Colubridae)

Note: In order to limit redundancy, relevant literature indexed in the related bibliographies in the left column may not have been included in this page. For a comprehensive search of literature, these bibliographies should therefore also be consulted.


Carphophis in general

Blanchard, F.N. 1924. The forms of Carphophis. Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters 4: 527-530.

Cadle, J.E. 1984. Molecular systematics of Neotropical xenodontine snakes. 3. Overview of xenodontine phylogeny and the history of New World snakes. Copeia 1984(3): 641-652.

Dunn, E.R. 1928. New Central American snakes in the American Museum of Natural History. American Museum Novitates 314: 1-4.

Ernst, C.H.; Orr, J.M.; Creque, T.R. 2003. Carphophis. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 773: 1-2.

Gray, B.S. 2010. Distribution of native and exotic earthworms in the eastern United States: implications for the ecology of vermivorous snakes. Bulletin of the Chicago Herpetological Society 45(5): 73-86.

Hubbs, C.L. 1932. The use of the generic name Ophis for an eel, a snake and a mollusc. Copeia 1932: 26-27.

Pauley, T.K. 1973. The status of the genus Carphophis in Ohio and West Virginia. Proceedings of the West Virginia Academy of Science 45(1): 64-70.

Shepherd, J.L. 1974. Osteology of the worm snakes (Carphophis). Dissertation Abstracts International (B) 34(8): 4133-4134.

Smith, A.G. 1948. Intergradation in worm snakes (Carphophis) from Kentucky. Natural History Miscellanea (Chicago) 18: 1-3.

Carphophis amoenus

Allard, H.A. 1945. A color variant of the eastern worm snake. Copeia 1945: 42.

Barbour, R.W. 1950. The distribution of Carphophis amoena in Kentucky. Copeia 1950: 237.

Barbour, R.W. 1960. A study of the worm snake, Carphophis amoenus Say, in Kentucky. Transactions of the Kentucky Academy of Science 21: 10-16.

Barbour, R.W.; Harvey, M.J.; Hardin, J.W. 1969. Home range, movements, and activity of the eastern worm snake Carphophis amoenus amoenus. Ecology 50: 470-476.

Cook, D.G. 1986. Life history notes: Carphophis amoenus amoenus (Eastern Worm Snake). Coloration. Herpetological Review 17(2): 48.

Diefenbacher, E.H.; Pauley, T.K. 2009. Natural history notes: Carphophis amoenus helenea [helenae] (Midwest Worm Snake). Defensive behavior. Herpetological Review 40(1): 94-95.

Diefenbacher, E.H.; Pauley, T.K. 2014. Notes on the distribution and natural history of the Eastern Wormsnake (Carphophis amoenus amoenus) in West Virginia. IRCF Reptiles & Amphibians 21(4): 120–124.

Durso, A.M.; Holcomb, K.L.; Barnett, P.G. 2009. Geographic distribution: Carphophis amoenus (Eastern Wormsnake). Herpetological Review 40(2): 237.

Elliott, T.F. 2016. Natural history notes: Coluber constrictor (North American Racer). Diet. Herpetological Review 47(3): 475.

Ernst, C.H.; Orr, J.M.; Creque, T.R. 2003. Carphophis amoenus. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 774: 1-7.

Felix, Z.I.; Wang, Y.; Schweitzer, C.J. 2010. Abundance and population structure of Eastern Worm snakes in forest stands with varous levels of overstory tree retention. U S Forest Service General Technical Report SRS 121: 481-485.

Ferguson, D.E.; Bancroft, H.R. 1957. Distribution of Carphophis amoenus in Mississippi. Herpetologica 13: 245.

Fleming, M.; Pierson, T.W. 2018. Geographic distribution: Carphophis amoenus (Common Wormsnake). Herpetological Review 49(3): 505.

Foster, N.; Brown, L. 2012. Geographic distribution: Carphophis amoenus (Eastern Wormsnake). USA: Tennessee: Marshall Co. Herpetological Review 43(3): 447.

Foster, N.; Christensen, M. 2014. Geographic distribution: Carphophis amoenus (Common Wormsnake). Herpetological Review 45(3): 464.

Godwin, C.D.; Moore, A.J. 2018. Geographic distribution: Carphophis amoenus helenae (Midwestern Wormsnake). Herpetological Review 49(4): 717.

Gray, B.S. 2009. A Serpentes prelude: Carphophis amoenus, eastern Worm Snake. Bulletin of the Chicago Herpetological Society 44(7): 116-117.

Gray, B.S. 2014. Carphophis amoenus amoenus (eastern wormsnake). Longevity. Herpetological Review 45(2): 256.

Gregory, M.; Khosravi, M. 2012. Carphophis amoenus amoenus (Eastern Wormsnake). VA: Fairfax County. Catesbeiana 32(2): 83.

Groves, M.F. 1946. Oviposition in the eastern worm snake. Maryland, Baltimore 16(4): 84.

Hamed, M.K. 2017. Geographic distribution: Carphophis amoenus (Eastern Worm Snake). Herpetological Review 48(1): 127.

Harris, H.S. 2006. Translucent skin/scales in Carphophis amoenus amoenus. Bulletin of the Maryland Herpetological Society 42(4): 188-189.

Harris, H.S. 2010. Fall mating observation in the Eastern Wormsnake, Carphophis amoenus amoenus, in Maryland. Bulletin of the Maryland Herpetological Society 46(1-4): 20.

Harvey, M.J.; Hardin, J.W.; Harbour, R.W. 1968. Movements of the eastern worm snake, Carphophis amoenus amoenus. ASB Bull. 15: 39.

Hill, R.L. 2011. Geographic distribution: Carphophis amoenus amoenus (Eastern Wormsnake). Herpetological Review 42(2): 242.

Ingrasci, M.J. 2003. Geographic distribution: Carphophis amoenus (Worm Snake). USA: Illinois. Herpetological Review 34(3): 263.

Jones, K.S. 2014. Natural history notes: Carphophis amoenus (Eastern Worm Snake). Association with ants. Herpetological Review 45(4): 705-706.

Kapfer, J.M.; Slone, C. 2011. Natural history notes: Carphophis amoenus (Eastern Wormsnake). Defensive behavior. Herpetological Review 42(3): 437.

Klueh, S.; Jason Mirtl, J. 2013. Geographic distribution: Carphophis amoenus helenae (Midwestern Wormsnake). Herpetological Review 44(2): 274.

Krusling, P.J.; Ferner, J.W. 1999. Geographic distribution: Carphophis amoenus helenae (Midwest Worm Snake). Herpetological Review 30(2): 112.

Landowski, L.; Lodato, M.J.; Maves, A. 2010. Geographic distribution: Carphophis amoenus (Eastern Wormsnake). Herpetological Review 41(1): 109.

Latham, R. 1969. Notes on the eastern worm snake on eastern Long Island. Engelhardtia 2(3): 17.

Lodato, M.J. 1974. Geographic distribution: Carphophis amoenus helenae. USA: Indiana: Franklin Co. Herpetological Review 5(3): 70.

Manis, C.; Desrochers, D.; Adams, J.K. 2012. Geographic distribution: Carphophis amoenus (Eastern Wormsnake). USA: Georgia: Whitfield Co. Herpetological Review 43(3): 447.

McDaniel, V.R.; Bounds, S.M.; Frazier, R.; Sutton, K.B. 1978. Geographic distribution: Carphophis amoenus helenae. USA: Arkansas: Greene Co. Herpetological Review 9(4): 142.

Meade, L. 2002. The taxonomy, variation, and distribution of Worm Snakes, genus Carphophis (Reptilia, Colubridae), in Kentucky. Journal of the Kentucky Academy of Science 63(1): 1-7.

Mitchell, J.C.; Kirk, D.M. 1996. Carphophis amoenus amoenus (eastern worm snake). Catesbeiana 16(1): 13-14.

Mount, R.H. 1972. Distribution of the worm snake Carphophis amoenus (Say) in Alabama. Herpetologica 28(3): 263-266.

Muñoz, D.J. 2018. Geographic distribution: Carphophis amoenus (Eastern Wormsnake). Herpetological Review 49(1): 74.

Nelson, S.K.; Altobelli, J.T. 2015. Geographic distribution: Carphophis amoenus amoenus (Eastern Wormsnake). Herpetological Review 46(1): 61.

Orr, J.M. 2006. Microhabitat use by the eastern Worm Snake, Carphophis amoenus. Herpetological Bulletin 97: 29-35.

Pinou, T.; Vicario, S.; Marschner, M.; Caccone, A. 2004. Relict snakes of North America and their relationships within Caenophidia, using likelihood-based Bayesian methods on mitochondrial sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 32(2): 563-574.

Reilly, E.M.; Rossi, J. 1981. Geographic distribution: Carphophis amoenus amoenus. Herpetological Review 12(2): 65.

Roberts, B.E.; Gossman, S.J.; Palis, J.G.; Wendling, R.E.; Gootee, B.A. 2018. Natural history notes: Carphophis amoenus (Common Wormsnake). Climbing behavior. Herpetological Review 49(4): 749-750.

Roble, S.M. 2013. Ophiophagy in Red-shouldered Hawks (Buteo lineatus), with the first record of Eastern Wormsnakes (Carphophis amoenus) as prey. Banisteria 41: 80-84.

Rossman, D.A. 1973. Evidence for the conspecificity of Carphophis amoenus (Say) and Carphophis vermis (Kennicott). Journal of Herpetology 7(2): 140-141.

Russell, K.R.; Hanlin, H.G. 1999. Aspects of the ecology of worm snakes (Carphophis amoenus) associated with small isolated wetlands in South Carolina. Journal of Herpetology 33(2): 339-344.

Saik, J. 2012. Carphophis amoenus (eastern worm snake) VA: Warren County. Catesbeiana 32(2): 84.

Simmons, R.S.; Stine, C.J. 1961. Ankylosis and xanthism in the eastern worm snake. Herpetologica 17: 206-208.

Somma, M. 2012. Carphophis amoenus (Eastern Wormsnake). Catesbeiana 32(1): 36.

Stanback, M.T.; Mercadante, A.N. 2009. Eastern bluebirds provision nestlings with snakes. Journal of the North Carolina Academy of Science 125(1): 36-37.

Viney Baxter, S. de; Baxter, R.J.; Risch, T.S. 2006. An unusual prey item found in an eastern bluebird nest. Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science 60: 168.

Willson, J.D.; Dorcas, M.E. 2004. Aspects of the ecology of small fossorial snakes in the Western piedmont of North Carolina. Southeastern Naturalist 3(1): 1-12.

Winstel, A. 1988. Geographic distribution: Carphophis amoenus (Worm Snake). Herpetological Review 19(1): 19-20.

Wright, R.A.S. 1991. Carphophus [Carphophis] amoenus (worm snake). Catesbeiana 11(1): 19.

Carphophis vermis

Bailey, R.M. 1939. Carphophis amoena vermis and Lampropeltis calligaster in Iowa. Copeia 1939(4): 218-220.

Brumwell, M.J. 1951. An ecological survey of the Fort Leavenworth Military Reservation. American Midland Naturalist 45(1): 187-231.

Clark, D.R. 1968. A proposal of specific status for the western worm lizard, Carphophis amoenus vermis (Kennicott). Herpetologica 24: 104-112.

Clark, D.R. 1968. An ecological study of the worm snake, Carphophis vermis. Dissertation Abstracts 29B: 2236.

Clark, D.R. 1970. Age-specific 'reproductive effort' in the worm snake Carphophis vermis (Kennicott). Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Sciences 73(1): 20-24.

Clark, D.R. 1970. Ecological study of the worm snake Carphophis vermis (Kennicott). University of Kansas Publications of the Museum of Natural History 19(2): 85-194.

Collins, J.T. 2008. New records of amphibians, reptiles, and turtles in Kansas for 2007. Journal of Kansas Herpetology 25: 9-11.

Dloogatch, M. 1978. Eggs and hatchlings of the worm snake, Carphophis vermis (Kennicott). Bulletin of the Chicago Herpetological Society 13(4): 99-100.

Ernst, C.H.; Orr, J.M.; Creque, T.R. 2003. Carphophis vermis. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 775: 1-4.

Johnson, L.D.; Smith, G.R.; Rettig, J.E. 2004. Summer activity of small snakes in four habitats in northwestern Missouri. Bulletin of the Maryland Herpetological Society 40(1): 47-52.

Lokke, J. 2003. Carphophis vermis (western Worm Snake). Journal of Kansas Herpetology 5: 10.

McAllister, C.T.; Robison, H.W. 2012. New geographic distribution records for amphibians and reptiles from Arkansas, USA. Herpetological Review 43(2): 316-317.

Pisani, G.R. 2007. New Kansas maximum sizes for Virginia valeriae and Carphophis vermis. Journal of Kansas Herpetology 22: 11.

Robison, H.W.; McAllister, C.T. 2008. Geographic distribution: Carphophis vermis (Western Wormsnake). Herpetological Review 39(1): 110.

Robison, H.W.; McAllister, C.T. 2012. Geographic distribution: Carphophis vermis (Western Worm Snake). USA: Arkansas: Howard Co. Herpetological Review 43(3): 447.

Rossman, D.A. 1973. Evidence for the conspecificity of Carphophis amoenus (Say) and Carphophis vermis (Kennicott). Journal of Herpetology 7(2): 140-141.

Sajdak, R.A. 1978. Geographic distribution: Carphophis amoenis vermis. USA: Wisconsin: Grant Co. Herpetological Review 9(2): 62.

Thurow, G.R. 1980. Geographic distribution: Carphophis amoenus vermis. Herpetological Review 11(4): 116.

Tumlison, C.R.; Wiley, R.W. 1980. Geographic distribution: Carphophis amoenus vermis. Herpetological Review 11(1): 14-15.

Tumlison, R. 2014. Geographic distribution: Carphophis vermis (Western Wormsnake). Herpetological Review 45(3): 464-465.

Wright, A. 1986. Notes on defensive postures observed in captive specimens of the Western Worm Snake Carphophis amoenus vermis (Kennicott). Litteratura Serpentium (English Edition) 6(5): 167-170.