Home - Taxonomy - Geography - Biodiversity - Literature - Purchase RepFocus Recent updates





Related bibliographies:

Reptiles
Snakes
Adelphicos
Adelphostigma
Aeluroglena
Afronatrix
Ahaetulla
Alsophis
Amastridium
Amnesteophis
Amnisiophis
Amphiesma
Amphiesmoides
Anoplohydrus
Antillophis
Apographon
Apostolepis
Aprosdoketophis
Arcanumophis
Archelaphe
Arizona
Arrhyton
Aspidura
Atractus
Atretium
Baliodryas
Bamanophis
Blythia
Bogertophis
Boiga
Boiruna
Borikenophis
Caaeteboia
Calamaria
Calamodontophis
Calamorhabdium
Caraiba
Carphophis
Cemophora
Cenaspis
Ceratophallus
Cercophis
Chapinophis
Chersodromus
Chironius
Chlorosoma
Chrysopelea
Clelia
Clonophis
Coelognathus
Collorhabdium
Coluber
Colubroelaps
Coniophanes
Conophis
Conopsis
Contia
Coronelaps
Coronella
Crisantophis
Crotaphopeltis
Cryophis
Cubophis
Darlingtonia
Dasypeltis
Dendrelaphis
Dendrophidion
Diadophis
Diaphorolepis
Dibernardia
Dipsadoboa
Dipsas
Dispholidus
Ditaxodon
Dolichophis
Drepanoides
Drymarchon
Drymobius
Drymoluber
Dryophiops
Dryophylax
Echinanthera
Eirenis
Elaphe
Elapoidis
Elapomorphus
Emmochliophis
Enuliophis
Enulius
Erythrolamprus
Etheridgeum
Euprepiophis
Eutrachelophis
Farancia
Ficimia
Fowlea
Galvarinus
Geagras
Geophis
Gomesophis
Gongylosoma
Gonyosoma
Grayia
Gyalopion
Haitiophis
Haldea
Hapsidophrys
Hebius
Helicops
Helophis
Hemerophis
Hemorrhois
Herpetoreas
Heterodon
Hierophis
Hydrablabes
Hydraethiops
Hydrodynastes
Hydromorphus
Hydrops
Hypsiglena
Hypsirhynchus
Ialtris
Iguanognathus
Imantodes
Incaspis
Isanophis
Lampropeltis
Leptodeira
Leptodrymus
Leptophis
Limnophis
Liodytes
Lioheterophis
Liopeltis
Lycodon
Lycognathophis
Lygophis
Lytorhynchus
Macrocalamus
Macroprotodon
Magliophis
Manolepis
Masticophis
Mastigodryas
Meizodon
Mesotes
Mopanveldophis
Muhtarophis
Mussurana
Myersinia
Natriciteres
Natrix
Nerodia
Ninia
Nothopsis
Ocyophis
Oligodon
Omoadiphas
Oocatochus
Opheodrys
Opisthotropis
Oreocalamus
Oreocryptophis
Orientocoluber
Oxybelis
Oxyrhopus
Paikwaophis
Palusophis
Pantherophis
Paraphimophis
Persiophis
Phalotris
Philodryas
Philothamnus
Phimophis
Phrynonax
Phyllorhynchus
Pituophis
Plagiopholis
Platyceps
Pliocercus
Proahaetulla
Pseudablabes
Pseudagkistrodon
Pseudalsophis
Pseudelaphe
Pseudoboa
Pseudoeryx
Pseudoficimia
Pseudoleptodeira
Pseudorabdion
Pseudoxenodon
Psomophis
Ptyas
Ptychophis
Rabdion
Regina
Rhabdophis
Rhabdops
Rhachidelus
Rhadinaea
Rhadinella
Rhadinophanes
Rhamnophis
Rhinobothryum
Rhinocheilus
Rhynchocalamus
Rodriguesophis
Sahyadriophis
Salvadora
Saphenophis
Scaphiodontophis
Scaphiophis
Schwartzophis
Scolecophis
Senticolis
Sibon
Sibynomorphus
Sibynophis
Simophis
Siphlophis
Smithophis
Sonora
Sordellina
Spalerosophis
Spilotes
Stegonotus
Stenorrhina
Stichophanes
Storeria
Symphimus
Sympholis
Synophis
Tachymenis
Tachymenoides
Taeniophallus
Tantalophis
Tantilla
Tantillita
Telescopus
Tetralepis
Thalesius
Thamnodynastes
Thamnophis
Thelotornis
Thermophis
Thrasops
Tomodon
Toxicodryas
Trachischium
Tretanorhinus
Trimerodytes
Trimetopon
Trimorphodon
Tropidoclonion
Tropidodipsas
Tropidodryas
Tropidonophis
Uromacer
Urotheca
Virginia
Wallaceophis
Wallophis
Xenelaphis
Xenochrophis
Xenodon
Xenopholis
Xenoxybelis
Xyelodontophis
Zamenis
Zonateres

Africa
Asia
Australia
Central America
Europe
Malay Archipelago
Middle East
North America
South America
West Indies

Indian Ocean
Mediterranean Sea
Pacific Ocean









































































































































































































































































































































Taxonomy of the family Colubridae Biodiversity of the family Colubridae

Bibliography of the family
Colubridae (Typical Snakes or Colubrids)

(Reptilia: Serpentes)

Note: In order to limit redundancy, relevant literature indexed in the related bibliographies in the left column may not have been included in this page. For a comprehensive search of literature, these bibliographies should therefore also be consulted.


Abegg, A.D.; Entiauspe-Neto, O.M.; Lema, T. de 2015. First record of albinism in the Elapomorphini tribe (Serpentes: Dipsadidae). Herpetology Notes 8: 503-505.

Aldridge, R.D.; Goldberg, S.R.; Wisniewski, S.S.; Bufalino, A.P.; Dillman, C.B. 2009. The reproductive cycle and estrus in the colubrid snakes of temperate North America. Contemporary Herpetology 2009(4): 1-31.

Alem n, C. 1952. Apuntes sobre reptiles y anfibios de la region Baruta-El Hatillo. Memoria de la Sociedad de Ciencias Naturales La Salle 12(31): 11-30.

Alem n, C. 1953. Contribution al estudio de los reptiles y batracios de la Sierra de Perija. Memoria de la Sociedad de Ciencias Naturales La Salle 13(35): Unpaginated.

Alencar, L.R.V.; Gaiarsa, M.P.; Martins, M. 2013. The evolution of diet and microhabitat use in pseudoboine snakes. South American Journal of Herpetology 8(1): 60-66.

Amaral, A. do 1929. Valor systematico de varias formas de ophidios neotropicos. Memorias do Instituto Butantan (Sao Paulo) 4: 3-68.

Amaral, A. do 1930. Notes on two colubrine snakes. Bulletin of the Antivenin Institute of America 4: 12-13.

Andersson, L.G. 1901. Some new species of snakes from Cameroon and South America, belonging to the collections of the Royal Museum in Stockholm. Bihang till Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar (Stockholm) 27(4)(5): 26 pp.

Andonov, K.; Natchev, N.; Kornilev, Y.V.; Tzankov, N. 2017. Does sexual selection influence ornamentation of hemipenes in Old World snakes? Anatomical Record-Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology 300(9): 1680-1694

Bailey, J.R. 1951. Adaptive radiation in the snakes of the tribe Pseudoboini. (Abstract). Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society 67(2): 183-184.

Bailey, J.R. 1966. Modes of evolution in New World opisthoglyph snakes. Memorias do Instituto Butantan (Sao Paulo) 33: 67-72.

Bailey, J.R. 1967. The synthetic approach to colubrid classification. Herpetologica 23: 155-161.

Becak, M.L.; Becak, W.; Pereira, A. 2003. Somatic pairing, endomitosis and chromosome aberrations in snakes (Viperidae and Colubridae). Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias 75(3): 285-300.

Billing, H.; Ziswiler, V. 1981. Adaptationen am Verdauungstrakt extrem nahrungsspezialisierter Schlangenarten der Familie Colubridae. Revue Suisse de Zoologie 88(4): 835-845.

Bogert, C.M. 1940. Herpetological results of the Vernay Angola Expedition. With notes on African reptiles in other collections. 1. Snakes, including an arrangement of African Colubridae. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 77(1): 1-107.

Boulenger, G.A. 1893. Catalogue of the snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Vol. 1. Typhlopidae, Glauconiidae, Boidae, Ilysiidae, Uropeltidae, Xenopeltidae, Colubridae (aglyphae, part). Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), London. 448 pp.

Boulenger, G.A. 1894. Catalogue of the snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Vol. 2. Colubridae (aglyphae, conclusion). Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), London. 382 pp.

Boulenger, G.A. 1896. Catalogue of the snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Vol. 3. Colubridae (opisthoglyphae and proteroglyphae), Amblycephalidae, Viperidae. Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), London. 727 pp.

Boundy, J.; Rossman, D.A. 1995. Allocation and status of the garter snake names Coluber infernalis Blainville, Eutaenia sirtalis tetrataenia Cope and Eutaenia imperialis Coues and Yarrow. Copeia 1995(1): 236-240.

Bower, D.S.; Valentine, L.E.; Grice, A.C.; Hodgson, L.; Schwarzkopf, L. 2014. A trade-off in conservation: Weed management decreases the abundance of common reptile and frog species while restoring an invaded floodplain. Biological Conservation 178: 123-128.

Branch, W.R. 1981. The venomous snakes of southern Africa. 3. Concluding part: Colubridae. Bulletin of the Maryland Herpetological Society 17(4): 125-150.

Branch, W.R. 1982. Venomous snakes of South Africa, 3. Concluding part: Colubridae. The Snake 14(1): 1-17.

Brongersma, L.D. 1958. Some features of the Dipsadinae and Pareinae (Serpentes, Colubridae). Proceedings Akad. Wet. Amst. 61C: 7-12.

Bronzini, E. 1944. Note sulla riproduzione in cattivita del cervone (Elaphis quaterradiatus) Latr. Acta pont.acad. Scient. 8(5): 20-38.

Brummer, B.J. 1981. The taxonomic significance of vertebrae from recent colubrid snake genera of North America (north of Mexico). Dissertation Abstracts International B Sciences and Engineering 41(12): 4413.

Burbrink, F.T.; Lawson, R. 2007. How and when did Old World ratsnakes disperse into the New World? Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 43(1): 173-189.

Burbrink, F.T.; Pyron, R.A. 2010. How does ecological opportunity influence rates of speciation, extinction, and morphological diversification in New World ratsnakes (tribe Lampropeltini)? Evolution 64(4): 934-943.

Burbrink, F.T.; Ruane, S.; Pyron, R.A. 2012. When are adaptive radiations replicated in areas? Ecological opportunity and unexceptional diversification in West Indian dipsadine snakes (Colubridae: Alsophiini). Journal of Biogeography 39(3): 465-475.

Burghardt, G.M. 1993. The comparative imperative: genetics and ontogeny of chemoreceptive prey responses in natricine snakes. Brain Behavior and Evolution 41(3-5): 138-146.

Cadle, J.E. 1984. Molecular systematics of Neotropical xenodontine snakes. 1. South American xenodontines. Herpetologica 40(1): 8-20.

Cadle, J.E. 1984. Molecular systematics of Neotropical xenodontine snakes. 2. Central American xenodontines. Herpetologica 40(1): 21-30.

Cadle, J.E. 1984. Molecular systematics of Neotropical xenodontine snakes. 3. Overview of xenodontine phylogeny and the history of New World snakes. Copeia 1984(3): 641-652.

Cadle, J.E. 1985. The Neotropical colubrid snake fauna (Serpentes: Colubridae): lineage components and biogeography. Systematic Zoology 34(1): 1-20.

Capula, M.; Filippi, E.; Luiselli, L. 1995. Annual mating in female colubrid snakes with irregular reproductive frequency (Squamata: Serpentes: Colubridae). Herpetozoa 8(1-2): 11-15.

Chen, X.; Huang, S.; Guo, P.; Colli, G.R.; Nieto-Montes de Oca, A.; Vitt, L.J.; Pyron, R.A.; Burbrink, F.T. 2013. Understanding the formation of ancient intertropical disjunct distributions using Asian and Neotropical hinged-teeth snakes (Sibynophis and Scaphiodontophis: Serpentes: Colubridae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 66(1): 254-261.

Chiszar, D.; Smith, H.M. 2002. Colubrid envenomations in the United States. Journal of Toxicology Toxin Reviews 21(1-2): 85-104.

Crother, B.I. 1999. Phylogenetic relationships among West Indian xenodontine snakes (Serpentes; Colubridae) with comments on the phylogeny of some mainland xenodontines. Contemporary Herpetology 1999(2): (alpha.selu.edu/~pcsd4805/ch/1999/2/index/htm).

Crother, B.I.; Hillis, D.M. 1995. Nuclear ribosomal DNA restriction sites, phylogenetic information, and the phylogeny of some xenodontine (Colubridae) snakes. Journal of Herpetology 29(2): 316-320.

Cundall, D.; Shardo, J. 1995. Rhinokinetic snout of thamnophiine snakes. Journal of Morphology 225(1): 31-50.

Cunha, O.R. da; Nascimento, F.P. do 1981. Ofidios da Amazonia. 13. Observacoes sobre a viviparidade em ofidios do Para e Maranhao (Ophidia: Aniliidae, Boidae, Colubridae e Viperidae). Boletim do Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi Nova Serie Zoologia 109: 1-20.

Das, A. 2013. Notes on ratsnakes from north-eastern India. pp. 309-336. In: Schulz, K.D. (ed.). Old World ratsnakes: a collection of papers. Bushmaster Publications, Berg. 432 pp.

David, P.; Vogel, G. 2010. Venomous snakes of Europe, Northern, Central, and Western Asia. Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt am Main. 162 pp.

Dessauer, H.C. 1967. Molecular approach to the taxonomy of colubrid snakes. Herpetologica 23: 148-155.

Domergue, C.A. 1988. Notes sur les serpents de la region malgache. 8. Colubridae nouveaux. Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle Section A Zoologie Biologie et Ecologie Animales 10(1): 135-146.

Dowling, H.G.; Highton, R.; Maha, G.C.; Maxson, L.R. 1983. Biochemical evaluation of colubrid snake phylogeny. Journal of Zoology (London) 201(3): 309-329.

Drummond, H. 1985. The role of vision in the predatory behaviour of natricine snakes. Animal Behaviour 33(1): 206-215.

Drummond, H.M. 1980. Aquatic foraging in some New World natricine snakes: generalists and specialists and their behavioral evolution. Dissertation Abstracts International B Sciences and Engineering 41(5): 1610-1611.

Dunn, E.R. 1928. A tentative key and arrangement of the American genera of Colubridae. Bulletin of the Antivenin Institute of America 2(1): 18-24.

Dunn, E.R. 1928. New Central American snakes in the American Museum of Natural History. American Museum Novitates 314: 1-4.

Dunn, E.R. 1940. Notes on some American lizards and snakes in the Museum of Goteborg. Herpetologica 1940(1): 189-194.

Ehmann, H. 1993. Family Colubridae. pp. 290-294. In: Glasby, C.J.; Ross, G.J.B. & Beesley, P.L. (eds.). Fauna of Australia. Vol. 2A. Amphibia & Reptilia. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra. 439 pp.

Eipper, S. 2012. A Guide to Australian Snakes in Captivity: Elapids and Colubrids. Australian Birdkeeper / Reptile Publications, Burleigh, Queensland. 280 pp.

El-Toubi, M.R.; Kamal, A.M.; Hammouda, H.G. 1965. The phylogenetic relationship between the ophidian families Boidae, Colubridae and Viperidae in the light of the developmental study of the skull. Zoologischer Anzeiger 175: 289-294.

Espinoza, N.C. de 1977. New records of colubrid snakes from Peru, with notes on their ecology and distribution. Herpetological Review 8(3): 3.

Fesser, R. 2013. Forty years of husbandry and breeding of Old World ratsnakes - a summary. pp. 417-422. In: Schulz, K.D. (ed.). Old World ratsnakes: a collection of papers. Bushmaster Publications, Berg. 432 pp.

Feuillee-Billot, A. 1925. Les serpents qui ressemblent aux vip res. Nature (Paris) 1925(2675): 25-31.

Gaiarsa, M.P.; Alencar, L.R.V.; Valdujo, P.H.; Tambosi, L.R.; Martins, M. 2015. Setting conservation priorities within monophyletic groups: an integrative approach. Journal for Nature Conservation 24: 49-55.

Gehlbach, F.R. 1970. Death-feigning and erratic behaviour in leptotyphlopid, colubrid, and elapid snakes. Herpetologica 26: 24-34.

Gehlbach, F.R.; Watkins, J.F.; Kroll, J.C. 1971. Pheromone trail following studies of typhlopid, leptotyphlopid, and colubrid snakes. Behaviour 40: 282-294.

Geniez, P.; Grillet, P. 1989. Les couleuvres et les viperes. Payot, Lausanne. 64pp.

Golay, P.; Smith, H.M.; Broadley, D.G.; Dixon, J.R.; McCarthy, C.; Rage, J.C.; Sch tti, B.; Toriba, M. 1993. Endoglyphs and other major venomous snakes of the world: a checklist. Azemiops, Geneva, Switzerland. 478 pp.

Gove, D.; Burghardt, G.M. 1983. Context-correlated parameters of snake and lizard tongue-flicking. Animal Behaviour 31(3): 718-723.

Grassman, L.I. 1998. Stomach contents of an Asiatic golden cat. Cat News 1998: 20-21.

Grazziotin, F.G.; Zaher, H.; Murphy, R.W.; Scrocchi, G.J.; Benavides, M.A.; Zhang, Y.P.; Bonatto, S.L. 2012. Molecular phylogeny of the New World Dipsadidae (Serpentes: Colubroidea): a reappraisal. Cladistics 28(5): 437-459.

Gregory, P.T. 2016. Responses of natricine snakes to predatory threat: a mini-review and research prospectus. Journal of Herpetology 50(2): 183-195.

Gutierrez, J.M.; Sasa, M. 2002. Bites and envenomations by colubrid snakes in Mexico and Central America. Journal of Toxicology Toxin Reviews 21(1-2): 105-115.

Haan, C.C. de 2003. Sense-organ-like parietal pits found in Psammophiini (Serpentes, Colubridae). Comptes Rendus Biologies 326(3): 287-293.

Hailey, A.; Davies, P.M.C. 1986. Lifestyle, latitude and activity metabolism of natricine snakes. Journal of Zoology Series A 209(3): 461-476.

Hailey, A.; Davies, P.M.C.; Pulford, E. 1982. Lifestyle and thermal ecology of natricine snakes. British Journal of Herpetology 6(7): 261-268.

Haines, T.P. 1967. Variations of colubrid skulls, their correlations and their value in taxonomy. Herpetologica 23: 142-145.

Harding, K.A.; Welch, K.R.G. 1980. Venomous snakes of the world. A checklist. Pergamon, New York. 188 pp.

Heimes, P. 2009. Echte und Falsche Korallenschlangen. Aquaristik Fachmagazin & Aquarium Heute 41(1)(205): 82-89.

Helfenberger, N.; Schulz, K.D. 2013. A checklist of the extinct taxa allied to the Old World ratsnakes, with remarks on the phylogeny and radiation of Elaphe, Rhinechis and Zamenis. pp. 423-427. In: Schulz, K.D. (ed.). Old World ratsnakes: a collection of papers. Bushmaster Publications, Berg. 432 pp.

Herrel, A.; Vincent, S.E.; Alfaro, M.E.; Wassenbergh, S. van; Vanhooydonck, B.; Irschick, D.J. 2008. Morphological convergence as a consequence of extreme functional demands: examples from the feeding system of natricine snakes. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 21(5): 1438-1448.

Hess, P.L.; Squaiella-Baptistao, C.C. 2012. Toxinas animais: serpentes da fam lia Colubridae e seus venenos. Estudos de Biologia (Curitiba) 34(83): 135-142.

Hewitt, J. 1911. Note on the relationship of the maxilla of Vipera to that of Colubridae. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 3(2): 93-95.

Holtzinger-Tenever, H. 1920. Zamenis tripostocularis spec. nov. Zoologischer Anzeiger 52: 66.

Hoser, R.T. 2013. Stopping the shuffle between families: six new colubroid snake families named. Australasian Journal of Herpetology 17: 3-21.

International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 1982. Opinion 1201. Elapidae Boie, 1827 (Reptilia, Serpentes): ruling to stabilize nomenclature of taxa in this family (and others). Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 39(1): 21-26.

Jackson, M.K.; Reno, H.W. 1975. Comparative skin structure of some fossorial and subfossorial leptyphlopid and colubrid snakes. Herpetologica 31(3): 350-359.

Jenner, J.V. 1981. A zoogeographic study and the taxonomy of the xenodontine colubrid snakes. Ph.D. thesis, New York University, New York.

Jenner, J.V. 1982. A zoogeographic study and the taxonomy of the xenodontine colubrid snakes. Dissertation Abstracts International B Sciences and Engineering 42(7): 2736.

Jenner, J.V.; Dowling, H.G. 1985. Taxonomy of American xenodontine snakes: the tribe Pseudoboini. Herpetologica 41(2): 161-172.

Kardong, K.V. 1983. The evolution of the venom apparatus in snakes from colubrids to viperids and elapids. Memorias do Instituto Butantan (Sao Paulo) 46 [1982]: 105-118.

Kardong, K.V. 2002. Colubrid snakes and Duvernoy's "venom" glands. Journal of Toxicology Toxin Reviews 21(1-2): 1-19.

Kelly, C.M.R.; Barker, N.P.; Villet, M.H.; Broadley, D.G. 2009. Phylogeny, biogeography and classification of the snake superfamily Elapoidea: a rapid radiation in the Late Eocene. Cladistics 25(1): 38-63.

Kelly, C.M.R.; Branch, W.R.; Broadley, D.G.; Barker, N.P.; Villet, M.H. 2011. Molecular systematics of the African snake family Lamprophiidae Fitzinger, 1843 (Serpentes: Elapoidea), with particular focus on the genera Lamprophis Fitzinger 1843 and Mehelya Csiki 1903. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 58(3): 415-426.

King, R.B.; Jadin, R.C.; Grue, M.; Walley, H.D. 2009. Behavioural correlates with hemipenis morphology in New World natricine snakes. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 98(1): 110-120.

King, R.B.; Lawson, R. 1996. Sex-linked inheritance of fumarate hydratase alleles in natricine snakes. Journal of Heredity 87(1): 81-83.

Kiran, U. 1981. A new structure in the lower jaw of colubrid snakes. The Snake 13(2): 131-133.

Klaczko, J.; Sherratt, E.; Setz, E.Z.F. 2016. Are diet preferences associated to skulls shape diversification in xenodontine snakes. PLoS ONE 11(2): e0148375.

Klingenberg, R.J. 1991. Egg-binding in colubrid snakes. Vivarium (Lakeside) 3(2): 32-35.

Knight, A.; Mindell, D.P. 1994. On the phylogenetic relationship of Colubrinae, Elapidae, and Viperidae and the evolution of front-fanged venom systems in snakes. Copeia 1: 1-9.

Kolby, J.; Lazell, J. 2001. Amazing snake. Porcupine 22: 9-10.

Kuch, U.; Mebs, D. 2002. Envenomations by colubrid snakes in Africa, Europe, and the Middle East. Journal of Toxicology Toxin Reviews 21(1-2): 159-179.

Kwet, A.; Di-Bernardo, M. 2001. Das Araukarienplateau von Rio Grande do Sul, Brasilien, und seine Herpetofauna. 5. Die Nattern (Colubriden) des Araukarienwaldes. Aquarium (Bornheim) 389: 65-72.

Lahav, S.; Dmi'el, R. 1996. Skin resistance to water loss in colubrid snakes: ecological and taxonomical correlations. Ecoscience 3(2): 135-139.

Lawson, R. 1986. Molecular systematics of some Old World natricine snakes. pp. 227-234. In: Rocek, Z. (ed.). Studies in herpetology. Proceedings of the European herpetological meeting (3rd ordinary general meeting of the Societas Europaea Herpetologica), Prague 1985. Charles University, Prague. 754 pp.

Leitao de Araujo, M. 1978. Notas sobre ovos de serpentes (Boidae, Colubridae, Elapidae e Viperidae). Iheringia (Zoologia) 51: 9-37.

Lema, T. de 2003. Geographical distribution of chromatic patterns in elapomorphine snakes (Colubridae), and species groups. Comunicacoes do Museu de Ciencias e Tecnologia da PUCRS Serie Zoologia 16(1): 17-37.

Li, D. 1989. A survey of reptiles in Leigongshan area. pp. 269-275. In: Matsui, M.; Hikida, T. & Goris, R.C. (eds.). Current Herpetology in East Asia. Proceedings of the Second Japan-China Herpetological Symposium Kyoto, July 1988. Herpetological Society of Japan, Kyoto, Japan. 521 pp.

Lisle, H.F. de 1982. Venomous colubrid snakes. Bulletin of the Chicago Herpetological Society 17(1): 1-17.

Liu, Y.; Ding, L.; Lei, J.; Zhao, E.M.; Tang, Y. 2012. Eye size variation reflects habitat and daily activity patterns in colubrid snakes. Journal of Morphology 273(8): 883-893.

Lopez, T.J.; Maxson, L.R. 1995. Mitochondrial DNA sequence variation and genetic differentiation among colubrine snakes (Reptilia: Colubridae: Colubrinae). Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 23(5): 487-505.

Lopez, T.J.; Maxson, L.R. 1996. Albumin and mitochondrial DNA evolution: phylogenetic implications for colubrine snakes (Colubridae: Colubrinae). Amphibia-Reptilia 17(3): 247-259.

Mackessy, S.P. (ed.) 2002. Toxinology of colubrid snakes: biology, venoms, and envenomation. Journal of Toxicology Toxin Reviews 21(1-2): 1-201.

Maglio, V.J. 1970. West Indian xenodontine colubrid snakes: their probable origin, phylogeny, and zoogeography. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard 141: 1-54.

Malnate, E.V. 1963. Systematics and evolution of the Natricinae. Bulletin of the Philadelphia Herpetological Society 10(4) [1962]: 20-23.

Mangili, E. 1947. Osservazioni su la riproduzione in cattivita di alcune specie di ofidii Italiani. Acta pont.acad. Scient. 11(20): 235-246.

Mattison, C. 1988. Raising baby colubrid snakes. Snake Keeper 2(7): 12-15.

McCoy, C.J.; Flores-Villela, O.A. 1988. The identity of Coluber nutkensis (Reptilia: Serpentes). Canadian Field-Naturalist 102(4): 716-718.

McKinstry, D.M. 1983. Morphologic evidence of toxic saliva in colubrid snakes: a checklist of world genera. Herpetological Review 14(1): 12-14.

Meier, J.; Stocker, K.F. 1995. Biology and distribution of venomous snakes of medical importance and the composition of snake venoms. pp. 367-412. In: Meier, J. & White, J. (eds.). Handbook of clinical toxicology of animal venoms and poisons. CRC Press, Boca Raton, New York, etc. 752 pp.

Mertens, R.; M ller, L. 1933. Nomenklatorische Bemerkungen zur Colubriden-Arbeit J. v. Szunyoghy's in Acta Zoologica 13 8 1-56 1932. (Reply to Szunyoghy Z.R., 453, 1932). Senckenbergiana 15(1-2): 4-6.

Minton, S.A. 1976. Serological relationships among some congeneric North American and Eurasian colubrid snakes. Copeia 1976(4): 672-678.

Minton, S.A. 1978. Beware: nonpoisonous snakes. Natural History 87(9): 56-61.

Minton, S.A. 1990. Venomous bites by nonvenomous snakes: an annotated bibliography of colubrid envenomation. Journal of Wilderness Medicine 1(2): 119-127.

Minton, S.A.; Mebs, D. 1978. Vier Bissfalle durch Colubriden (Reptilia: Serpentes: Colubridae). Salamandra 14(1): 41-43.

Minton, S.A.; Salanitro, S.K. 1972. Serological relationships among some colubrid snakes. Copeia 1972(2): 246-252.

Morgan, E.C. 1973. Snakes of the subfamily Sibynophiinae. Ph.D. dissertation, University of southwestern Louisiana, Lafayette. 260 pp.

Moro, S. 1999. La tribu Xenodontini (Serpentes: Colubridae): musculatura craneal como base para su analisis filogenetico. Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali Bollettino (Turin) 16(1-2): 7-26.

Moro, S. 1999. Relaciones filogeneticas de Xenodontinae (Serpentes) neotropicales basadas en musculatura craneal. Cuadernos de Herpetologia 13(1-2): 19-35.

Mulcahy, D.G. 2007. Molecular systematics of neotropical Cat-eyed Snakes: a test of the monophyly of Leptodeirini (Colubridae: Dipsadinae) with implications for character evolution and biogeography. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 92(3): 483-500.

Murphy, J.B. 2014. Studies on venomous reptiles in zoos and aquariums. Part I. Introduction, rear-fanged colubrid snakes, elapids, sea kraits and seasnakes. Herpetological Review 45(1): 158-178.

Murphy, J.B. 2015. Study on non-venomous colubrid snakes and a few other families in zoos and aquariums. Herpetological Review 46(1): 119-134.

Myers, C.W. 1986. An enigmatic new snake from the Peruvian Andes, with notes on the Xenodontini (Colubridae: Xenodontinae). American Museum Novitates 2853: 1-12.

Myers, C.W.; McDowell, S.B. 2014. New taxa and cryptic species of Neotropical snakes (Xenodontinae), with commentary on hemipenes as generic and specific characters. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 385: 1-112.

Nagy, Z.T.; Lawson, R.; Joger, U.; Wink, M. 2004. Molecular systematics of racers, whipsnakes and relatives (Reptilia: Colubridae) using mitochondrial and nuclear markers. Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 42(3): 223-233.

Olson, D.J.; Warner, R.E. 2003. Comparison of artificial cover and line transects for the capture of grassland snakes. Herpetological Review 34(3): 215-218.

Osborne, S. 1985. The captive breeding of colubrid snakes. Litteratura Serpentium 5(2): 42-57.

O'Shea, M. 2004. The trouble with ratsnakes. Herptile 29(1): 23-32.

Peters, J.A. 1960. The snakes of the subfamily Dipsadinae. Miscellaneous Publications Museum of Zoology University of Michigan 114: 1-224.

Peters, J.A. 1964. Supplemental notes on snakes of the subfamily Dipsadinae (Reptilia: Colubridae). Beitr ge zur Neotropischen Fauna 4: 45-50.

Peters, J.A. 1965. Liste der rezenten Amphibien und Reptilien. Colubridae: Dipsadinae. Das Tierreich 81: 1-18.

Pizzatto, L.; Cantor, M.; Oliveira, J.L.; Vuolo Marques, O.A.; Capovilla, V.; Martins, M. 2008. Reproductive ecology of dipsadine snakes, with emphasis on South American species. Herpetologica 64(2): 168-179.

Prater, S.H. 1935. Occurrence of Dipsadomorphus maculata Schleg. in Assam. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 38: 201.

Pyron, R.A.; Burbrink, F.T. 2009. Body size as a primary determinant of ecomorphological diversification and the evolution of mimicry in the lampropeltinine snakes (Serpentes: Colubridae). Journal of Evolutionary Biology 22(10): 2057-2067.

Pyron, R.A.; Burbrink, F.T. 2009. Can the tropical conservatism hypothesis explain temperate species richness patterns? An inverse latitudinal biodiversity gradient in the New World snake tribe Lampropeltini. Global Ecology and Biogeography 18(4): 406-415.

Pyron, R.A.; Burbrink, F.T. 2009. Neogene diversification and taxonomic stability in the snake tribe Lampropeltini (Serpentes: Colubridae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 52(2): 524-529.

Rabb, G. 1972. Colubrid snakes. Brookfield Bandarlog 39: 2-3.

Radford, E. 1989. Breeding rat snakes. Tropical Fish Hobbyist 38(3): 82-87, 90.

Rage, J.C. 1978. L'origine des colubroides et des acrochordoides (Reptilia, Serpentes). Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences Serie D Sciences Naturelles 286(8): 595-597.

Rao, D.Q.; Yang, D.T. 1992. Phylogenetic systematics of Pareinae (serpents) of southeastern Asia and adjacent islands with relationship between it and the geology changes. (In Chinese, English summary). Acta Zoologica Sinica 38(2): 139-150.

Rasmussen, J.B. 1985. A re-evaluation of the systematics of the African rear-fanged snakes of Bogert's groups XIII-XVI including a discussion of some evolutionary trends within Caenophidia. pp. 531-548. In: Schuchmann, K.L. (ed.). Proceedings of the international symposium on African vertebrates: systematics, phylogeny and evolutionary ecology. Museum Alexander K nig, Bonn. 585 pp.

Rodriguez-Robles, J.A.; Jesus Escobar, J.M. de 1999. Molecular systematics of New World lampropeltinine snakes (Colubridae): implications for biogeography and evolution of food habits. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 68(3): 355-385.

Roelke, C.E.; Childress, M.J. 2007. Defensive and infrared reception responses of true vipers, pitvipers, Azemiops and colubrids. Journal of Zoology (London) 273(4): 421-425.

Rossman, D.A. 1967. Symposium on colubrid snake systematics. Herpetologica 23: 137-168.

Rossman, D.A.; Wilson, L.D. 1965. Comments on the revival of the colubrid snake subfamily Heterodontinae. Herpetologica 20: 284-285.

Ruthven, A.G. 1921. Oligodon rowsci a new name for Oligodon ornatus Rowsc. Copeia 1921(92): 20.

Ryerson, W.G. 2017. A novel form of behavioral camouflage in colubrid snakes. Copeia 105(2): 363 367.

Savage, J.M.; Slowinski, J.B. 1992. The colouration of the venomous Coral Snakes (family Elapidae) and their mimics (families Aniliidae and Colubridae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 45(3): 235-254.

Scheidt, V.N. 1984. Basic colubrid breeding techniques. Bulletin of the Chicago Herpetological Society 19(1-2): 27-31.

Schmidt, D. 1990. 'Positivliste' kontra Terraristik. Die gezielte Vermehrung von Nattern als Beispiel erfolgreicher Erhaltungszucht. DATZ (Die Aquarien- und Terrarien-Zeitschrift) 43(12): 740-743.

Schmidt, D. 1995. Wassernattern. TI-Magazin 126: 46-50.

Schulz, K.D. (ed.). 2013. Old World ratsnakes: a collection of papers. Bushmaster Publications, Berg. 432 pp.

Schulz, K.D. 2013. An annotated and illustrated checklist of Old World ratsnakes. pp. 17-268. In: Schulz, K.D. (ed.). Old World ratsnakes: a collection of papers. Bushmaster Publications, Berg. 432 pp.

Schulz, K.D. 2013. Systematics of ratsnakes. pp. 11-16. In: Schulz, K.D. (ed.). Old World ratsnakes: a collection of papers. Bushmaster Publications, Berg. 432 pp.

Schulz, K.D.; B hme, W.; Tillack, F. 2011. Hemipenis morphology of Coronella bella Stanley, 1917 with comments on taxonomic and nomenclatural issues of ratsnakes (Squamata: Colubridae: Colubrinae: Elaphe auct.). Russian Journal of Herpetology 18(4): 273-283.

Schulz, K.D.; Scheidt, V.N. 1992. An introduction to the Indonesian Rat Snakes of the genus Elaphe. Vivarium (Lakeside) 4(2): 13-17.

Seufer, H. 1980. Zwangsern hrung bei Nattern. Herpetofauna (Weinstadt) 2(7): 26-28.

Shaw, C.E. 1951. Male combat in American colubrid snakes with remarks on combat in other colubrid and elapid snakes. Herpetologica 7: 149-168.

Siegel, D.S.; Trauth, S.E.; Rheubert, J.L.; Rabe, B.; Ruopp, B.; Miralles, A.; Murray, C.M.; Aldridge, R.D. 2014. Novel cloacal glands in snakes: the phylogentic distribution of ventral urodaeal glands in Thamnophiini. Herpetologica 70(3): 279-289.

Slemmer, G. 1979. Breeding colubrid snakes. Herpetology 10(2): 8.

Smith, H.M. 1964. Revival of Bonaparte's subfamily Heterodontinae of colubrid snakes. Herpetologica 19: 288-291.

Smith, H.M.; Smith, R.B. 1979. Coluber chiametla Shaw, 1802 (Reptilia, Serpentes): revived proposal for suppression under the plenary powers Z.N.(S.) 1704. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 35(3): 184-186.

Smith, T. 1987. Asiatic colubrids - part one. Herptile 12(4): 149-160.

Smith, T. 1988. Asiatic colubrids, part three. Herptile 13(3): 121-130.

Sokolov, A.Y. 1998. The jaw apparatus of the boid and the promegadont colubrid snakes: adaptive aspect. (In Russian, English summary). Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta Seriya XVI Biologiya 1: 37-46, 52.

Staedeli, J.H. 1972. The mysterious rear-fanged snakes. Zoonooz 45(10): 18-19.

Steehouder, T. 1990. Venomous or not: some further data. Litteratura Serpentium (English Edition) 10(2): 71-81.

Str ssmann, C.; Silva de Brito, E.; Marques, O.A.V. 2013. What do water snakes eat? First report of predation by a Neotropical Hydropsini snake on giant earthworms (Glossoscolecidae). Salamandra 49(1): 48-50.

Taub, A.M. 1967. Systematic implications from the labial glands of the Colubridae. Herpetologica 23(2): 145-148.

Therhac, J. 1997. The incubation of the eggs of popular colubrids. Vivarium (Lakeside) 8(4): 24-25, 56.

Tokuda, T. 2013. Distributional and natural history notes on the ratsnakes of Japan, with special emphasis on the species of Hokkaido. pp. 353-368. In: Schulz, K.D. (ed.). Old World ratsnakes: a collection of papers. Bushmaster Publications, Berg. 432 pp.

Torello-Viera, N.F.; Marques, O.A.V. 2017. Daily activity of Neotropical dipsadid snakes. South American Journal of Herpetology 12(2): 128 135

Vidal, N.; Branch, W.R.; Pauwels, O.S.; Hedges, S.B.; Broadley, D.G.; Wink, M.; Cruaud, C.; Joger, U.; 2008. Dissecting the major African snake radiation: a molecular phylogeny of the Lamprophiidae Fitzinger (Serpentes, Caenophidia). Zootaxa 1945: 51-66.

Vidal, N.; Dewynter, M.; Gower, D.J. 2010. Dissecting the major American snake radiation: a molecular phylogeny of the Dipsadidae Bonaparte (Serpentes, Caenophidia). Comptes Rendus Biologies 333(1): 48-55.

Vidal, N.; Kindl, S.G.; Wong, A.; Hedges, S.B. 2000. Phylogenetic relationships of xenodontine snakes inferred from 12S and 16S ribosomal RNA sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 14: 389 402.

Wallach, V. 1988. Status and redescription of the genus Padangia Werner, with comparative visceral data on Collorhabdium Smedley and other genera (Serpentes: Colubridae). Amphibia-Reptilia 9(1): 61-76.

Wallach, V. 1995. Revalidation of the genus Tropidodipsas Gunther, with notes on the Dipsadini and Nothopsini (Serpentes: Colubridae). Journal of Herpetology 29(3): 476-481.

Weinstein, S.A.; Kardong, K.V. 1994. Properties of Duvernoy's secretions from opisthoglyphous and aglyphous colubrid snakes. Toxicon 32(10): 1161-1185.

Werner, F. 1898. Beobachtungen ber die Giftigkeit der Trugschlangen (Opisthoglypha). Zoologischer Garten 39: 85-90.

Werner, F. 1910. ber neue oder seltene Reptilien des Naturhistorischen Museums in Hamburg. Hamburg Jahrb. wiss. Anst. 26 [1908-1909]: 205-247.

Werner, F. 1923. Neue Schlangen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien. Ann. Nat.-Hist. Hofraus. Wien 36: 160-166.

Werner, F. 1923. bersicht der Gattungen und Arten der Schlangen der Familie Colubridae. Archiv f r Naturgeschichte (Berlin) 89: 138-199.

Werner, F. 1924. bersicht der Gattungen und Arten der Schlangen der Familie Colubridae. II. (Dipsadomorphinae und Hydrophiinae). Archiv f r Naturgeschichte (Berlin) (Abt. A) 12: 108-166.

Werner, F. 1929. bersicht der Gattungen und Arten der Schlangen aus der Familie Colubridae. III. Teil (Colubrinae). Zoologische Jahrb cher (Abteilung f r Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Tiere) (Jena) 57: 1-196.

W ster, W.; Golay, P.; Warrell, D.A. 1998. Synopsis of recent developments in venomous snake systematics, no. 2. Toxicon 36(2): 299-307.

Zaher, H. 1999. Hemipenial morphology of the South American xenodontine snakes, with a proposal for a monophyletic Xenodontinae and a reappraisal of colubroid hemipenes. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 240: 1-168.

Zaher, H.; Grazziotin, F.G.; Cadle, J.E.; Murphy, R.W.; Moura-Leite, J.C. de; Bonatto, S.L. 2009. Molecular phylogeny of advanced snakes (Serpentes, Caenophidia) with an emphasis on South American xenodontines: a revised classification and descriptions of new taxa. Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia (Sao Paulo) 49(11): 115-153.

Zaher, H.; Grazziotin, F.G.; Graboski, R.; Fuentes, R.G.; S nchez-Mart nez, P.M.; Montingelli, G.G.; Zhang, Y.P.; Murphy, R.W. 2012. Phylogenetic relationships of the genus Sibynophis (Serpentes: Colubroidea). Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia (Sao Paulo) 52(12): 141-149.

Zaher, H.; Oliveira, L. de; Grazziotin, F.G.; Campagner, M.; Jared, C.; Antoniazzi, M.M.; Prudente, A.L.C. 2014. Consuming viscous prey: a novel protein-secreting delivery system in neotropical snail-eating snakes. BMC Evolutionary Biology 14: 58.

Zhang, B.; Huang, S. 2013. Relationship of Old World Pseudoxenodon and New World Dipsadinae, with comments on underestimation of species diversity of Chinese Pseudoxenodon. Asian Herpetological Research 4(3): 155-165.

Zhang, F. 1986. Comparative studies on hemipenial morphology of the Chinese opisthoglyph genera (Reptilia, Colubridae). Acta Herpetologica Sinica 5(3): 166-170.

Zhang, F.; Hu, S.; Zhao, E. 1984. Comparative studies and phylogenetic discussions on hemipenal morphology of the Chinese Colubrinae (Colubridae). Acta Herpetologica Sinica 3(3): 23-44.