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Snakes (Serpentes)    Genera Adelphicos Central American Burrowing Snakes Adelphostigma Twin-spotted Leaf-litter Snakes Aeluroglena Somali Hooded Snake Afronatrix West African Brown Water Snake Ahaetulla Oriental Whip Snakes Alsophis Eastern Caribbean Racers Amastridium Rusty-headed Snakes Amnesteophis Bahia Black-naped Snake Amnisiophis River Leaf-litter Snake Amphiesma South Asian Keelbacks Amphiesmoides White-eyed Keelback Anguiculus Himalayan Ringneck Snakes Anoplohydrus Sumatran Keelback Antillophis Hispaniolan Lesser Racer Apographon Bolivian Pampas Snake Apostolepis Black-tailed Blackheads Aprosdoketophis Addur Woodland Snake Arcanumophis Puno Smooth Snake Archelaphe Venus Rat Snake Arizona Glossy Snakes Arrhyton Cuban Ground Snakes Aspidura Roughsides Atractus Spindle Snakes Atretium South Asian Olive Keelback Baliodryas Santa Cruz Smooth Snake Bamanophis West African Whip Snake Bogertophis Desert Rat Snakes Boiga Australasian Cat Snakes Boiruna Southern Snake Eaters Borikenophis Puerto Rican Bank Racers Caaeteboia East Brazilian Ground Snakes Calamaria Oriental Reed Snakes Calamodontophis Southeastern Neotropical Forest Snakes Calamorhabdium Indonesian Iridescent Snakes Caraiba Cuban Lesser Racer Carphophis North American Worm Snakes Cemophora North American Scarlet Snakes Cenaspis La Loma Snake Ceratophallus Indonesian Striped Keelback Cercophis Atlantic Forest Liana Snake Chapinophis Guatemalan Yellow-lipped Snake Chersodromus Earth Runners Chironius Sipos Chlorosoma Green Bush Racers Chrysopelea Flying Tree Snakes Clelia Northern Snake Eaters Clonophis Ohio Valley Water Snake Coelognathus Oriental Rat Snakes Collorhabdium Mountain Dwarf Snake Coluber North American Racer Colubroelaps Lam Dong Snake Coniophanes Black-striped Snakes Conophis Road Guarders Conopsis Mexican Earth Snakes Contia Sharp-tailed Snakes Coronelaps Minas Gerais Lizard Eater Coronella Palearctic Smooth Snakes Crisantophis Costa Rican Road Guarder Crotaphopeltis Herald Snakes Cryophis Cloud Forest Snake Cubophis Western Caribbean Racers Darlingtonia Hispaniolan Montane Ground Snake Dasypeltis African Egg Eaters Dendrelaphis Bronzebacks Dendrophidion Forest Racers Diadophis Ring-necked Snake Diaphorolepis Frog Eaters Dibernardia East South American Leaf-litter Snakes Dipsadoboa Nocturnal Tree Snakes Dipsas Neotropical Snail Eaters Dispholidus Boomslangs Ditaxodon Striped Cerrado Snake Dolichophis Greater Whip Snakes Drepanoides Amazon Egg Eater Drymarchon Indigo Snakes and Cribos Drymobius Central American Racers Drymoluber Glossy Racers Dryophiops Malayan Vine Snakes Dryophylax Northern Mock Vipers Echinanthera East Brazilian Leaf-litter Snake Eirenis Middle Eastern Dwarf Snakes Elaphe Palearctic-Oriental Rat Snakes Elapoidis Sunda Mountain Snakes Elapomorphus Brazilian Lizard Eaters Emmochliophis Pichincha Snake and Paramba Fishing Snake Enuliophis White-headed Snake Enulius Middle American Long-tailed Snakes Erythrolamprus Neotropical Smooth Snakes Etheridgeum Sumatran Burrowing Snake Euprepiophis East Asian Rat Snakes Eutrachelophis Beautiful-necked Smooth Snakes Farancia American Mud and Rainbow Snakes Ficimia Eastern Hook-nosed Snakes Fowlea Fishing Keelbacks Galvarinus Galvarino Scrub Snakes Geagras Tehuantepec Striped Snake Geophis Central American Earth Snakes Gomesophis Brazilian Burrowing Snake Gongylosoma Southeast Asian Ground Snakes Gonyophis Rainbow Tree Snake Gonyosoma Oriental Green Rat Snakes Grayia Equatorial African Water Snakes Gyalopion Western Hook-nosed Snakes Haitiophis Hispaniolan Brown Racer Haldea Rough Earth Snake Hapsidophrys Emerald Snakes Hebius Oriental Equatorial Keelbacks Helicops South American Keelbacks Helophis Congolese Mud Snake Hemerophis Socotra Whip Snake Hemorrhois Palearctic Whip Snakes Herpetoreas Himalayan Mountain Keelbacks Heterodon North American Hognose Snakes Hierophis Eurasian Whip Snakes Hydrablabes Bornean Water Snakes Hydraethiops Central African Water Snakes Hydrodynastes False Water Cobras Hydromorphus Central American Water Snakes Hydrops South American Mud Snakes Hypsiglena North American Night Snakes Hypsirhynchus Hog-nosed Racers Ialtris Hispaniolan Racers Iguanognathus Iguana-jawed Snake Imantodes American Blunt-headed Tree Snakes Incaspis Andean Bush Racers Isanophis Isan Keeled Stream Snake Lampropeltis King Snakes and Milk Snakes Leptodeira Typical Cat-eyed Snakes Leptodrymus Green-headed Lowland Racer Leptophis Neotropical Parrot Snakes Limnophis Striped Swamp Snakes Liochlorophis Smooth Green Snake Liodytes North American Swamp Snakes Lioheterophis Paraiba Black-naped Snake Liopeltis Southeast Asian Ringneck Snakes Lycodon Oriental Wolf Snakes Lycognathophis Seychelles Cliff Snake Lygophis South American Striped Ground Snakes Lytorhynchus Awl-headed Snakes Macrocalamus Peninsular Mountain Reed Snakes Macroprotodon False Smooth Snakes Magliophis Puerto Rican Bank Ground Snakes Manolepis Thin-scaled Snake Masticophis North American Whip Snakes and Coachwhips Mastigodryas Neotropical Lizard Eaters Meizodon African Smooth Snakes Mesotes Southern Mock Vipers Mopanveldophis Cunene Whip Snake Muhtarophis Turkish Black-headed Snake Mussurana Brazilian Snake Eaters Myersinia Venezuelan Leaf-litter Snake Natriciteres African Marsh Snakes Natrix Eurasian Keelbacks Nerodia North American Water Snakes Ninia Coffee Snakes Nothopsis Rugose Litter Snake Ocyophis Caribbean Green Racers Oligodon Kukri Snakes Omoadiphas Honduran Mountain Forest Snakes Oocatochus Red-backed Rat Snake Opheodrys Rough Green Snake Opisthotropis Mountain Stream Keelbacks Oreocalamus Malaysian Mountain Reed Snake Oreocryptophis Red Mountain Rat Snake Orientocoluber North Asian Whip Snake Oxybelis Neotropical Vine Snakes Oxyrhopus Calico Snakes Paikwaophis Paikwa Snake Palusophis Eastern Lizard Eater Pantherophis North American Rat Snakes Paraphimophis Rusty Snake Eater Persiophis Kerman Whip Snake Phalotris South American Collared Snakes Philodryas South American Bush Racers Philothamnus African Green Snakes Phimophis South American Shovel-nosed Snakes Phrynonax Neotropical Bird Snakes Phyllorhynchus American Leaf-nosed Snakes Pituophis Bullsnakes, Pine Snakes, and Gopher Snakes Plagiopholis Blotch-necked Snakes Platyceps Flat-headed Whip Snakes Pliocercus Big-scaled False Coral Snakes Proahaetulla Agasthyamalai Whip Snake Pseudablabes Reticulated Bush Racers Pseudagkistrodon False Habu Pseudalsophis Neotropical Elegant Racers Pseudelaphe Mexican Rat Snakes Pseudoboa Neotropical Scarlet Snakes Pseudoeryx Dusky Mud Snakes Pseudoficimia False Hook-nosed Snake Pseudoleptodeira Broad-banded Cat-eyed Snake Pseudorabdion Dwarf Reed Snakes Pseudoxenodon Mock Cobras Psomophis Smooth Ground Snakes Ptyas Giant Rat Snakes and Oriental Green Snakes Ptychophis Brazilian Yellow-striped Water Snake Rabdion Sulawesi Pointed Snakes Regina Queen Snakes Rhabdophis Asian Keelbacks Rhabdops South Asian Forest Snakes Rhachidelus Brazilian Bird Snake Rhadinaea Graceful Brown Snakes Rhadinella Dwarf Brown Snakes Rhadinophanes Graceful Mountain Snake Rhadinophis Rein Snake Rhamnophis Dagger-tooth Tree Snakes Rhinobothryum Ringed Snakes Rhinocheilus Long-nosed Snakes Rhynchocalamus Middle East Black-headed Snakes Rhynchophis Rhinoceros Snakes Rodriguesophis Collared Sharp-nosed Snakes Sahyadriophis Sahyadri Keelbacks Salvadora Patch-nosed Snakes Saphenophis Andean Smooth Ground Snakes Scaphiodontophis Neck-banded Snakes Scaphiophis African Hook-nosed Snakes Schwartzophis Jamaican Ground Snakes Scolecophis Central American Harlequin Snake Senticolis American Green Rat Snake Sibon Neotropical Snail Eaters Sibynophis Oriental Black-headed Snakes Simophis South American False Coral Snake Siphlophis Liana Snakes Smithophis Rain Snakes Sonora North American Ground Snakes, etc. Sordellina Brazilian Yellow-lipped Snake Spalerosophis Diadem Snakes Spilotes Chicken Snakes Stegonotus Indo-Australian Ground Snakes Stenorrhina Scorpion Eaters Stichophanes Ningshaan Lined Snake Storeria North American Brown Snakes Symphimus Mexican White-lipped Snakes Sympholis Mexican Short-tailed Snake Synophis Andean Shadow Snakes Tachymenis South American Scrub Snakes Tachymenoides Huanuco Scrub Snake Taeniophallus Lowland Dwarf Leaf-litter Snakes Tantalophis Oaxacan Cat-eyed Snake Tantilla American Centipede Snakes Tantillita Dwarf Short-tailed Snakes Telescopus Afro-Asian Cat Snakes Tetralepis Javanese Mountain Snake Thamnodynastes South American Mock Vipers Thamnophis North American Garter and Ribbon Snakes Thelotornis African Vine Snakes Thermophis Hot-spring Snakes Thrasops Black Tree Snakes Tomodon Brazilian Pampas Snake Toxicodryas African Tree Cat Snakes Trachischium Oriental Slender Snakes Tretanorhinus Neotropical Swamp Snakes Trimerodytes Asian Water Snakes Trimetopon Central American Dwarf Snakes Trimorphodon Lyre Snakes Tropidoclonion Lined Snake Tropidodipsas Northern Snail Eaters Tropidodryas Atlantic Forest Tree Snakes Tropidonophis Indo-Australian Keelbacks Uromacer Hispaniolan Vine Snakes Urotheca Glass-tailed Snakes Verdigrophis Bluish-green Bush Rat Snakes Virginia Smooth Earth Snake Wallaceophis Gujarat Striped Whip Snake Wallophis Indian Smooth Snake Xenelaphis Asian Brown Snakes Xenochrophis Oriental Painted Keelbacks Xenodon Northern Mock Lanceheads, etc. Xenopholis South American Flat-headed Snakes Xenoxybelis South American Vine Snakes Xyelodontophis Dagger-tooth Vine Snake Zamenis Western Palearctic Rat Snakes Zonateres Pantanal Mock Viper

Citation: Midtgaard, Rune. RepFocus - A Survey of the Reptiles of the World. (www.repfocus.dk). Latest update: January 1st, 2025. Biodiversity of the family Colubridae Bibliography of the family Colubridae Colubridae Typical Snakes or Colubrids Eigentliche Nattern     Egentlige Snoge Contents: Endemicity: 273 genera of which 71 (26.0%) are endemic   0% 100% 2,175 species of which 1,143 (52.6%) are endemic   0% 100% Remarks: This is by far the largest snake family, and it is, expectedly, a highly heterogenous group. Previously included the families Homalopsidae, Lamprophiidae, Pareidae, Xenodermidae, and Xenophidiidae. Some authors (e.g., Zaher, Grazziotin, Cadle, Murphy, Moura-Leite & Bonatto 2009; Zug, Vitt & Caldwell 2001) recognize a further division of the family with as many as six additional families proposed: Calamariidae, Dipsadidae, Grayiidae, Natricidae, Pseudoxenodontidae, Sibynophiidae. Whether all or some of these proposed families will eventually become generally accepted or not remains to be seen. For conservative reasons, these groups are provisionally retained herein as part of a wider defined family Colubridae. Moreover, still 22 species are currently unassigned to subfamily (Figueroa, KcKelvy, Grismer, Bell & Lailvaux 2016). Distribution:  North America, Central America, South America, West Indies, Europe, Africa, Middle East, Asia, Malay Archipelago, Australia. Absent from most oceanic islands. Reported from: Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Andorra, Angola, Anguilla, Antigua & Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Aruba, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, British Virgin Islands, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cayman Islands, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Congo-Brazzaville, Congo-Kinshasa, Costa Rica, Croatia, Cuba, Curacao, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, East Timor, Ecuador (incl. Galapagos Islands), Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Estonia, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Finland, France, French Guiana, Gabon, Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Gibraltar, Greece, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Italy, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mexico, Moldova, Mongolia, Montenegro, Montserrat, Morocco, Mozambique, Myanmar, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, North Korea, North Macedonia, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Palau, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Puerto Rico, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saba, Saint Barthelemy, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent & the Grenadines, San Marino, Sao Tome & Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Serbia, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Sint Eustatius, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Africa, South Korea, South Sudan, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Surinam, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Taiwan, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad & Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, U.S. Virgin Islands, Uganda, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, Uruguay, USA, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Vietnam, Western Sahara, Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe. Meristic and other data of the world's snakes. Compiled by V. Wallach Key to abbreviations