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Citation: Midtgaard, Rune. RepFocus - A Survey of the Reptiles of the World. (www.repfocus.dk).
Latest update: December 31st, 2022.


Taxonomy of the family Gekkonidae
Bibliography of the genus Phelsuma
Biodiversity of the family Gekkonidae








Genus
Phelsuma

Green Day Geckos, Afro-Asian Day Geckos

Grüne Taggeckos

Grønne Daggekkoer, (Daggekkoer)

1825 Phelsuma Gray (type species: Phelsuma crepidianus Gray 1825 [=Gekko cepedianus Merrem 1820])
1830 Anoplopus Wagler [not Anoplopus Rondani 1857 (Insecta: Diptera)] (type species: Gekko cepedianus Merrem 1820; syn. Kluge 1991)
1834 Chiroperus Wiegmann (type species: Chiroperus sarrube Wiegmann 1834; syn. Kluge 1991)
1946 Macrophelsuma Hoffstetter (type species: Phelsuma newtoni Boulenger 1884; syn. Hallmann, Krüger & Trautmann 1997)
1972 Archaeophelsuma Börner (type species: Phelsuma newtoni Boulenger 1884; syn. Kluge 1991)
1972 Neophelsuma Börner (type species: Gecko madagascariensis Gray 1831; syn. Kluge 1991)
Contents: 53 species, of which 52 (98.1%) are endemic. In addition to this, 2 species are considered extinct (edwardnewtonii, gigas), both of which were endemic.
Endemism: 0% 100%
Remarks: Previously included Rhoptropella.
Distribution: E. Africa, Madagascar, Indian Ocean.
Reported from: Comoro Islands (Anjouan, Grande Comoro, Moheli), India (Andaman & Nicobar Islands [Andaman Islands, Nicobar Islands]), Kenya, Madagascar (incl. Nosy Be), Mauritius (Coin de Mire, Rodrigues, Round Island), Mayotte, Mozambique (incl. Mozambique Island), Reunion, Seychelles (incl. Aldabra, Praslin), Tanzania (incl. Pemba, Zanzibar).

Phelsuma abbotti

Aldabra Day Gecko, Pemba Day Gecko, (Abbott's Day Gecko)

Aldabra-Taggecko

Aldabra-daggekko

1893 Phelsuma abbotti Stejneger
Phelsuma madagascariensis abbotti Boulenger 1911
1982 Phelsuma abbotti sumptio Cheke
Phelsuma sumptio Börner & Minuth 1984
1982 Phelsuma befotakensis Börner & Minuth (Raxworthy & Nussbaum 1994)
1982 Phelsuma chekei Börner & Minuth (Raxworthy & Nussbaum 1994)
Phelsuma abbotti chekei Meier & Böhme 1996

Remarks: Revalidated as a separate species by Mertens (1962). Madagascar populations of abbotti were described as two separate species, befotakensis and chekei, but these forms were subsequently synonymized with abbotti (Raxworthy & Nussbaum 1994).
Distribution: Madagascar (incl. Nosy Be), Seychelles (Aldabra).


Phelsuma andamanensis

Andaman Day Gecko, Andaman Emerald Gecko, Andaman Green Gecko

Andamanischer Taggecko

Andamansk Daggekko

1861 Phelsuma andamanense Blyth "1860"
Phelsuma madagascariensis andamanensis Loveridge 1942
Phelsuma andamanensis Mertens 1962
1864 Gecko chamaeleon Tytler (Hallmann, Krüger & Trautmann 1997)

Remarks: Presence in the Nicobar Islands was first reported by Chandramouli (2017), although Biswas & Sanyal (1980) included the species for these islands in their list, but probably in error, since these authors did not mention the occurrence in the Nicobar Islands in the species account.
Distribution: India (Andaman & Nicobar Islands [Andaman Islands, Nicobar Islands]).


Phelsuma antanosy

Antanosy Day Gecko

Antanosy-Taggecko

Antanosy-daggekko

1993 Phelsuma antanosy Raxworthy & Nussbaum

Distribution: Madagascar.


Phelsuma astriata

Lesser Seychelles Day Gecko

Kleiner Seychellen-Taggecko

Lille Seychellerdaggekko

1901 Phelsuma lineata var. astriata Tornier
Phelsuma astriata Loveridge 1942
1939 Phelsuma carinatum Rendahl (Hallmann, Krüger & Trautmann 1997)
1939 Phelsuma carinatum maheense Rendahl (Hallmann, Krüger & Trautmann 1997)
1948 Phelsuma astovei Fitzsimons (Hallmann, Krüger & Trautmann 1997)
Phelsuma astriata astovei Mertens 1962
1982 Phelsuma astriata semicarinata Cheke

Distribution: Seychelles (Praslin).


Phelsuma astriata
© Henrik Bringsøe

Phelsuma barbouri

Mountain Rock Day Gecko

Gebirgs-Felsentaggecko

Klippe-daggekko

1942 Phelsuma barbouri Loveridge

Distribution: Madagascar.


Phelsuma berghofi

Somisiky Day Gecko

Somisiky-Taggecko

Somisiky-daggekko

1996 Phelsuma berghofi Krüger

Distribution: Madagascar.


Phelsuma bimaculata

Twin-spotted Day Gecko

Zweifleckiger Taggecko

Toplettet Daggekko

1922 Phelsuma bimaculata Kaudern
Phelsuma quadriocellata bimaculata Meier 1983

Remarks: Regarded as a subspecies of quadriocellata by some authors (e.g., Meier 1983, Hallmann, Krüger & Trautmann 1997), but as a separate species by others (e.g., Glaw & Vences 1992). Glaw & Rösler (2015) retained it as a subspecies of quadriocellata.
Distribution: Madagascar.


Phelsuma borai

Tsingy de Bemaraha Day Gecko

Bemaraha-Taggecko

Tsingy de Bemaraha-daggekko

2009 Phelsuma borai Glaw, Köhler & Vences

Distribution: Madagascar.


Phelsuma borbonica

Greater Reunion Day Gecko

Grosser Reunion-Taggecko

Stor Reunion-daggekko

1966 Phelsuma cepediana borbonica Mertens
Phelsuma borbonica Cheke 1982
1975 Phelsuma agalegae Cheke (Hallmann, Krüger & Trautmann 1997)
Phelsuma borbonica agalegae Cheke 1982
1995 Phelsuma borbonica mater Meier

Distribution: Mauritius (Agalega), Reunion.


Phelsuma breviceps

Short-headed Day Gecko

Kurzkopf-Taggecko

Korthovedet Daggekko

1894 Phelsuma breviceps Boettger

Remarks: Previously regarded as a synonym of mutabilis. Revalidated by Raxworthy & Nussbaum (1994).
Distribution: Madagascar.


Phelsuma cepediana

Blue-tailed Day Gecko

Blauschwanz-Taggecko

Blåhalet Daggekko

1812 Gekko cepedianus Milbert
Phelsuma crepidianus [lapsus] Gray 1825
Anoplopus cepedeanus [lapsus] Wagler 1830
1842 Phelsuma trilineatum Gray (Raxworthy & Nussbaum 1993)
1942 Phelsuma inunguis Loveridge (Hallmann, Krüger & Trautmann 1997)

Remarks: Authorship should be credited to Milbert 1812, not Merrem 1820, as seen in older literature (Pasteur & Bour 1992). Records from Reunion are doubtful (Hallmann, Krüger & Trautmann 1997) and may refer to borbonica, which was previously regarded as a subspecies of cepediana.
Introduced to: Madagascar, Mauritius (Rodrigues).
Distribution: Mauritius (Mauritius Island).


Phelsuma cepediana
© Rune Midtgaard

Phelsuma comorensis

Comoro Day Gecko

Komoren-Taggecko

Comorisk Daggekko

1913 Phelsuma laticauda var. comorensis Boettger
Phelsuma dubia comorensis Loveridge 1942
Phelsuma comorensis Mertens 1966

Distribution: Comoro Islands (Grande Comoro).


Phelsuma dorsivittata

Joffreville Day Gecko

Joffreville-Taggecko

Joffreville-daggekko

1964 Phelsuma lineata dorsivittata Mertens
Phelsuma dorsivittata Rocha, Rösler, Gehring, Glaw, Posada, Harris & Vences 2010
2022 Phelsuma dorsivittata paradoxa Gehring, Razafindraibe, Vences & Glaw

Distribution: Madagascar.


Phelsuma dubia

Dull-green Day Gecko, Zanzibar Day Gecko

Dunkelgrüner Taggecko

Mørkegrøn Daggekko

1881 Pachydactylus dubius Boettger
Phelsuma dubium Boettger 1883

Introduced to: Comoro Islands (Anjouan, Grande Comoro, Moheli), Kenya, Mayotte, Mozambique (incl. Mozambique Island), Tanzania (incl. Zanzibar), USA (Florida).
Distribution: Madagascar (incl. Nosy Be).


Phelsuma edwardnewtonii

Rodriguez Day Gecko, Rodriguez Blue-dotted Day Gecko

Rodrigues-Taggecko

Rodriguez-daggekko

1884 Phelsuma newtoni Boulenger [not Gekko newtonii Günther 1877] (Vinson & Vinson 1969)
1969 Phelsuma edwardnewtonii Vinson & Vinson

Remarks: Considered extinct, although no IUCN Red List assessment has been made. Last specimen found in 1917 (Hallmann, Krüger & Trautmann 1997; Joseph-Ouni 2004; Glaw & Rösler 2015).
Distribution: Mauritius (Rodrigues, incl. satellites).


Phelsuma flavigularis

Yellow-throated Day Gecko

Gelbkehl-Taggecko

Gulstrubet Daggekko

1962 Phelsuma flavigularis Mertens

Distribution: Madagascar.



Phelsuma gigas

Giant Day Gecko

Riesen-Taggecko

Kæmpe-daggekko

1842 Gekko gigas Lienard
Phelsuma gigas Vinson & Vinson 1969
1877 Gekko newtonii Günther (Vinson & Vinson 1969)
1946 Macrophelsuma newtoni Hoffstetter [not Phelsuma newtoni Boulenger 1884] (Hallmann, Krüger & Trautmann 1997)

Remarks: Considered extinct. Not recorded since middle of 19th century.
Distribution: Mauritius (Rodrigues, incl. Ile aux Fregates).


Phelsuma gouldi

Anja Day Gecko

Anja-Taggecko

Anja-daggekko

2011 Phelsuma gouldi Crottini, Gehring, Glaw, Harris, Lima & Vences

Distribution: Madagascar.


Phelsuma grandis

Greater Madagascar Day Gecko

Grosser Madagascar-Taggecko

Stor Madagascardaggekko

1870 Phelsuma grandis Gray
Phelsuma madagascariensis grandis Glaw & Vences 1994

Remarks: Revalidated as a separate species by Raxworthy, Ingram, Rabibisoa & Pearson (2007).
Introduced to: Mauritius, Reunion, USA (Florida, Hawaii).
Distribution: Madagascar (incl. Nosy Be).


Phelsuma grandis
© Rune Midtgaard

Phelsuma guentheri

Round Island Day Gecko, (Günther's Gecko)

Round Island-Taggecko

Round Island-daggekko

1885 Phelsuma guentheri Boulenger

Extinct in: Mauritius (Mauritius Island).
Distribution: Mauritius (Round Island).


Phelsuma guimbeaui

Mauritius Lowland Forest Day Gecko, Orange-spotted Day Gecko

Mauritischer Tiefland-Taggecko

Orangeplettet Daggekko

1963 Phelsuma guimbeaui Mertens

Remarks: Previously included rosagularis.
Introduced to: USA (Hawaii).
Distribution: Mauritius.


Phelsuma guimbeaui
© Rune Midtgaard

Phelsuma guttata

Speckled Day Gecko

Gesprenkelter Taggecko

Spættet Daggekko

1922 Phelsuma guttata Kaudern

Distribution: Madagascar.


Phelsuma hielscheri

Morondava Day Gecko

Morondava-Taggecko

Morondava-daggekko

2001 Phelsuma hielscheri Rösler, Obst & Seipp

Distribution: Madagascar.


Phelsuma hoeschi

Ampasimanolotra Day Gecko

Ampasimanolotra-Taggecko

Ampasimanolotra-daggekko

2009 Phelsuma hoeschi Berghof & Trautmann

Distribution: Madagascar.


Phelsuma inexpectata

Lesser Reunion Day Gecko, Manapany Day Gecko

Kleiner Reunion-Taggecko

Lille Reunion-daggekko

1966 Phelsuma vinsoni inexpectata Mertens
Phelsuma ornata inexpectata Hallmann, Krüger & Trautmann 1997
Phelsuma inexpectata Bour, Probst & Ribes 1995

Distribution: Reunion.


Phelsuma kely

Lake Ampitabe Day Gecko

Ampitabe-Taggecko

Ampitabe-daggekko

2004 Phelsuma kely Schönecker, Bach & Glaw

Distribution: Madagascar.


Phelsuma klemmeri

Yellow-headed Day Gecko

Gelbkopf-Taggecko

Gulhovedet Daggekko

1990 Phelsuma klemmeri Seipp

Distribution: Madagascar.


Phelsuma klemmeri
© Rune Midtgaard

Phelsuma kochi

Maevatanana Day Gecko

Maevatanana-Taggecko

Maevatanana-daggekko

1954 Phelsuma madagascariensis kochi Mertens
Phelsuma kochi Raxworthy, Ingram, Rabibisoa & Pearson 2007

Distribution: Madagascar.


Phelsuma laticauda

Flat-tailed Day Gecko, Golddust Day Gecko

Goldstaub-Taggecko

Guldstøvdaggekko

1880 Pachydactylus laticauda Boettger
Phelsuma laticauda Boulenger 1885
1964 Phelsuma laticauda angularis Mertens

Introduced to: Comoro Islands (Anjouan), French Polynesia, Mayotte, Seychelles, USA (Florida, Hawaii).
Distribution: Madagascar (incl. Nosy Be).


Phelsuma laticauda
© Rune Midtgaard

Phelsuma leiogaster

Smooth-bellied Day Gecko

Glattbauch-Taggecko

Glatbuget Daggekko

1973 Phelsuma lineata leiogaster Mertens
Phelsuma leiogaster Meier 1989
Phelsuma modesta leiogaster Krüger 1996
1993 Phelsuma leiogaster trautmanni Meier

Remarks: Previously regarded as a subspecies of modesta (e.g., Krüger 1996; Hallmann, Krüger & Trautmann 1997). Revalidated by Hoffmann & Trautmann (2012), although validity as a separate species was already suggested by Rocha, Rösler, Gehring, Glaw, Posada, Harris & Vences (2010). Glaw & Rösler (2015) retained it as a subspecies of modesta.
Distribution: Madagascar.


Phelsuma lineata

Striped Day Gecko, One-lined Day Gecko

Streifen-Taggecko

Stribet Daggekko

1842 Phelsuma lineatum Gray
1913 Phelsuma lineata var. bifasciata Boettger (Krüger 1996)
1962 Phelsuma lineata chloroscelis Mertens (Krüger 1995)
1964 Phelsuma lineata bombetokensis Mertens
1980 Phelsuma minuthi Börner (Raxworthy & Nussbaum 1994)
1996 Phelsuma lineata elanthana Krüger

Remarks: Previously included dorsovittata and punctulata. Oostveen & Tomey (1975) treated chloroscelis as a separate species.
Introduced to: Reunion.
Distribution: Madagascar.


Phelsuma madagascariensis

Common Madagascar Day Gecko

Gewöhnlicher Madagaskar-Taggecko

Almindelig Madagascardaggekko

1831 Gecko madagascariensis Gray
Phelsuma madagascariense Boulenger 1885
1962 Phelsuma madagascariensis markesi Mertens (Mertens 1970)
1962 Phelsuma madagascariensis martensi Mertens (Hallmann, Krüger & Trautmann 1997)
1964 Phelsuma madagascariensis venusta Mertens (Mertens 1970)
1970 Phelsuma madagascariensis notissima Mertens (Hallmann, Krüger & Trautmann 1997)
1982 Phelsuma madagascariensis boehmei Meier

Remarks: Previously included grandis and kochi.
Introduced to: USA (Hawaii).
Distribution: Madagascar (incl. Nosy Be).


Phelsuma madagascariensis
© Rune Midtgaard

Phelsuma malamakibo

Andohahela Day Gecko

Andohahela-Taggecko

Andohahela-daggekko

2000 Phelsuma malamakibo Nussbaum, Raxworthy, Raselimanana & Ramanamanjato

Distribution: Madagascar.


Phelsuma masohoala

Masohoala Day Gecko

Masohoala-Taggecko

Masohoala-daggekko

1995 Phelsuma masohoala Raxworthy & Nussbaum

Distribution: Madagascar.


Phelsuma modesta

Modest Day Gecko

Ambovombe-Taggecko

Ambovombe-daggekko

1970 Phelsuma modesta Mertens
1993 Phelsuma leiogaster isakae Meier (Hoffmann & Trautmann 2012)
Phelsuma modesta isakae Krüger 1996

Remarks: Previously included leiogaster.
Distribution: Madagascar.


Phelsuma mutabilis

Thick-tailed Day Gecko

Dichschwanz-Taggecko

Tykhalet Daggekko

1869 Platydactylus mutabilis Grandidier
Pachydactylus mutabilis Boettger 1879
Peripia mutabilis Boettger 1880
Phelsuma mutabilis Mocquard 1902
1901 Phelsuma androyense Mocquard (Hallmann, Krüger & Trautmann 1997)
1913 Phelsuma micropholis Boettger (Hallmann, Krüger & Trautmann 1997)

Distribution: Madagascar.


Phelsuma nigristriata

Black-striped Day Gecko

Schwarzstreifen-Taggecko

Sortstribet Daggekko

1984 Phelsuma nigristriata Meier

Distribution: Mayotte.


Phelsuma ornata

Ornate Day Gecko, (Vinson's Gecko)

Venus-Taggecko

Venus-daggekko

1825 Phelsuma ornatum Gray
1963 Phelsuma vinsoni Mertens (Mertens 1970)

Remarks: Previously regarded as a synonym of cepediana (e.g., Mertens 1962; Wermuth 1965).
Distribution: Mauritius (Mauritius Island, Coin de Mire, Flat Island, Gabriel Island, Ile aux Aigrettes, Ile d'Ambre, Round Island).


Phelsuma ornata
© Rune Midtgaard

Phelsuma parkeri

Pemba Day Gecko

Pemba-Taggecko

Pemba-daggekko

1941 Phelsuma madagascariensis parkeri Loveridge
Phelsuma abbotti parkeri Mertens 1962
Phelsuma parkeri Mertens 1963

Distribution: Tanzania (Pemba).


Phelsuma parva

Lesser Madagascar Day Gecko

Kleiner Madagascar-Taggecko

Lille Madagascardaggekko

1983 Phelsuma quadriocellata parva Meier
Phelsuma parva Rocha, Rösler, Gehring, Glaw, Posada, Harris & Vences 2010

Distribution: Madagascar.


Phelsuma pasteuri

Mayotte Blue-spotted Day Gecko

Mayottischer Blauflecken-Taggecko

Blåplettet Daggekko

1984 Phelsuma v-nigra pasteuri Meier
Phelsuma pasteuri Rocha, Rösler, Gehring, Glaw, Posada, Harris & Vences 2010

Distribution: Mayotte.


Phelsuma pronki

Marbled Day Gecko

Marmor-Taggecko

Marmor-daggekko

1994 Phelsuma pronki Seipp

Distribution: Madagascar.


Phelsuma punctulata

Tsaratanana Day Gecko

Tsaratanana-Taggecko

Tsaratanana-daggekko

1970 Phelsuma lineata punctulata Mertens
Phelsuma punctulata Gehring, Razafindraibe, Vences & Glaw 2022

Remarks: Previously regarded as a subspecies of lineata. Revalidated as a separate species by Gehring, Razafindraibe, Vences & Glaw (2022).
Distribution: Madagascar.





Phelsuma pusilla

Dwarf Day Gecko

Zwergtaggecko

Dværg-daggekko

1964 Phelsuma lineata pusilla Mertens
Phelsuma pusilla Meier 1989
1989 Phelsuma pusilla hallmanni Meier

Distribution: Madagascar.


Phelsuma quadriocellata

Peacock Day Gecko, Four-spotted Day Gecko

Pfauenaugen-Taggecko, Augenfleck-Taggecko

Påfugleøjedaggekko

1883 Pachydactylus quadriocellatus Peters
Phelsuma quadriocellatum Mocquard 1909
1983 Phelsuma quadriocellata leiura Meier (Krüger 1996)
1993 Phelsuma quadriocellata lepida Kruger

Remarks: Previously included parva. Some authors regard bimaculata as a subspecies of quadriocellata (e.g., Meier 1983, Hallmann, Krüger & Trautmann 1997), others as a separate species (e.g., Glaw & Vences 1992).
Distribution: Madagascar (incl. Nosy Be).


Phelsuma quadriocellata
© Rune Midtgaard

Phelsuma ravenala

Ravenala Day Gecko

Ravenala-Taggecko

Ravenala-daggekko

2007 Phelsuma ravenala Raxworthy, Ingram, Rabibisoa & Pearson

Distribution: Madagascar.


Phelsuma robertmertensi

Mayotte Palm Day Gecko

Mayottischer Palmen-Taggecko

Palme-daggekko

1980 Phelsuma robertmertensi Meier

Distribution: Mayotte.


Phelsuma roesleri

Ankarana Day Gecko

Ankarana-Taggecko

Ankarana-daggekko

2010 Phelsuma roesleri Glaw, Gehring, Köhler, Franzen & Vences

Distribution: Madagascar.


Phelsuma rosagularis

Rosy-throated Day Gecko

Rosakehl-Taggecko

Rosastrubet Daggekko

1969 Phelsuma guimbeaui rosagularis Vinson & Vinson
Phelsuma rosagularis Austin, Arnold & Jones 2004

Distribution: Mauritius.


Phelsuma seippi

Nosy Be Day Gecko

Nosy Be-Taggecko

Nosy Be-daggekko

1987 Phelsuma seippi Meier

Distribution: Madagascar (incl. Nosy Be).


Phelsuma serraticauda

Serrated Day Gecko

Sägeschwanz-Taggecko

Savhalet Daggekko

1963 Phelsuma serraticauda Mertens

Distribution: Madagascar.


Phelsuma standingi

Green-headed Day Gecko, (Standing's Day Gecko)

Grünkopf-Taggecko

Grønhovedet Daggekko

1913 Phelsuma standingi Methuen & Hewitt

Distribution: Madagascar.


Phelsuma standingi
© Rune Midtgaard

Phelsuma sundbergi

Greater Seychelles Day Gecko, Seychelles Giant Day Gecko

Grosser Seychellen-Taggecko

Stor Seychellerdaggekko

1939 Phelsuma sundbergi Rendahl
Phelsuma mascareniensis sundbergi [lapsus?] Loveridge 1942
Phelsuma madagascariensis sundbergi Mertens 1962
Phelsuma sundbergi Gardner 1985
1939 Phelsuma longinsulae Rendahl (Hallmann, Krüger & Trautmann 1997)
Phelsuma madagascariensis longinsulae Loveridge 1942
Phelsuma abbotti longinsulae Mertens 1962
Phelsuma sundbergi longinsulae Gardner 1988
1939 Phelsuma pulchrum Rendahl (Hallmann, Krüger & Trautmann 1997)
Phelsuma abbotti pulchra Mertens 1962
1939 Phelsuma pulchrum cousinense Rendahl (Hallmann, Krüger & Trautmann 1997)
1966 Phelsuma abbotti menaiensis Mertens (Gardner 1987; Hallmann, Krüger & Trautmann 1997)
Phelsuma longinsulae menaiensis Cheke 1982
1981 Phelsuma madagascariensis ladiguensis Böhme & Meier (Hallmann, Krüger & Trautmann 1997)
Phelsuma sundbergi ladiguensis Berghof 2005
1984 Phelsuma longinsulae rubra Börner & Minuth (Gardner 1987; Hallmann, Krüger & Trautmann 1997)
1984 Phelsuma longinsulae umbrae Börner & Minuth (Gardner 1987; Hallmann, Krüger & Trautmann 1997)

Introduced to: USA (Florida).
Distribution: Seychelles (incl. Praslin).


Phelsuma sundbergi
© Henrik Bringsøe

Phelsuma vanheygeni

Ampasindava Day Gecko

Ampasindava-Taggecko

Ampasindava-daggekko

2004 Phelsuma vanheygeni Lerner

Distribution: Madagascar.


Phelsuma v-nigra

Chevron-throated Day Gecko

Sparrenkehl-Taggecko

Sparrestrubet Daggekko

1913 Phelsumia v-nigra Boettger
1986 Phelsuma v-nigra anjouanensis Meier
1986 Phelsuma v-nigra comoraegrandensis Meier

Remarks: Previously included pasteuri.
Distribution: Comoro Islands (Anjouan, Grande Comoro, Moheli).