Citation: Midtgaard, Rune. RepFocus - A Survey of the Reptiles of the World. (www.repfocus.dk).
Latest update: December 31st, 2022.
 
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Genus
Sonora
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North American Ground, Sand, and Shovel-nosed Snakes
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Westamerikanische Erdnattern, Sandnattern, und Schaufelnasen-Wühlnattern
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Vestamerikanske Jordsnoge, Sandsnoge, og Skovlnæsesnoge
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1853 |  |
Sonora Girard (type species: Sonora semiannulata Baird & Girard 1853) |
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1857 | |
Lamprosoma Hallowell [not Lamprosoma Kirby 1819 (Insecta)] (type species: Rhinostoma occipitale Hallowell 1854) |
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1860 | |
Chilomeniscus Cope (type species: Chilomeniscus stramineus Cope 1860; syn. Cox, Davis Rabosky, Holmes, Reyes-Velasco, Roelke, Smith, Flores-Villela, McGuire & Campbell 2018) |
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1860 | |
Chionactis Cope [substitute name for Lamprosoma Hallowell 1857; syn. Cox, Davis Rabosky, Holmes, Reyes-Velasco, Roelke, Smith, Flores-Villela, McGuire & Campbell 2018] |
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1879 | |
Procinura Cope (type species: Procinura aemula Cope 1879; syn. Williams & Wallach 1989; Cox, Rabosky, Reyes-Velasco, Ponce-Campos, Smith, Flores-Villela & Campbell 2012) |
Contents:
15 species, of which 10 (66.7%) are endemic.
Endemism: 0%  100%
Other common names:
Chilomeniscus: North American Sand Snakes
Chionactis: North American Shovel-nosed Snakes
Distribution:
W. and C. USA, Mexico.
Reported from:
Mexico
(Aguascalientes,
Baja California Norte,
Baja California Sur
[incl.
Isla Cerralvo,
Isla Danzante
Isla Espiritu Santo,
Isla Santa Margarita,
Isla Partida Sur]),
Chihuahua,
Coahuila,
Colima,
Durango,
Guerrero,
Jalisco,
Michoacan,
Morelos,
Nayarit,
Nuevo Leon,
Puebla,
Sinaloa,
Sonora
[incl.
Tiburon],
Tamaulipas,
Zacatecas),
USA
(Arizona,
Arkansas,
California,
Colorado,
Idaho,
Kansas,
Missouri,
Nevada,
New Mexico,
Oklahoma,
Oregon,
Texas,
Utah).
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Sonora aemula
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File-tailed Ground Snake, File-tailed Snake, (False Coral Snake)
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Feilschwanz-Erdnatter
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Filhale-jordsnog
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1879 | |
Procinura aemula Cope |
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Contia aemula Cope 1879 |
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Scolecophis aemulus Cope 1900 |
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Sonora aemula Bogert & Oliver 1945 |
Distribution:
Mexico
(Chihuahua,
Sinaloa,
Sonora).
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Sonora annulata
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Southern Shovel-nosed Snake, Resplendent Desert Shovel-nosed Snake
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Südliche Schaufelnasen-Wühlnatter
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Sydlig Skovlnæsesnog
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1859 | |
Lamprosoma annulatum Baird |
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Chionactis occipitalis annulatus Cope 1875 |
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Sonora occipitalis annulata Stickel 1941 |
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Chionactis annulatus Wood, Fisher & Vandergast 2014 |
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Sonora annulata Cox, Davis Rabosky, Holmes, Reyes-Velasco, Roelke, Smith, Flores-Villela, McGuire & Campbell 2018 |
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1941 | |
Sonora occipitalis klauberi Stickel |
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Chionactis occipitalis klauberi Stickel 1943 |
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Chionactis annulatus klauberi Wood, Fisher & Vandergast 2014 |
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1967 | |
Chionactis saxatilis Funk (Mahrdt, Beaman, Rosen & Holm 2001) |
Other common names:
annulata: Colorado Desert Shovel-nosed Snake
klauberi: Tucson Shovel-nosed Snake
Distribution:
Mexico
(Baja California Norte,
Sonora),
USA
(Arizona,
California).
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Sonora cincta
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Sonoran Banded Sand Snake
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Gebänderte Sandnatter
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Båndet Sandsnog
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1861 | |
Chilomeniscus cinctus Cope |
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Sonora cincta Cox, Davis Rabosky, Holmes, Reyes-Velasco, Roelke, Smith, Flores-Villela, McGuire & Campbell 2018 |
Remarks:
Previously regarded as a synonym of straminea (e.g., Grismer, Wong & Galina-Tessaro 2002).
Revalidated by Cox, Davis Rabosky, Holmes, Reyes-Velasco, Roelke, Smith, Flores-Villela, McGuire & Campbell (2018).
Distribution:
Mexico
(Baja California Norte,
Baja California Sur
[incl.
Isla Danzante],
Sinaloa,
Sonora
[incl.
Tiburon]),
USA
(Arizona).
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Sonora episcopa
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Great Plains Ground Snake
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Prärie-Erdnatter
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Prærie-jordsnog
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1859 | |
Lamprosoma episcopum Kennicott |
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Contia episcopa Cope 1880 |
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Chionactis episcopus Cope 1890 |
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Sonora episcopa Denburgh & Slevin 1913 |
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Sonora semiannulata episcopa Frost & Devender 1979 |
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1901 | |
Contia nuchalis Schenkel (Cox, Davis Rabosky, Holmes, Reyes-Velasco, Roelke, Smith, Flores-Villela, McGuire & Campbell 2018) |
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1880 | |
Contia episcopa torquata Cope (Cox, Davis Rabosky, Holmes, Reyes-Velasco, Roelke, Smith, Flores-Villela, McGuire & Campbell 2018) |
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Contia torquatus Boulenger 1894 |
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Chionactis episcopus torquatus Cope 1890 |
Remarks:
Previously included taylori.
Previously regarded as a synonym of semiannulata (e.g., Frost 1983).
Revalidated by Cox, Davis Rabosky, Holmes, Reyes-Velasco, Roelke, Smith, Flores-Villela, McGuire & Campbell (2018).
Exact distribution boundary between episcopa and semiannulata is unclear
(Cox, Davis Rabosky, Holmes, Reyes-Velasco, Roelke, Smith, Flores-Villela, McGuire & Campbell 2018).
Distribution:
Mexico
(Coahuila,
Tamaulipas),
USA
(Arkansas,
Colorado,
Kansas,
Missouri,
New Mexico,
Oklahoma,
Texas).
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Sonora fasciata
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Baja California Banded Sand Snake
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Gebänderte Baja-California-Sandnatter
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Båndet Baja California-sandsnog
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1892 | |
Chilomeniscus stramineus fasciatus Cope |
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Chilomeniscus fasciatus Holm 2008 |
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Sonora fasciata Cox, Davis Rabosky, Holmes, Reyes-Velasco, Roelke, Smith, Flores-Villela, McGuire & Campbell 2018 |
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1939 | |
Chilomeniscus stramineus esterensis Hoard (Cox, Davis Rabosky, Holmes, Reyes-Velasco, Roelke, Smith, Flores-Villela, McGuire & Campbell 2018) |
Other common names:
esterensis: Baja California Sand Snake, Estero Salina Sandsnake
Remarks:
Previously regarded as a synonym of straminea (e.g., Grismer, Wong & Galina-Tessaro 2002).
Revalidated by Cox, Davis Rabosky, Holmes, Reyes-Velasco, Roelke, Smith, Flores-Villela, McGuire & Campbell (2018).
Distribution:
Mexico
(Baja California Sur
[incl.
Isla Santa Margarita]).
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Sonora michoacanensis
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Michoacan Ground Snake
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Apatzingan-Erdnatter
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Apatzingan-jordsnog
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1884 | |
Contia michoacanensis Duges |
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Elapomorphus michoacanensis Cope 1895 |
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Homalocranium michoacanense Günther 1895 |
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Chionactis michoacanensis Cope 1896 |
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Scolecophis michoacanensis Boulenger 1896 |
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Sonora michoacanensis Dunn 1928 |
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1937 | |
Sonora erythrura Taylor (Cox, Davis Rabosky, Holmes, Reyes-Velasco, Roelke, Smith, Flores-Villela, McGuire & Campbell 2018) |
Remarks:
Previously included mutabilis.
Distribution:
Mexico
(Colima,
Guerrero,
Michoacan,
Morelos,
Puebla).
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Sonora mosaueri
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Baja California Ground Snake
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Baja-California-Erdnatter
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Baja California-jordsnog
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1938 | |
Sonora mosaueri Stickel |
Remarks:
Previously regarded as a synonym of semiannulata (e.g., Frost 1983).
Revalidated by Cox, Davis Rabosky, Holmes, Reyes-Velasco, Roelke, Smith, Flores-Villela, McGuire & Campbell (2018).
Distribution:
Mexico
(Baja California Norte,
Baja California Sur).
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Sonora mutabilis
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Mexican Ground Snake
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Mexikanische Erdnatter
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Mexicansk Jordsnog
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1943 | |
Sonora michoacanensis mutabilis Stickel |
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Sonora mutabilis Ponce-Campos, Smith, Harris & Chiszar 2004 |
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1945 | |
Sonora aequalis Smith & Taylor (Cox, Davis Rabosky, Holmes, Reyes-Velasco, Roelke, Smith, Flores-Villela, McGuire & Campbell 2018) |
Other common names:
aequalis: Jalisco-Zacatecas Ground Snake
Remarks:
Previously regarded as a subspecies or synonym of michoacanensis.
Revalidated again by Cox, Davis Rabosky, Holmes, Reyes-Velasco, Roelke, Smith, Flores-Villela, McGuire & Campbell (2018).
Ponce-Campos, Smith, Harris & Chiszar (2004) revalidated aequalis as a separate species, however, Cox, Davis-Rabosky, Reyes-Velasco, Ponce-Campos, Smith, Flores-Villela & Campbell (2012) subsequently reassigned it as a synonym of mutabilis. Records from Distrito Federal (e.g., Smith & Taylor 1945) are erroneous (Ponce-Campos, Smith, Harris & Chiszar 2004).
Records from Distrito Federal (e.g., Smith & Taylor 1945) are erroneous (Ponce-Campos, Smith, Harris & Chiszar 2004).
Distribution:
Mexico
(Aguascalientes,
Jalisco,
Nayarit,
Sinaloa,
Zacatecas).
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Sonora occipitalis
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Northern Shovel-nosed Snake, (Mojave Shovel-nosed Snake, Western Shovel-nosed Snake)
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Nördliche Schaufelnasen-Wühlnatter
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Nordlig Skovlnæsesnog
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1854 | |
Rhinostoma occipitale Hallowell |
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Lamprosoma occipitale Hallowell 1856 |
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Chionactis occipitale Cope 1860 |
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Holasoma occipitale Müller 1882 |
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Contia occipitalis Garman 1884 |
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Sonora occipitalis Denburgh & Slevin 1913 |
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1951 | |
Chionactis occipitalis talpina Klauber |
Other common names:
occipitalis: Mojave Shovel-nosed Snake
saxatilis: Gila Mountains Shovel-nosed Snake
talpina: Nevada Shovel-nosed Snake
Remarks:
Previously included annulata.
Now restricted to the USA.
Records from Mexico refer to annulata (Wood, Fisher & Vandergast 2014).
Distribution:
USA
(Arizona,
California,
Nevada).
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Sonora palarostris
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Sonoran Shovel-nosed Snake
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Sonora-Schaufelnasen-Wühlnatter
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Sonora-skovlnæsesnog
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1937 | |
Sonora palarostris Klauber |
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Sonora occipitalis palarostris Stickel 1941 |
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Chionactis occipitalis palarostris Stickel 1943 |
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Chionactis palarostris Klauber 1951 |
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1951 | |
Chionactis palarostris organica Klauber |
Other common names:
organica: Organ Pipe Shovel-nosed Snake
palarostris: Common Sonoran Shovel-nosed Snake
Distribution:
Mexico
(Sonora),
USA
(Arizona).
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Sonora punctatissima
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Espiritu Santo Island Sandsnake, Island Burrowing Sand Snake
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Espiritu-Santo-Sandnatter
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Espiritu Santo-sandsnog
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1921 | |
Chilomeniscus punctatissimus Van Denburgh & Slevin |
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Sonora punctatissima Cox, Davis Rabosky, Holmes, Reyes-Velasco, Roelke, Smith, Flores-Villela, McGuire & Campbell 2018 |
Remarks:
Previously regarded as a synonym of straminea (e.g., Grismer, Wong & Galina-Tessaro 2002).
Revalidated by Cox, Davis Rabosky, Holmes, Reyes-Velasco, Roelke, Smith, Flores-Villela, McGuire & Campbell (2018).
Distribution:
Mexico
(Baja California Sur
[Isla Espiritu Santo,
Isla Partida Sur]).
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Sonora savagei
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Cerralvo Island Sand Snake
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Cerralvo-Sandnatter
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Cerralvo-sandsnog
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1954 | |
Chilomeniscus savagei Cliff |
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Sonora savagei Cox, Davis Rabosky, Holmes, Reyes-Velasco, Roelke, Smith, Flores-Villela, McGuire & Campbell 2018 |
Distribution:
Mexico
(Baja California Sur:
Isla Cerralvo).
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Sonora semiannulata
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Western Ground Snake, Common Ground Snake
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Westliche Erdnatter
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Vestlig Jordsnog
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1853 | |
Sonora semiannulata Baird & Girard |
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1866 | |
Contia isozona Cope (Cox, Davis Rabosky, Holmes, Reyes-Velasco, Roelke, Smith, Flores-Villela, McGuire & Campbell 2018) |
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Contia episcopa isozona Cope 1880 |
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Chionactis episcopus isozonus Cope 1890 |
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Chionactis isozonus Richardson 1915 |
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Sonora semiannulata isozona Stickel 1943 |
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1938 | |
Sonora miniata linearis Stickel (Cox, Davis Rabosky, Holmes, Reyes-Velasco, Roelke, Smith, Flores-Villela, McGuire & Campbell 2018) |
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Sonora semiannulata linearis Stickel 1943 |
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1938 | |
Sonora miniata miniata Stickel (Cox, Davis Rabosky, Holmes, Reyes-Velasco, Roelke, Smith, Flores-Villela, McGuire & Campbell 2018) |
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1938 | |
Sonora semiannulata blanchardi Stickel (Cox, Davis Rabosky, Holmes, Reyes-Velasco, Roelke, Smith, Flores-Villela, McGuire & Campbell 2018) |
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1938 | |
Sonora semiannulata gloydi Stickel (Cox, Davis Rabosky, Holmes, Reyes-Velasco, Roelke, Smith, Flores-Villela, McGuire & Campbell 2018) |
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1943 | |
Sonora bancroftae Klauber (Cox, Davis Rabosky, Holmes, Reyes-Velasco, Roelke, Smith, Flores-Villela, McGuire & Campbell 2018) |
Other common names:
blanchardi: Trans-Pecos Ground Snake
gloydi: Grand Canyon Ground Snake
isozona: Great Basin Ground Snake
linearis: Vermillion-lined Ground Snake
semiannulata: Variable Ground Snake, Santa Rita Ground Snake
Remarks:
Previously included episcopa, mosaueri, and taylori.
Exact distribution boundary between episcopa and semiannulata is unclear
(Cox, Davis Rabosky, Holmes, Reyes-Velasco, Roelke, Smith, Flores-Villela, McGuire & Campbell 2018).
Distribution:
Mexico
(Baja California Norte,
Chihuahua,
Durango,
Jalisco,
Nuevo Leon,
Sonora,
Zacatecas),
USA
(Arizona,
California,
Idaho,
Nevada,
New Mexico,
Oregon,
Texas,
Utah).
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Sonora straminea
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Baja California Bandless Sand Snake, Bandless Sand Snake, (Variable Sand Snake, Spotted Sand Snake)
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Südliche Baja-California-Sandnatter
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Sydlig Baja California-sandsnog
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1860 | |
Chilomeniscus stramineus Cope |
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Sonora straminea Cox, Davis Rabosky, Holmes, Reyes-Velasco, Roelke, Smith, Flores-Villela, McGuire & Campbell 2018 |
Remarks:
Previously included cincta, fasciata, and punctatissima.
Distribution:
Mexico
(Baja California Sur).
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Sonora taylori
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South Texas Ground Snake
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Südtexanische Erdnatter
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Sydtexansk Jordsnog
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1894 | |
Contia taylori Boulenger |
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Chionactis taylori Cope 1900 |
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Sonora taylori Stejneger & Barbour 1917 |
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Sonora episcopa taylori Stickel 1943 |
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Sonora semiannulata taylori Dixon 2000 |
Remarks:
Previously regarded as a subspecies of episcopa (Stickel 1943) or of semiannulata (e.g., Frost 1983).
Revalidated by Cox, Davis Rabosky, Holmes, Reyes-Velasco, Roelke, Smith, Flores-Villela, McGuire & Campbell (2018).
Presence in Mexico (Nuevo Leo, Tamaulipas) needs confirmation (Cox, Davis Rabosky, Holmes, Reyes-Velasco, Roelke, Smith, Flores-Villela, McGuire & Campbell (2018).
Distribution:
USA
(Texas).
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