Reptiles of Baja California Sur [Mexico] Related checklists:  Mexico - Isla Carmen - Isla Cerralvo - Isla Espiritu Santo - Isla Partida Sur - Isla San Francisco - Isla San Jose - Isla San Marcos - Isla Santa Catalina - Isla Tortuga Bibliography of the reptiles of Baja California Sur Taxonomic history of the reptiles of Baja California Sur Introduced species

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Citation: Midtgaard, Rune. RepFocus - A Survey of the Reptiles of the World. www.repfocus.dk (Compilation date: 14th April, 2023).

Checklist General remarks: The list includes only formally described species. Newly discovered, but still unnamed species are excluded. However, unnamed species or species unassigned to species level are included, if they are the only representatives of their genus in the region. Species counts exclude extinct and introduced species. Doubtful records, typically older voucher specimens of uncertain origin, have been excluded if considered questionable, as are records based on sources considered unreliable or controversial. Note: Your comments to the checklist (omissions, errors, etc.) are welcomed, preferably if they are provided with reliable references. If possible, please attach a pdf file of the relevant reference to an email addressed to:

	Worm Lizards (Amphisbaenia)
	= endemicEX = extinct or assumed extinct Species References  Family Bipedidae (Two-legged Worm Lizards) Genus Bipes (Two-legged Worm Lizards)   Bipes biporus Five-toed Worm Lizard Gans 2005 Grismer 2002 Jones & Lovich (eds.) 2009 Papenfuss 1982 Peralta-Garcia, Samaniego-Herrera & Valdez-Villavicencio 2007 Smith & Taylor 1950

	Lizards (Sauria)
	= endemicEX = extinct or assumed extinct Species References  Family Anguidae (Slowworms, etc.) Genus Elgaria (Western Alligator Lizards)   * Elgaria paucicarinata San Lucan Alligator Lizard Grismer & Hollingsworth 2001 Grismer 2002 Jones & Lovich (eds.) 2009 Smith & Taylor 1950 Wermuth 1969   * Elgaria velazquezi Central Baja California Alligator Lizard Grismer & Hollingsworth 2001 Grismer 2002 Jones & Lovich (eds.) 2009 MacFarlan, Garcia, Schniter, Beltran, Amador Bibo & Ruiz-Campos 2019  Family Crotaphytidae (North American Collared Lizards) Genus Crotaphytus (Typical Collared Lizards)   Crotaphytus vestigium Baja California Collared Lizard Grismer 2002 Heimes 2022 Jones & Lovich (eds.) 2009 McGuire 1996 Genus Gambelia (North American Leopard Lizards)   Gambelia copeii Baja California Leopard Lizard Grismer 2002 Heimes 2022 Jones & Lovich (eds.) 2009 Mahrdt, McGuire & Beaman 2010 McGuire 1996  Family Eublepharidae (Eyelid Geckos) Genus Coleonyx (Banded Eyelid Geckos)   * Coleonyx gypsicolus San Marcos Island Banded Gecko Grismer 1988 Grismer 1999 Grismer 2002 Seufer, Kaverkin & Kirschner (eds.) 2005   Coleonyx switaki Peninsular Barefoot Banded Gecko Grismer & Ottley 1988 Grismer 2002 Jones & Lovich (eds.) 2009   Coleonyx variegatus Western Banded Gecko Alvarez, Galina & Ortega-Rubio 1989 Grismer 2002 Jones & Lovich (eds.) 2009 Reynoso 1990  Family Iguanidae (Greater Iguanas) Genus Ctenosaura (Northern Spiny-tailed Iguanas)   * Ctenosaura hemilopha Cape Spiny-tailed Iguana Alvarez, Galina & Ortega-Rubio 1989 Auth, Smith, Brown & Lintz 2000 Banks & Farmer 1963 Etheridge 1961 Etheridge in Burghardt & Rand 1982 Grismer 2002 Heimes 2022 Jones & Lovich (eds.) 2009 Koehler 2002 Smith & Taylor 1950 Genus Dipsosaurus (Desert Iguanas)   * Dipsosaurus catalinensis Santa Catalina Island Desert Iguana Grismer 1999 Grismer 2002 Heimes 2022 Jones & Lovich (eds.) 2009 Smith & Taylor 1950   Dipsosaurus dorsalis Common Desert Iguana Alvarez, Galina & Ortega-Rubio 1989 Banks & Farmer 1963 Etheridge 1961 Grismer 2002 Heimes 2022 Hulse 1992 Jones & Lovich (eds.) 2009 Genus Sauromalus (North American Chuckwallas)   Sauromalus ater Common Chuckwalla Grismer 2002 Heimes 2022 Hollingsworth 1998 Hollingsworth, Grismer, Wong & Cryder 1997 Jones & Lovich (eds.) 2009   * Sauromalus klauberi Spotted Chuckwalla Grismer 1999 Grismer 2002 Heimes 2022 Hollingsworth 1998 Jones & Lovich (eds.) 2009   * Sauromalus slevini Monserrat Island Chuckwalla Grismer 1999 Grismer 2002 Heimes 2022 Hollingsworth 1998 Jones & Lovich (eds.) 2009 Montanucci 2004  Family Phrynosomatidae (North American Lesser Iguanas) Genus Callisaurus (Zebra-tailed Lizard)   Callisaurus draconoides Zebra-tailed Lizard Alvarez, Galina & Ortega-Rubio 1989 Auth, Smith, Brown & Lintz 2000 Etheridge 1961 Grismer 2002 Heimes 2022 Jones & Lovich (eds.) 2009 Smith & Taylor 1950 Genus Petrosaurus (Baja California Rock Lizards)   Petrosaurus repens Short-nosed Rock Lizard Grismer & Mahrdt 1996 Grismer 2002 Heimes 2022 Jennings 1990 [as thalassinus (part)] Jones & Lovich (eds.) 2009   * Petrosaurus thalassinus Baja California Blue Rock Lizard Grismer 2002 Heimes 2022 Hollingsworth & Frost 2007 Jennings 1990 Jones & Lovich (eds.) 2009 Genus Phrynosoma (Horned Lizards)   Phrynosoma cerroense Vizcaino Horned Lizard Jones & Lovich (eds.) 2009 [as wigginsi] Montanucci 2004 [as wigginsi] Smith & Taylor 1950 [as jamesi]   * Phrynosoma coronatum Cape Horned Lizard Alvarez, Galina & Ortega-Rubio 1989 Grismer 2002 Heimes 2022 Jennings 1988 Jones & Lovich (eds.) 2009 Montanucci 2004 Smith & Taylor 1950 Genus Sceloporus (Northern Spiny Lizards)   * Sceloporus angustus Santa Cruz Island Spiny Lizard Grismer 1999 Grismer 2002 Heimes 2022 Jones & Lovich (eds.) 2009 Smith & Taylor 1950   * Sceloporus grandaevus Cerralvo Island Spiny Lizard Banks & Farmer 1963 Etheridge 1961 Grismer 1999 Grismer 2002 Heimes 2022 Jones & Lovich (eds.) 2009 Smith & Taylor 1950   * Sceloporus hunsakeri San Bartolo Spiny Lizard Auth, Smith, Brown & Lintz 2000 Grismer 2002 Hall & Smith 1979 Heimes 2022 Jones & Lovich (eds.) 2009   * Sceloporus licki Cape Arboreal Spiny Lizard Grismer 2002 Hall & Smith 1979 Heimes 2022 Jones & Lovich (eds.) 2009 Smith & Taylor 1950   * Sceloporus lineatulus Santa Catalina Island Spiny Lizard Grismer & McGuire 1996 Grismer 1999 Grismer 2002 Heimes 2022 Jones & Lovich (eds.) 2009 Smith & Taylor 1950   Sceloporus orcutti Granite Spiny Lizard Arnaud, Lazcano & Wilson 2019 Grismer 2002 Hall & Smith 1979 Heimes 2022 Jones & Lovich (eds.) 2009 Smith & Taylor 1950   Sceloporus zosteromus Baja California Spiny Lizard Alvarez, Galina & Ortega-Rubio 1989 [as monserratensis] Grismer & McGuire 1996 Grismer 2002 Heimes 2022 Jones & Lovich (eds.) 2009 Smith & Taylor 1950 Genus Urosaurus (North American Tree Lizards)   Urosaurus nigricaudus Baja California Brush Lizard Alvarez, Galina & Ortega-Rubio 1989 Grismer 2002 Heimes 2022 Jones & Lovich (eds.) 2009 Smith & Taylor 1950 Wong, Grismer, Hollingsworth & Cryder 1997 Genus Uta (Side-blotched Lizards)   * Uta squamata Santa Catalina Island Side-blotched Lizard Grismer 1994 Grismer 1999 Grismer 2002 Heimes 2022 Jones & Lovich (eds.) 2009 Smith & Taylor 1950   Uta stansburiana Common Side-blotched Lizard Alvarez, Galina & Ortega-Rubio 1989 Arnaud, Lazcano & Wilson 2019 Grismer 1994 Grismer 2002 Jones & Lovich (eds.) 2009 Smith & Taylor 1950 [as mannophorus]  Family Phyllodactylidae (Leaf-toed Geckos) Genus Phyllodactylus (American Leaf-toed Geckos)   * Phyllodactylus apricus Las Animas Island Leaf-toed Gecko Dixon 1966 Ramirez-Reyes, Blair, Flores-Villela, Pinero, Lathrop & Murphy 2020   * Phyllodactylus bugastrolepis Santa Catalina Island Leaf-toed Gecko Dixon 1966 Grismer 1999 Grismer 2002 Murphy, Blair & Mendez de la Cruz 2009   * Phyllodactylus coronatus Coronados Island Leaf-toed Gecko Dixon 1966 Ramirez-Reyes, Blair, Flores-Villela, Pinero, Lathrop & Murphy 2020   Phyllodactylus nocticolus Peninsular Leaf-toed Gecko Blair, Mendez de la Cruz, Ngo, Lindell, Lathrop & Murphy 2009 Grismer 2002 Jones & Lovich (eds.) 2009 Wermuth 1965   * Phyllodactylus santacruzensis Santa Cruz Island Leaf-toed Gecko Dixon 1966 Ramirez-Reyes, Blair, Flores-Villela, Pinero, Lathrop & Murphy 2020   * Phyllodactylus unctus San Lucan Leaf-toed Gecko Alvarez, Galina & Ortega-Rubio 1989 Banks & Farmer 1963 Etheridge 1961 Grismer 2002 Jones & Lovich (eds.) 2009 Murphy, Blair & Mendez de la Cruz 2009 Smith & Taylor 1950 Wermuth 1965   * Phyllodactylus xanti Baja Cape Leaf-toed Gecko Blair, Mendez de la Cruz, Ngo, Lindell, Lathrop & Murphy 2009 Cryder, Grismer, Hollingsworth & Wong 1997 Grismer 2002  Family Scincidae (Skinks) Genus Plestiodon (Blue-tailed Skinks)   * Plestiodon lagunensis San Lucan Skink Grismer 1996 Grismer 2002 Jones & Lovich (eds.) 2009 Smith & Taylor 1950  Family Teiidae (Greater Tejus) Genus Aspidoscelis (Northern Whiptails)   * Aspidoscelis carmenensis Carmen Island Whiptail Grismer 1999 Grismer 2002 Jones & Lovich (eds.) 2009 Maslin & Secoy 1986   * Aspidoscelis catalinensis Santa Catalina Island Whiptail Grismer 1999 Grismer 2002 Jones & Lovich (eds.) 2009 Maslin & Secoy 1986 Smith & Taylor 1950 Walker 1983   * Aspidoscelis celeripes San Jose Western Whiptail Grismer 1999 Grismer 2002 Jones & Lovich (eds.) 2009 Maslin & Secoy 1986 Smith & Taylor 1950   * Aspidoscelis ceralbensis Cerralvo Island Whiptail Banks & Farmer 1963 Etheridge 1961 Grismer 1999 Grismer 2002 Jones & Lovich (eds.) 2009 Maslin & Secoy 1986 Smith & Taylor 1950   * Aspidoscelis danheimae San Jose Island Whiptail Grismer 1999 Grismer 2002 Jones & Lovich (eds.) 2009 Maslin & Secoy 1986 Smith & Taylor 1950   * Aspidoscelis espiritensis Espiritu Santo Island Whiptail Grismer 1999 Grismer 2002 Jones & Lovich (eds.) 2009 Maslin & Secoy 1986   * Aspidoscelis franciscensis San Francisco Island Whiptail Grismer 1999 Grismer 2002 Jones & Lovich (eds.) 2009 Maslin & Secoy 1986   Aspidoscelis hyperythrus Orange-throated Whiptail Alvarez, Galina & Ortega-Rubio 1989 Auth, Smith, Brown & Lintz 2000 Grismer 1999 Grismer 2002 Jones & Lovich (eds.) 2009 Maslin & Secoy 1986 Smith & Taylor 1950   Aspidoscelis labialis Baja California Whiptail Grismer 2002 Jones & Lovich (eds.) 2009 Stebbins 1985   * Aspidoscelis maximus Cape Region Whiptail Grismer 2002 Maslin & Secoy 1986 Smith & Taylor 1950   Aspidoscelis pictus Monserrate Island Whiptail Grismer 1999 Grismer 2002 Maslin & Secoy 1986 Smith & Taylor 1950   Aspidoscelis tigris Tiger Whiptail Grismer 2002 Jones & Lovich (eds.) 2009 Maslin & Secoy 1986 Smith & Taylor 1950  Family Xantusiidae (Night Lizards) Genus Xantusia (Northern Night Lizards)   * Xantusia gilberti San Lucan Night Lizard Grismer 2002 Leavitt, Bezy, Crandall & Sites 2007   * Xantusia sherbrookei La Poza Grande Night Lizard Bezy, Bezy & Bolles 2008   Xantusia wigginsi Baja California Night Lizard Bezy & Flores-Villela 1999 Grismer 2002 Leavitt, Bezy, Crandall & Sites 2007

	Snakes (Serpentes)
	= endemicEX = extinct or assumed extinct Species References  Family Boidae (Typical Boas) Genus Lichanura (Rosy Boas)   Lichanura trivirgata Southern Rosy Boa Arnaud & Blazquez 2018 Frick, Heady & Hollingsworth 2016 Heimes 2016 Powers & Banta 1976 Reynoso 1990 Schoenig & Dayton 2017 Smith & Taylor 1945 Stimson 1969 Wood, Fisher & Reeder 2008 Yingling 1982  Family Colubridae (Typical Snakes or Colubrids) Genus Arizona (Glossy Snakes)   Arizona pacata Peninsular Glossy Snake Enderson, Quijada-Mascarenas, Turner, Rosen & Bezy 2009 Grismer 2002 Heimes 2016 Reynoso 1990 Wallach, Williams & Boundy 2014 Genus Bogertophis (Desert Rat Snakes)   Bogertophis rosaliae Baja California Rat Snake Dowling 1952 Grismer 2002 Heimes 2016 Price 1990 Schulz 1996 Smith & Taylor 1945 Genus Hypsiglena (North American Night Snakes)   * Hypsiglena catalinae Santa Catalina Night Snake Grismer 2002 Heimes 2016 Mulcahy 2008 Mulcahy, Martinez-Gomez, Aguirre-Leon, Cervantes-Pasqualli & Zug 2014 Tanner 1966   Hypsiglena ochrorhyncha Coast Night Snake Arnaud, Lazcano & Wilson 2019 [as H. torquata] Grismer 2002 Heimes 2016 Mulcahy 2008   Hypsiglena slevini Baja California Night Snake Enderson, Quijada-Mascarenas, Turner, Rosen & Bezy 2009 Etheridge 1961 Grismer 2002 [as marcosensis] Heimes 2016 Leviton & Tanner 1960 Reynoso 1990 Seib 1979 Soule 1961 Genus Lampropeltis (King Snakes and Milk Snakes)   Lampropeltis californiae California Kingsnake Arnaud, Lazcano & Wilson 2019 [as L. getula] Banks & Farmer 1963 Erickson & Hamilton 1995 Etheridge 1961 [as L. getulus conjuncta] Figg-Hoblyn & Banta 1957 [as L. getulus conjuncta] Frick, Heady & Hollingsworth 2016 Grismer 2002 [as getula] Heimes 2016 Smith & Taylor 1945 [as L. getulus conjuncta]   * Lampropeltis catalinensis Santa Catalina Island Kingsnake Grismer 2002 Heimes 2016 Smith & Taylor 1945 Genus Masticophis (North American Whip Snakes and Coachwhips)   * Masticophis aurigulus Baja California Striped Whip Snake Grismer 1990 Grismer 2002 Heimes 2016 Smith & Taylor 1945   * Masticophis barbouri Espiritu Santo Striped Whip Snake Grismer 2002 Heimes 2016 Smith & Taylor 1945   Masticophis fuliginosus Baja California Coachwhip Enderson, Quijada-Mascarenas, Turner, Rosen & Bezy 2009 Grismer 2002 Heimes 2016   Masticophis lateralis Pacific Striped Whip Snake Goodman, Esposito, Ponce, Sauer, Stiner & Ruane 2019 Grismer & Mahrdt 1996 Heimes 2016 Jennings 1983 Genus Phyllorhynchus (American Leaf-nosed Snakes)   Phyllorhynchus decurtatus Spotted Leaf-nosed Snake Grismer 2002 Heimes 2016 McCleary & McDiarmid 1993 Genus Pituophis (Bullsnakes, Pine Snakes and Gopher Snakes)   Pituophis vertebralis Cape Gopher Snake Grismer 2002 Heimes 2016 Smith & Taylor 1945 Genus Rhinocheilus (Long-nosed Snakes)   * Rhinocheilus etheridgei Cerralvo Island Long-nosed Snake Grismer 2002 Heimes 2016 Manier 2004 Medica 1980 [as R. lecontei] Genus Salvadora (Patch-nosed Snakes)   Salvadora hexalepis Western Patch-nosed Snake Grismer 2002 Heimes 2016 Hernandez-Jimenez, Flores-Villela, Aguilar-Bremauntz & Campbell 2021 Montero-Quintana, Marron, Scheidt & Hollingsworth 2019 Smith & Taylor 1945 Genus Sonora (North American Ground, Sand, and Shovel-nosed Snakes)   Sonora cincta Sonoran Banded Sand Snake Grismer 1989   * Sonora fasciata Baja California Banded Sand Snake Banta & Leviton 1963 Cox, Davis Rabosky, Holmes, Reyes-Velasco, Roelke, Smith, Flores-Villela, McGuire & Campbell 2018 Peralta-Garcia, Samaniego-Herrera & Valdez-Villavicencio 2007 [as straminea] Smith & Taylor 1945   Sonora mosaueri Baja California Ground Snake Cox, Davis Rabosky, Holmes, Reyes-Velasco, Roelke, Smith, Flores-Villela, McGuire & Campbell 2018   * Sonora punctatissima Espiritu Santo Island Sandsnake Banta & Leviton 1963 Cox, Davis Rabosky, Holmes, Reyes-Velasco, Roelke, Smith, Flores-Villela, McGuire & Campbell 2018   * Sonora savagei Cerralvo Island Sand Snake Banks & Farmer 1963 Banta & Leviton 1963 Cox, Davis Rabosky, Holmes, Reyes-Velasco, Roelke, Smith, Flores-Villela, McGuire & Campbell 2018 Etheridge 1961 Grismer 2002 Heimes 2016 Powers & Banta 1974 [as Chilomeniscus stramineus]   * Sonora straminea Baja California Bandless Sand Snake Banta & Leviton 1963 Cox, Davis Rabosky, Holmes, Reyes-Velasco, Roelke, Smith, Flores-Villela, McGuire & Campbell 2018 Grismer 2002 Heimes 2016 Smith & Taylor 1945 Genus Tantilla (American Centipede Snakes)   Tantilla planiceps Western Centipede Snake Cole & Hardy 1981 Grismer 2002 Heimes 2016 Meneses-Millan, Sabido-Alpuche, Cabrera-Cen & Ortiz-Medina 2021 Smith & Taylor 1945 Tanner 1966 Wilson & Mata-Silva 2014 Wilson & Mata-Silva 2015 Genus Thamnophis (North American Garter Snakes and Ribbon Snakes)   Thamnophis hammondii Two-striped Garter Snake Grismer 2002 Heimes 2016 Rossman, Ford & Seigel 1996 Smith & Taylor 1945 [as T. digueti]   Thamnophis validus Mexican West Coast Garter Snake Auth, Smith, Brown & Lintz 2000 Conant 1969 Grismer 2002 Heimes 2016 Rossman, Ford & Seigel 1996 Smith & Taylor 1945 Genus Trimorphodon (Lyre Snakes)   Trimorphodon lyrophanes Peninsular Lyre Snake Banks & Farmer 1963 Devitt, LaDuc & McGuire 2008 Gehlbach 1971 Grismer 2002 [as biscutatus] Heimes 2016 Smith & Taylor 1945  Family Elapidae [part 2: marine species] (Sea Snakes) Genus Hydrophis (Typical Sea Snakes)   Hydrophis platurus Yellow-bellied Sea Snake Grismer 2002 Lovich, Grismer & Daneman 2009  Family Leptotyphlopidae (Thread Snakes) Genus Rena (Maroon Thread Snakes)   * Rena boettgeri Cerralvo Island Thread Snake Banks & Farmer 1963 Grismer 2002 Hahn 1980 Heimes 2016   Rena humilis Western Thread Snake Hahn 1980 Heimes 2016 Smith & Taylor 1945  Family Viperidae (Vipers) Genus Crotalus (Typical Rattlesnakes)   Crotalus atrox Western Diamondback Rattlesnake Arnaud, Lazcano & Wilson 2019 Harris & Simmons 1977 Heimes 2016   * Crotalus catalinensis Santa Catalina Rattlesnake Campbell & Lamar 2004 Grismer 2002 Harris & Simmons 1977 Heimes 2016   Crotalus enyo Baja California Rattlesnake Campbell & Lamar 2004 Etheridge 1961 Grismer 2002 Grismer, Hollingsworth, Cryder & Wong 1997 Harris & Simmons 1977 Heimes 2016   Crotalus helleri Southern Pacific Rattlesnake Grismer 2002 [as viridis] Jones 1981 Ottley & Hunt 1981 Starrett 1993   Crotalus mitchellii San Lucan Speckled Rattlesnake Campbell & Lamar 2004 Douglas, Douglas, Schuett, Porras & Thomason 2007 Etheridge 1961 Grismer 2002 Harris & Simmons 1977 Heimes 2016   Crotalus ruber Red Diamond Rattlesnake Arnaud, Carbajal-Marquez, Rodriguez-Canseco & Ferreyra 2014 Campbell & Lamar 2004 Grismer 2002 Harris & Simmons 1977 Heimes 2016   * Crotalus tortugensis Tortuga Island Diamondback Rattlesnake Campbell & Lamar 2004 Grismer 2002 Harris & Simmons 1977

	Turtles (Testudines)
	= endemicEX = extinct or assumed extinct Species References  Family Cheloniidae (Hard-shelled Sea Turtles) Genus Caretta (Loggerhead Sea Turtle)   Caretta caretta Loggerhead Sea Turtle Cliffton, Cornejo & Felger in Bjorndal (ed.) 1982 Lovich, Grismer & Daneman 2009 Marquez 1969 Genus Chelonia (Green Sea Turtle)   Chelonia mydas Green Sea Turtle Lovich, Grismer & Daneman 2009 Rodriguez-Baron, Riosmena-Rodriguez, Seminoff & Hernandez-Carmona 2011 Genus Eretmochelys (Hawksbill Sea Turtle)   Eretmochelys imbricata Hawksbill Sea Turtle Cliffton, Cornejo & Felger in Bjorndal (ed.) 1982 Lovich, Grismer & Daneman 2009 Seminoff, Nichols, Resendiz & Brooks 2003 Genus Lepidochelys (Ridley Sea Turtles)   Lepidochelys olivacea Olive Ridley Sea Turtle Cliffton, Cornejo & Felger in Bjorndal (ed.) 1982 Lovich, Grismer & Daneman 2009 Rhodin, Iverson, Bour, Fritz, Georges, Shaffer & Dijk 2021  Family Dermochelyidae (Leatherback Sea Turtle) Genus Dermochelys (Leatherback Sea Turtle)   Dermochelys coriacea Leatherback Sea Turtle Lovich, Grismer & Daneman 2009 Pritchard 1982 Rhodin, Iverson, Bour, Fritz, Georges, Shaffer & Dijk 2021 Sarti Martinez, Barragan, Munoz, Garcia, Huerta & Vargas 2007 Seminoff & Dutton 2007  Family Emydidae (Western Pond Turtles) Genus Trachemys (Slider Turtles)   Trachemys nebulosa Northwest Mexican Slider Fritz & Havas 2006 Grismer 2002 Iverson 1992 Legler & Vogt 2013 Rhodin, Iverson, Bour, Fritz, Georges, Shaffer & Dijk 2021 Seidel 2010 Smith & Taylor 1950 Wermuth & Mertens 1977