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Bibliography of the reptiles of
Central America (herein: excl. Mexico)

Note: In order to limit redundancy, relevant literature indexed in the related bibliographies in the left column may not have been included in this page. For a comprehensive search of literature, these bibliographies should therefore also be consulted.


Anonymous. 1970. Central America: turtle agreement. IUCN Bulletin 2: 128.

Amaral, A. do 1927. The snake-bite problem in the United States and in Central America. Bulletin of the Antivenin Institute of America 1(2): 31-35.

Amaral, A. do 1929. Lista remissiva dos ophidios da região neotropica. Memorias do Instituto Butantan (Sao Paulo) 4: 129-271.

Amaral, A. do 1954. Contribuição ao conhecimento dos ofidios neotropicales. XXXV. A proposito da revalidacas de Coluber lanceolatus Lacepede, 1789. XXXVI. Redescricao da especie Bothrops hyoprora Amaral, 1935. XXXVII. Sub-especies de Epicrates cenchria (Lineu, 1758). Memorias do Instituto Butantan (Sao Paulo) 26: 207-214, 221-225, 227-247.

Atkinson, D.A. 1907. Notes on a collection of batrachians and reptiles from Central America. Ohio Nat., Columbus 7: 151-157.

Barnett, S.L. 1997. The herpetoculture of Neotropical arboreal lizards at the National Aquarium in Baltimore. pp. 58-80. In: Wilkie, A.H. (ed.). Reptile and amphibian culture: proceedings of the 1997 International Herpetological Society's Symposium. International Herpetological Society, Stourbridge. 96 pp.

Bocourt, M.F. 1870. Description de quelques Sauriens nouveaux originaires de L'Amerique meridionale. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris (Ser. 2) 6: 11-18.

Bocourt, M.F. 1873-1897. Études sur les reptiles et les batraciens.pp. 361-440. In: Mission Scientifique au Mexique et dans l'Amérique Centrale. Recherches zoologiques. Vols. 2-15, pp. 33-860. Imprimerie Impériale, Paris.

Bolanos, R. 1983. Serpientes venenosas de Centro America. Distribucion, caracteristicas y patrones cariologicos. Memorias do Instituto Butantan (Sao Paulo) 46 [1982]: 275-291.

Booth, E.S. 1959. Amphibians and reptiles collected in Mexico and Central America from 1952 to 1958 by the Walla Walla College Museum of Natural History. Walla Walla Coll. Pub. 24: 1-9.

Cadle, J.E.; Greene, H.W. 1993. Phylogenetic patterns, biogeography, and the ecological structure of Neotropical snake assemblages. pp. 281-293. In: Ricklefs, R.E. & Schluter, D. (eds.). Species diversity in ecological communities: historical and geographical perspectives. University of Chicago Press, Chicago & London. 414 pp.

Campbell, J.A.; Lamar, W.W. 1989. The venomous reptiles of Latin America. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York. 425 pp.

Carr, A. 1969. Thoughts on wilderness preservation and a Central American ethic. Audubon 71: 50-55.

Cei, J.M.; Videla, F. 2002. Singulares hallazgos evolutivos y taxonomicos en generos de iguanidos relevantes de la herpetofauna andina y de zonas limitrofes. Multequina 11: 65-73.

Clark, H.C. 1942. Venomous snakes: some Central American records: incidence of snake-bite accidents. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 22(1): 37-40.

Cope, E.D. 1865. Third contribution to the herpetology of tropical America. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 17: 185-198.

Cope, E.D. 1866. Fifth contribution to the herpetology of tropical America. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 1866: 317-323.

Cope, E.D. 1866. Fourth contribution to the herpetology of tropical America. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 1866: 123-132.

Cope, E.D. 1868. Sixth contribution to the herpetology of tropical America. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 1868: 305-313.

Cope, E.D. 1870. Seventh contribution to the herpetology of tropical America. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society (Philadelphia) 11 [1869]: 147-169.

Cope, E.D. 1877. Tenth contribution to the herpetology of tropical America. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 17: 85-97.

Cope, E.D. 1879. Eleventh contribution to the herpetology of tropical America. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 18: 261-276.

Cope, E.D. 1885. Twelfth contribution to the herpetology of tropical America. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society (Philadelphia) 22: 167-194.

Cope, E.D. 1886. Thirteenth contribution to the herpetology of Tropical America. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 23: 271-287.

Cope, E.D. 1887. Catalogue of Batrachians and reptiles of Central America and Mexico. Bulletin of the United States National Museum 32: 1-98.

Cornelius, S.E. 1982. Status of Sea Turtles among the Pacific coast of middle America. pp. 211-219. In: Bjorndal, K.A. (ed.). Biology and conservation of sea turtles. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. 583 pp.

DaLie, D.A. 1953. Poisonous snakes of America. Journal For. 51(4): 243-248.

Daza, J.M.; Castoe, T.A.; Parkinson, C.L. 2010. Using regional comparative phylogeographic data from snake lineages to infer historical processes in Middle America. Ecography 33(2): 343-354.

Ditmars, R.L. 1930. The poisonous serpents of the New World. Bulletin of the New York Zoological Society 33: 79-99.

Donnelly, M.A.; Crother, B.I.; Guyer, C.; Wake, M.H.; White, M.E. (eds.). 2005. Ecology and evolution in the tropics: a herpetological perspective. University of Chicago Press, Chicago & London. 675 pp.

d'Orbigny, A. 1835-1847. Voyage dans l'Amérique Méridionale..... Bertrand, Paris. Vol. 5, part 1: 1-17, plates 1-6, 14-15, 15 pp.

Duellman, W.E. 1966. The Central American herpetofauna: an ecological perspective. Copeia 1966: 700-719.

Duellman, W.E. 1989. Tropical herpetofaunal communities: patterns of community structure in Neotropical rainforests. Ecological Studies Analysis and Synthesis 69: 61-88.

Duellman, W.E. 1999. The West Indies and Middle America: contrasting origins and diversity. pp. 357-369. In: Crother, B.I. (ed.). Caribbean amphibians and reptiles. Academic Press, San Diego. 495 pp.

Dunn, E.R. 1931. The herpetological fauna of the Americas. Copeia 1931: 106-119.

Dunn, E.R. 1932. Notes on blind snakes from Lower Central America. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 46: 173-175.

Dunn, E.R. 1940. Some aspects of herpetology in lower Central America. Transactions N.Y. Acad. Sci. (2) 2(6): 156-158.

Eisenberg, J.F. (ed.) 1979. Vertebrate ecology in the northern Neotropics. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. 271 pp.

Fitch, H.S.; Henderson, R.W.; Hillis, D.M. 1982. Exploitation of iguanas in Central America. pp. 397-417. In: Burghardt, G.M. & Rand, A.S. (eds.). Iguanas of the world: their behaviour, ecology and conservation. Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, New Jersey. 472 pp.

Flores-Villela, O.A.; Goyenechea, I. 2001. A comparison of hypotheses of historical area relationships for Mexico and Central America, or in search for the lost pattern. pp. 171-181. In: Johnson, J.D.; Webb, R.G.; Flores-Villela, O.A. (eds.). Mesoamerican herpetology: systematics, zoogeography and conservation. University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso. 200 pp.

Flores-Villela, O.A.; Martinez-Salazar, E.A. 2009. Historical explanation of the origin of the herpetofauna of Mexico. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 80(3): 817-833.

Gallardo, G.A.; Schrocchi, G.J. 2006. Parametros reproductivos de ocho especies de culebras oviparas neotropicales (Serpentes: Colubridae). Cuadernos de Herpetologia 20(1): 33-36.

Gallardo, J.M. 1994. 500 anos de herpetologia hispanoamericana. Cuadernos de Herpetologia 8(1): 1-11.

Günther, A. 1885-1902. Biologia centrali-americana, or, contributions to the knowledge of the fauna and flora of Mexico and Central America. Reptilia and Batrachia. R.H. Porter, London. 326 pp. [According to Smith and Smith 1973 (Synops. Herpetofauna Mexico 2: 112) this publication was published in 40 parts; Part 1, pages 1-56, plates 1-25, appeared in 1885].

Günther, A. 1893. Biologia centrali-americana, or, contributions to the knowledge of the fauna and flora of Mexico and Central America. Reptilia. pp. 81-112. R.H. Porter, London. 326 pp. [According to Smith and Smith 1973 (Synops. Herpetofauna Mexico 2: 112) this publication was published in 40 parts; Part 1, pages 1-56, plates 1-25, appeared in 1885].

Günther, A. 1894. Biologia centrali-americana, or, contributions to the knowledge of the fauna and flora of Mexico and Central America. Reptilia. pp. 129-144. R.H. Porter, London. 326 pp. [According to Smith and Smith 1973 (Synops. Herpetofauna Mexico 2: 112) this publication was published in 40 parts; Part 1, pages 1-56, plates 1-25, appeared in 1885].

Günther, A. 1895. Biologia centrali-americana, or, contributions to the knowledge of the fauna and flora of Mexico and Central America. Reptilia. pp. 169-195. R.H. Porter, London. 326 pp. [According to Smith and Smith 1973 (Synops. Herpetofauna Mexico 2: 112) this publication was published in 40 parts; Part 1, pages 1-56, plates 1-25, appeared in 1885].

Günther, A. 1900. Biologia centrali-americana, or, contributions to the knowledge of the fauna and flora of Mexico and Central America. Batrachia. pp. 197-236. R.H. Porter, London. 326 pp. [According to Smith and Smith 1973 (Synops. Herpetofauna Mexico 2: 112) this publication was published in 40 parts; Part 1, pages 1-56, plates 1-25, appeared in 1885].

Günther, A. 1902. Biologia centrali-americana, or, contributions to the knowledge of the fauna and flora of Mexico and Central America. Conclusion and alphabetical index. pp. 301-325. R.H. Porter, London. 326 pp. [According to Smith and Smith 1973 (Synops. Herpetofauna Mexico 2: 112) this publication was published in 40 parts; Part 1, pages 1-56, plates 1-25, appeared in 1885].

Gutierrez, J.M. 1995. Clinical toxicology of snakebite in Central America. pp. 645-665. In: Meier, J. & White, J. (eds.). Handbook of clinical toxicology of animal venoms and poisons. CRC Press, Boca Raton, New York, etc. 752 pp.

Gutierrez, J.M. 2002. Comprendiendo los venenos de serpientes: 50 anos de investigaciones en America Latina. Revista de Biologia Tropical 50(2): 377-394.

Herrera-Montes, A.; Brokaw, N. 2010. Conservation value of tropical secondary forest: a herpetofaunal perspective. Biological Conservation 143(6): 1414-1422.

Hoge, A.R.; Romano, S.A.R.W.L. 1971. Neotropical pit vipers, sea snakes, and coral snakes. pp. 211-293. In: Venomous Animals And Their Venoms. Volume 2. Venomous Vertebrates. Academic Press, New York & London.: Unpaginated.

Inger, R.F. 1980. Densities of floor-dwelling frogs and lizards in lowland forests of southeast Asia and Central America. American Naturalist 115(6): 761-770.

Ippi, S.; Flores, V. 2001. Las tortugas neotropicales y sus areas de endemismo. Acta Zoologica Mexicana Nueva Serie 84: 49-63.

Johnson, J.D. 1989. A biogeographic analysis of the herpetofauna of northwestern nuclear Central America. Milwaukee Public Museum Contributions in Biology and Geology 76: 1-66.

Johnson, J.D.; Webb, R.G.; Flores-Villela, O.A. (eds.) 2001. Mesoamerican herpetology: systematics, zoogeography and conservation. [University of Texas at El Paso Centennial Museum Special Publication No 1]. University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso. 200 pp.

Johnson, J.D.; Wilson, L.D.; Townsend, J.H. 2010. Summary of recent changes in higher taxonomic categories of Mesoamerican amphibians and reptiles. pp. 18-27. In: Wilson, L.D.; Townsend, J.H.; Johnson, J.D. (eds.). Conservation of Mesoamerican amphibians and reptiles. Eagle Mountain Publishing, LC, Eagle Mountain, Utah. 812 pp.

Köhler, G. 2000. Reptilien und Amphibien Mittelamerikas. Band 1: Krokodile, Schildkröten, Echsen. Herpeton, Offenbach. 159 pp.

Köhler, G. 2001. Reptilien und Amphibien Mittelamerikas. Band 2: Schlangen. Herpeton, Offenbach. 174 pp.

Köhler, G. 2003. Reptiles of Central America. Herpeton, Offenbach. 367 pp.

Köhler, G. 2008. Reptiles of Central America. 2nd ed. Herpeton, Offenbach. 400 pp.

Larriera, A.; Verdade, L.M. (eds.) 2002. Conservaçao e manejo de jacares e crocodilos da America Latina. Volume II. C.N. Editoria, Piracicaba. 184 pp.

Leenders, T. 2002. Leben über unseren Köpfen: Amphibien und Reptilien in den Baumkronen des Zentralamerikanischen Regenwaldes. Reptilia (D) 7(34): 63-69.

Liner, E.A. 2012. Linnaeus's amphibians and reptiles of the New World excluding South America. Bibliotheca Herpetologica 9(1-2): 98-103.

Lovejoy, T.E. 1977. Refugia, refuges and minimum critical size: problems in the conservation of the Neotropical herpetofauna. Herpetological Review 8(3)(Suppl.): 12.

Martins, M.; Vuolo Marques, O.A.; Sazima, I. 2008. How to be arboreal and diurnal and still stay alive: microhabitat use, time of activity, and defense in neotropical forest snakes. South American Journal of Herpetology 3(1): 58-67.

McClung, R.M. 1981. Vanishing wildlife of Latin America. William Morrow & Co., New York. 160 pp.

McCoy, C.J. 1982. Reptilia. pp. 515-520. In: Hurlbert, S.H. & Villalobos-Fugueroa, A. (eds.). Aquatic biota of Mexico, Central America and the West Indies. (A compilation of taxonomic bibliographies for the fauna and flora of island waters of Mesoamerica and the Caribbean region). San Diego State University, San Diego. 529 pp.

Mclain, R.B. 1899. Contributions to Neotropical herpetology. Wheeling, West Virginia.

Mendenhall, C.D.; Frishkoff, L.O.; Santos-Barrera, G.; Pacheco, J.; Mesfun, E.; Mendoza-Quijano, F.; Ehrlich, P.R.; Ceballos, G.; Daily, G.C.; Pringle, R.M. 2014. Countryside biogeography of Neotropical reptiles and amphibians. Ecology (Washington D C) 95(4): 856-870.

Mertens, R. 1940. Aus dem Tierleben der Tropen. Reisebilder aus Asien, Africa und Amerika. Kramer, Frankfurt am Main. 248 pp.

Morelet, A. 1871. Travels in Central America. (Translated to English by M.F. Squier). Leypold, Holt & Williams, New York. 430 pp.

Müller, P. 1973. The dispersal centres of terrestrial vertebrates in the Neotropical realm. A study in the evolution of the Neotropical biota and its native landscapes. Biogeographica 2: 1-244.

Nietchmann, B. 1977. Historia Natural y Economica de las Tortugas en el Caribe de America central. Banco de América, Managua. 259 pp.

Parenti, P.; Picaglia, L. 1886. Rettili ed anfibi raccolti da P. Parenti nel viaggio di circumnavigazione della r. corvetta 'Vettor Pisani,' negli anni 1882-85, e da V. Ragazzi sulle coste del mar rosso e dell'America meridionale negli anni 1879-84. Atti Soc. Mod., Mem. 3(5): 26-96.

Parker, H.W. 1957. Turtles: Mexican waters; Central American waters. Marine Observer 27(175): 4-5.

Pefaur, J.E. (ed.) 1996. Herpetologia Neotropical. Actas del II Congreso Latinoamericano de Herpetologia. Vol. 2. Universidad de los Andes, Consejo de Publicaciones, Merida. 451 pp.

Pefaur, J.E. 1996. Perfil de los herpetologos latinoamericanos. pp. 37-55. In: Pefaur, J.E. (ed.). Herpetologia Neotropical. Actas del II Congreso Latinoamericano de Herpetologia. II volumen. Universidad de los Andes, Consejo de Publicaciones, Merida. 451 pp.

Peracca, M.G. 1896. Nuovo genere di colubride aglifo dell'America meridionale. Boll. Mus. Torino 266: 2 pp.

Peracca, M.G. 1896. Sopra alcuni ofidii nuovi o poco noti dell'America meridionale. Boll. Mus. Torino 252: 4 pp.

Peters, J.A.; Donoso-Barros, R. 1970. Catalogue of the Neotropical Squamata. Part 2. Sauria, Amphisbaenia. Bulletin of the United States National Museum 297: 1-293.

Peters, J.A.; Donoso-Barros, R. 1986. Part 2. Lizards and amphisbaenians. pp. i-viii, 1-293. In: Peters, J.A.; Donoso-Barros, R.; Orejas-Miranda, B. & Vanzolini, P.E. Catalogue of the Neotropical Squamata. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. & London. Revised edition. 347 + 25 + 293 pp.

Peters, J.A.; Orejas-Miranda, B.R. 1970. Catalogue of the Neotropical Squamata. Part 1. Serpentes. Bulletin of the United States National Museum 297: 1-347.

Pope, C.H. 1944. The poisonous snakes of the New World. N. York Zool. Soc. 1944 56 pp. photos col. pls., and in Bull. N. York Zool. Soc. 47 (unpaginated).

Pope, C.H. 1945. The poisonous snakes of the New World. Pt. 4 & 5. Bulletin of the New York Zoological Society 48: 17-23, 44-47.

Powell, J.H. 1971. The status of crocodilians in the United States, Mexico, Central America and the West Indies. pp. 72-82. In: Crocodiles. Proceedings of the first working meeting of crocodile specialists sponsored by the New York Zoological Society and organized by the Survival Service Commission, lUCN, at the Bronx Zoo, New York 15-17 March 1971. lUCN, Switzerland. 191 pp.

Reed, R.N. 2003. Interspecific patterns of species richness, geographic range size, and body size among New World venomous snakes. Ecography 26(1): 107-117.

Regan, C.T. 1915. Reptilia, Batrachia and Pisces. Biol. Centr. Amer. Introd. Vol. 1915: 105-117.

Rodriguez-M., M.A. 2000. Crocodiles (Archosauria: Crocodylia) of the Neotropical region. Biota Colombiana 1(2): 135-140.

Rueda-Almonacid, J.V.; Rodriguez-Mahecha, J.V.; Mast, J.N.; Gonzalez-Hernandez, A.; Amorocho, D.F. (eds.) 2005. Tortugas marinas neotropicales. Conservacion Internacional, Bogota. 88 pp.

Russell, F.E.; Walter, F.G.; Bey, T.A.; Fernandez, M.C. 1997. Snakes and snakebite in Central America. Toxicon 35(10): 1469-1522.

Savage, J.M. 1966. The origins and history of the Central American herpetofauna. Copeia 1966: 719-766.

Savage, J.M. 1983. The enigma of the Central American herpetofauna: dispersals or vicariance? Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 69(3): 464-547.

Schmidt, K.P. 1924. Notes on Central American Crocodiles. Field Museum of Natural History Zoological Series 12: 1-92.

Schmidt, K.P. 1952. Crocodile hunting in Central America. Chicago Nat. Hist. Mus. Popular Ser. Zool. 15: 2-23.

Silva, N.J. da; Sites, J.W. 1995. Patterns of diversity of Neotropical squamate reptile species with emphasis on the Brazilian Amazon and the conservation potential of indigenous reserves. Conservation Biology 9(4): 873-901.

Simpson, G.G. 1943. Turtles and the origin of the fauna of Latin America. Amer. J. Sci. New Haven 241(7): 413-419.

Stejneger, L.H. 1934. Amphibians and reptiles from tropical America. Nyt. Mag. Naturv. Oslo 74: 45-50.

Stuart, L.C. 1954. A description of a subhumid corridor across northern Central America, with comments on its herpetofaunal indicators. Contributions of the Laboratory of Vertebrate Biology University of Michigan 65: 1-26.

Stuart, L.C. 1957. Herpetofaunal dispersal routes through northern Central America. Copeia 1957: 89-94.

Stuart, L.C. 1967. The environment of the Central American cold-blooded vertebrate fauna. Copeia 1966: 684-699.

Thomas, E. 1966. Boulenger, G.A. Contributions to American herpetology. Collected papers, part 2, 1882-1883. Salamandra 2: 54.

Tipton, B.L. 2005. Snakes of the Americas: checklist and lexicon. Krieger, Malabar, Florida. 477 pp.

Townsend, J.H. 2014. Characterizing the Chortís Block Biogeographic Province: geological, physiographic, and ecological associations and herpetofaunal diversity. Mesoamerican Herpetology 1(2): 204-252.

Urbina-Cardona, J.N. 2008. Conservation of Neotropical herpetofauna: research trends and challenges. Tropical Conservation Science 1(4): 359-375.

Valencia-Aguilar, A.; Cortes-Gómez, A.M.; Ruiz-Agudelo, C.A. 2013. Ecosystem services provided by amphibians and reptiles in Neotropical ecosystems. International Journal of Biodiversity Science Ecosystem Services & Management 9(3): 257-272.

Vanzolini, P.E. 1986. Addenda and corrigenda to the catalogue of Neotropical Squamata. Smithsonian Herpetological Information Service 70: 1-26 (part 1: snakes) + 1-25 (part 2: lizards and amphisbaenia).

Vetter, H. 2005. Turtles of the world. Vol. 3. Central and South America. Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt am Main. 128 pp.

Villa, J.; Wilson, L.D.; Johnson, J.D. 1988. Middle American herpetology. A bibliographic checklist. University of Missouri Press, Columbia. 131 pp.

Vogt, R.C.; Guzman, S.G. 1988. Food partitioning in a Neotropical freshwater turtle community. Copeia 1988(1): 37-47.

Warrell, D.A. 2004. Snakebites in Central and South America: Epidemiology, clinical features, and clinical management. pp. 709-761. In: Campbell, J.A.; Lamar, W.W. The venomous reptiles of the Western Hemisphere. Vol. 2. Comstock Publishing Associates, Ithaca & London. pp. 477-870.

Werner, F. 1896. Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Reptilien und Batrachier von Central Amerika und Chile, sowie einiger seltener Schlangenarten. Verhandlungen der Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien 46: 344-365.

Werner, Y.L.; Carrillo de Espinoza, N.; Huey, R.B.; Rothenstein, D.; Salas, A.W.; Videla, F. 1996. Observations on body temperatures of some Neotropical desert geckos (Reptilia: Sauria: Gekkonidae). Cuadernos de Herpetologia 10(1-2): 62-67.

Wilson, L.D.; Johnson, J.D. 2010. Distributional patterns of the herpetofauna of Mesoamerica, a biodiversity hotspot. pp. 30-235. In: Wilson, L.D.; Townsend, J.H.; Johnson, J.D. (eds.). Conservation of Mesoamerican amphibians and reptiles. Eagle Mountain Publishing, LC, Eagle Mountain, Utah. 812 pp.

Wilson, L.D.; Johnson, J.D.; Porras, L.W.; Mata-Silva, V.; García-Padilla, E. 2017. A system for categorizing the distribution of the Mesoamerican herpetofauna. Mesoamerican Herpetology 4(4): 902-913.

Wilson, L.D.; McCranie, J.R. 1998. The biogeography of the herpetofauna of the subhumid forests of Middle America (Isthmus of Tehuantepec to northwestern Costa Rica). Royal Ontario Museum Life Sciences Contributions 163: 1-50.

Wilson, L.D.; Townsend, J.H. 2010. The herpetofauna of Mesoamerica: biodiversity significance, conservation status, and future challenges. pp. 760-812. In: Wilson, L.D.; Townsend, J.H.; Johnson, J.D. (eds.). Conservation of Mesoamerican amphibians and reptiles. Eagle Mountain Publishing, LC, Eagle Mountain, Utah. 812 pp.

Wilson, L.D.; Townsend, J.H.; Johnson, J.D. (eds.). 2010. Conservation of Mesoamerican amphibians and reptiles. Eagle Mountain Publishing, LC, Eagle Mountain, Utah. 812 pp.