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Taxonomy of the genus Ptyas Biodiversity of the family Colubridae

Bibliography of the genus
Ptyas (Giant Rat Snakes and Oriental Green Snakes)

(Reptilia: Serpentes: Colubridae)

Note: In order to limit redundancy, relevant literature indexed in the related bibliographies in the left column may not have been included in this page. For a comprehensive search of literature, these bibliographies should therefore also be consulted.


Ptyas in general

Bourret, R. 1934. Notes herpétologiques sur l'Indochine francaise. V. Sur Liopeltis major et ses alliés. Bulletin General de l'Instruction Publique (Hanoi) 14(1): 18-22.

Cundall, D. 1986. Variations of the cephalic muscles in the colubrid snake genera Entechinus, Opheodrys, and Symphimus. Journal of Morphology 187(1): 1-21.

David, P.; Das, I. 2004. On the grammar of the gender of Ptyas Fitzinger, 1843 (Serpentes: Colubridae). Hamadryad 28(1-2): 113-116.

Hoser, R.T. 2013. Division of the Asian snake genera Liopeltis Fitzinger, 1843 and Gongylosoma Fitzinger, 1843 (Serpentes: Colubridae). Australasian Journal of Herpetology 20: 33-40.

Lazell, J.D. 1998. Morphology and the status of the snake genus "Ptyas". Herpetological Review 29(3): 134.

Leviton, A.E. 1983. Contributions to a review of Philippine Snakes. XIV. The snakes of the genera Xenopeltis, Zaocys, Psammodynastes and Myersophis. Philippine Journal of Science 112(3-4): 195-223.

Pinou, T.; Dowling, H.G. 2000. Coluber" versus "Ptyas": a regrettable tangle of names. Herpetological Review 31(3): 136-138.

Vijayaraghavan, B. 1994. Snakes entwined. Cobra (Madras) 18: 20-21.

Xiong, Y.L.; Wang, W.Y.; Tian, Y.F. 1982. Chromosomal studies on snakes of the genus Ptyas from China. Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica 7(3): 339-340.

Zhang, F. 1987. Studies on the cranial morphology of Zaocys (Serpentes: Colubridae). 3. Functional morphology of the head structure of the genus Zaocys. Acta Herpetologica Sinica 6(4): 1-11.

Zhang, F. 1988. Preliminary studies on the phylogeny of Elaphe, Zoocys [Zaocys], Ptyas and Entechinus. Acta Herpetologica Sinica 1988(2): 103-111.

Zhang, F. 1988. Studies on the cranial morphology of Zaocys (Serpentes: Colubridae) 5. A comparative study of the cranial morphology of Chinese Zaocys, Ptyas, Elaphe and Entechinus, with preliminary discussions on the function and phylogeny. Acta Herpetologica Sinica 1988(1): 47-55.

Ptyas carinata

Anonymous. 1979. [New records of Chinese Reptilia from Yunnan]. (In Chinese). Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica 4(2): 161.

Diaz, R.E.; Guerrero, S.; Ledbetter, C.; Newbold, S. 2003. Natural history notes: Ptyas carinatus (Keeled Rat Snake). Prey. Herpetological Review 34(4): 377.

Joynson, H.W. 1927. Occurrence of the rat snake (Zaocys carinatus) in North Siam. Journal of the Natural History Society of Siam 6(3): 314-315.

Lim, B.L. 1974. Snakes as natural predators of rats in an oil palm estate. Malayan Nature Journal 27(3-4): 114-117.

Rooijen, J. van 2012. Estimating the snake species richness of the Santubong Peninsula (Borneo): a computer-simulation. Amphibia-Reptilia 33(3-4): 521-525.

Ptyas dhumnades

Dieckmann, S.; Norval, G.; Mao, J.J. 2014. Notes on the reproductive biology of the Big-eyed Ratsnake, Ptyas dhumnades (Cantor, 1842) in Taiwan. IRCF Reptiles & Amphibians 21(4): 130–132.

Guo, C.; Fan, L. 1997. New records of snakes from Shanxi Province. (In Chinese, English summary). Chinese Journal of Zoology 32(4): 41.

Heimes, P. 1996. Die Amphibien und Reptilien Pekings. 2. Schildkröten und Schlangen. Herpetofauna (Weinstadt) 18(105): 27-34.

Kang, J. 1983. A new record of the snakes of Beijing - Zaocys dhumnades (Cantor). Acta Herpetologica Sinica 2(4): 62.

Lin, L.H.; Ma, X.M.; Li, H.; Ji, X. 2010. Phenotypic variation in hatchling Chinese ratsnakes (Zaocys dhumnades) from eggs incubated at constant temperatures. Journal of Thermal Biology 35(1): 28-33.

Mao, J.J.; Kung, W.B.; Norval, G. 2009. Natural history notes: Zaocys dhumnades (Big-eye Rat Snake). Diet. Herpetological Review 40(1): 105.

Mao, S.H. 1964. The status of the Taiwan snakes of the colubrid genus Zaocys. Bull. Inst. Zool. Academia Sinica 4: 87-94.

Moriguchi, H.; Toriba, M.; Miyata, H.; Sakai, A.; Sugano, H. 1982. Notes on reproductions of captive snakes observed in the Japan Snake Institute during the years 1980-1981. The Snake 14(1): 57-60.

Pan, H.C.; Zhou, K.Y.; Song, D.X.; Gu, C.M.; Wu, Y.L. 2002. [Notes on three albino individuals of amphibians and reptiles. pp. 54-56]. (In Chinese). In: Zhou, K. Herpetologica Sinica 9. Chinese Scientific Books, Beijing. 235 pp.

Pope, C.H. 1928. Four new Snakes and a new Lizard from South China. American Museum Novitates 325: 1-4.

Shi, P.; Zheng, W.R. 1985. Studies on feeding habits of the snakes of Mount Wuyi. Acta Herpetologica Sinica 4(2): 149-152.

Teynié, A.; Nguyen, T.Q.; Lorvelec, O.; Piquet, A.; Lottier, A.; David, P. 2014. Amphibiens et reptiles du Laos: nouvelles données nationales et provinciales. Bulletin de la Societe Herpetologique de France 151: 21-52.

Wang, D.; Hu, Q.H.; Yang, J.H. 2002. [The reproductive biology of four kinds of economical snakes in a half-wild snake farm]. (In Chinese, English summary). Zhejiang Linxueyuan Xuebao 22(2) (Sum 58): 88-91.

Yau, F.C.F.; Wong, K.L.; Shaw, P.C.; But, P.P.H.; Wang, J. 2002. Authentication of snakes used in Chinese medicine by sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR). Biodiversity and Conservation 11(9): 1653-1662.

Ye, H.; Tang, X.S.; Hu, J.G.; Huang, J.T. 2005. [Artificial incubation of Zaocys dhumnades and feeding baby snake before hibernation]. (In Chinese, English summary). Sichuan Journal of Zoology 24(2): 216-217.

Ptyas doriae

Meetei, A.B.; Das, S.; Campbell, P.D.; Raha, S.; Bag, P. 2018. A study on Ptyas doriae (Boulenger, 1888) with comments on the status of Ptyas hamptoni (Boulenger, 1900) (Squamata: Colubridae: Colubrinae). Zootaxa 4457(4): 537–548.

Ptyas fusca

Kiehlmann, I. 2014. Zwei Neunachweise für die Herpetofauna der Insel (Palau) Tioman, West-Malaysia: Luperosaurus browni Russell, 1979 (Sauria: Gekkonidae) und Ptyas fusca (Günther, 1858) (Serpentes: Colubridae). Sauria (Berlin) 36(2): 59-62.

Lim, B.L. 1974. Snakes as natural predators of rats in an oil palm estate. Malayan Nature Journal 27(3-4): 114-117.

Ptyas korros

Ahsan, M.F.; Parvin, S. 2001. The first record of Ptyas korros (Colubridae) from Bangladesh. Asiatic Herpetological Research 9 [2000]: 23-24.

Auliya, M. 2002. Rediscovery of the Indochinese rat snake Ptyas korros (Schlegel, 1837) (Serpentes: Colubridae) in Borneo. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 50(1): 197-198.

Barbour, T. 1910. A new colubrine snake from Java. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 23: 169-170.

Brongersma, L.D. 1947. Zoological notes from Port Dickson. 1. Amphibians and reptiles. Zoologische Mededelingen (Leiden) 27: 300-308.

Cheke, A.S. 1973. Snakes at Chiang Mai University. Natural History Bulletin of the Siam Society 24(3-4): 469-471.

Chiu, K.W.; Leung, M.S.; Maderson, P.F.A. 1983. Thyroid and skin-shedding in the rat snake (Ptyas korros). Journal of Experimental Zoology 225(3): 407-410.

Dieckmann, S.; Norval, G.; Mao, J.J. 2014. A description of a clutch of the Indo-Chinese rat snake, Ptyas korros (Schlegel, 1837), with notes on an instance of twinning. Herpetology Notes 7: 397-399.

Du, W.G.; Ji, X. 2002. [Effects of incubation temperature on duration of incubation. Hatching success, and hatching traits in the gray rat snake, Ptyas korros (Colubridae)]. (In Chinese, English summary). Acta Ecologica Sinica 22(4): 548-553.

Huang, W. 1997. Sexual size dimorphism in seven species of colubrid snakes in Taiwan. Bulletin of the National Museum of Natural Science (Taichung) 9: 107-116.

Ji, X.; Sun, P.Y. 2000. Embryonic use of energy and post-hatching yolk in the gray rat snake, Ptyas korros (Colubridae). Herpetological Journal 10(1): 13-17.

Kopstein, F. 1930. Herpetologische Notizen. II. Oologische Beobachtungen an West-Javanischen Reptilien. Treubia 11: 301-307.

Lim, B.L. 1974. Snakes as natural predators of rats in an oil palm estate. Malayan Nature Journal 27(3-4): 114-117.

Lin, L.H.; Mao, F.; Chen, C.; Ji, X. 2012. Reproductive traits of the Gray Ratsnake Ptyas korros from three geographically distinct populations. Current Zoology 58(6): 820-827.

Mathew, R. 1992. Additional records of snakes from northeast, with four new records. Records of the Zoological Survey of India 91(3-4): 287-292.

Mitra, A. 2009. New records of snakes from district Trashigang, eastern Bhutan. Bioscan 4(1): 15-20.

Pauwels, O.S.G. 2002. Natural history notes: Limnonectes limnocharis (Paddy Frog): Predation. Herpetological Review 33(2): 126.

Platt, S.G.; Rao, D.; Li, F.; Ma, X.; Rainwater, T.R. 2017. Natural history notes: Ptyas korros (Javan Rat Snake). Diet. Herpetological Review 48(2): 458-459.

Xu, S.; He, H.Y. 1998. A comparative study on the larynges of ten species of snakes. Zoological Research 19(1): 90-92.

Ptyas luzonensis

Ross, C.A.; Alcala, A.C.; Sison, R.V. 1987. Distribution of Zaocys luzonensis (Serpentes: Colubridae) in the Visayan Islands, Philippines. Silliman Journal 34(1-4): 29-31.

Taylor, E.H. 1922. Additions to the herpetological fauna of the Philippine Islands. I and II. Philippine Journal of Science 21: 161-206, 257-303.

Ptyas major

Bourret, R. 1934. Notes herpétologiques sur l'Indochine francaise. V. Sur Liopeltis major et ses alliés. Bulletin General de l'Instruction Publique (Hanoi) 14(1): 18-22.

Dieckmann, S.; Norval, G.; Mao, J.J. 2014. Notes on the reproductive biology of the Greater Green Snake, Cyclophiops major (Günther, 1858), in Taiwan. IRCF Reptiles & Amphibians 21(3): 100–102.

Mao, S.H. 1964. The taxonomic status of the green snake Opheodrys major, on Taiwan. Bull. Inst. Zool. Academia Sinica 3: 25-30.

Smith, M.A. 1930. Two new snakes from Tonkin, Indo-China. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Ser. 10) 6: 681-683.

Ptyas mucosa

Abdulali, H. 1941. Rat Snakes fighting. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 42: 666.

Auliya, M. 2010. Conservation status and impact of trade on the Oriental Rat Snake Ptyas mucosa in Java, Indonesia. TRAFFIC Southeast Asia, Petaling Jaya. 39 pp.

Avadhani, R. 2007. The much maligned Indian rat snake Ptyas mucosus. Reptilia (GB) 52: 79-81.

Bhattacharya, A.K.; Bhatnagar, R.K. 1968. Unusual behaviour of two male rat snakes, Ptyas mucosus (Linn.). Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 65: 492.

Bielawski, R.; Marecek, J.; Vozenilek, P. 1992. Do snake eggs with hard shell exist? Fauna Bohemiae Septentrionalis 17: 75-76.

Biswas, S.; Acharjyo, L.N. 1977. Notes on the ecology and biology of some reptiles occurring in and around Nandankanan Biological Park, Orissa. Records of the Zoological Survey of India 73(1-4): 95-109.

Boeadi; Shine, R.; Sugardijto, J.; Amir, M.; Sinaga, M.H. 1998. Biology of the commercially-harvested Rat Snake (Ptyas mucosus) and cobra (Naja sputatrix) in central Java. Mertensiella 9: 99-104.

Brongersma, L.D. 1952. On two cases of duplicitas anterior in snakes. Proceedings Akad. Sci. Amst. 55C(1): 49-61.

Chari, V.K. 1950. A dhaman or ratsnake [Ptyas mucosus (Linn.)] jumping. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 49(3): 561.

Chaudhuri, A.; Sardar, A.; Chowdhury, S.; Dutta, A. 2018. Natural history notes: Ptyas mucosa (Indian Ratsnake). Diet and behavior. Herpetological Review 49(2): 352-353.

Curran, E.J. 1932. Tucktoo versus dhaman. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 85: 901-902.

Dabrera, E. 1970. Snakes and squirrels. Loris 12: 107-108.

D'Abreu, E.A. 1912. Rate of growth of a dhaman (Zamenis mucosus) hatchling. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 21: 1099.

Dastidar, D.G.; Mani, S.D. 2008. Translocation of snakes from the NTPC campus at Alappuzha, Kerala, to the Konni Reserve Forest in Kerala. Cobra (Chennai) 2(1): 13-21.

Deraniyagala, P.E.P. 1960. Mating of the rat snake Ptyas mucosus maximus. Spolia Zeylanica 29: 39.

Devaraj, A. 1993. An experiment on the efficacy of three snakes, Eryx conicus, Eryx johni and Ptyas mucosus in the control of the field rat Bandicoota bengalensis. Cobra (Madras) 14: 19-22.

Digana, P.M.C.; Yapa, W.B.; Randeniya, P.V.; Ratnasooriya, W.D. 2000. Predators of Sri Lankan bats. Loris 22(4): 46-48.

Digana, P.M.C.; Yapa, W.B.; Ratnasooriya, W.D. 2005. Pup predation of Schreibers' long-fingered bat, Miniopterus schreibersii (Microchiroptera) by two species of reptiles in the Wavulpena Cave in Sri Lanka. Lyriocephalus 6(1-2): 307-310.

Dubey, B.; Meganathan, P.R.; Haque, I. 2009. Multiplex PCR assay for rapid identification of three endangered snake species of India. Conservation Genetics 10(6): 1861-1864.

Dutta, S. 2005. Common rat snake of India: their functional morphology and bionomics, Ptyas mucosus, including deadly venomous snakes of India. Asiatic Publishing House, Delhi. 334 pp.

Easa, P.S.; Thomas, J. 1996. A record clutch size of Rat Snake. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 93(3): 591-592.

Ganesh, S.R.; Arumugam, M. 2016. Species richness of montane herpetofauna of southern Eastern Ghats, India: a historical resume and a descriptive checklist. Russian Journal of Herpetology 23(1): 7-24.

Gorelov, Y.K. 1980. [The Indian rat snake]. (In Russian). Priroda (Moscow) 1980(11): 100-102.

Goyal, S.P. 1991. Food habits of the common rat-snake Ptyas mucosus Linn. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 88(1): 123.

Hafeez, M.A.; Naz, Y.; Asmatullah; Ali, S.S.; Tariq, S. 1999. Comparative morphology of the pineal complex of Lacertilia and Ophidia (Squamata, Reptilia): light and electron microscopic study. Pakistan Journal of Zoology 31(1): 45-63.

Huang, W. 1997. Sexual size dimorphism in seven species of colubrid snakes in Taiwan. Bulletin of the National Museum of Natural Science (Taichung) 9: 107-116.

Karunarathna, D.M.S.S. 2009. Prädation von Oligodon calamarius (Linnaeus 1758) durch Ptyas mucosa (Linnaeus 1758) im Atweltota Forest in Sri Lanka beobachtet. Sauria (Berlin) 31(4): 51-52.

Karunarathna, D.M.S.S.; Asela, M.D.C. 2007. Ophiophagus habit of common rat snake (Ptyas mucosus Linnaeus, 1758) of Sri Lanka. Tigerpaper (Bangkok) 34(1): 6-7.

Khaire, N. 1977. Snake collecting in Matheran. Newsletter of the Madras Snake Park Trust 2(1): 10-11.

Li, D. 1989. A survey of reptiles in Leigongshan area. pp. 269-275. In: Matsui, M.; Hikida, T. & Goris, R.C. (eds.). Current Herpetology in East Asia. Proceedings of the Second Japan-China Herpetological Symposium Kyoto, July 1988. Herpetological Society of Japan, Kyoto, Japan. 521 pp.

Lin, Z.H.; Ji, X. 2004. [Reproductive output and effects of incubation thermal environments on hatchling phenotypes of mucous rat snakes Ptyas mucosus]. (In Chinese, English summary). Acta Zoologica Sinica 50(4): 541-550.

Mahapatra, B.; Dastidar, D.G.; Dutta, S.K. 2018. Natural history notes: Ptyas mucosa (Oriental Ratsnake). Coloration/Albinism. Herpetological Review 49(3): 554.

Majupuria, T. 1958. The morphology of the hemipenes of the common Indian rat snake, Ptyas mucosus (Linn.). Proceedings Indian Sci. Congr. 45(3): 370-377.

Mao, J.J.; Norval, G.; Yeh, L.W. 2008. Natural history notes: Ptyas mucosa (Oriental Rat Snake). Foraging behavior. Herpetological Review 39(1): 100.

McCann, C. 1935. Male bat snakes (Zamenis mucosus) fighting. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 38: 409.

McCann, C. 1937. Notes on the breeding of the rat snake or dhaman (Zamenis mucosus). Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 39: 423-424.

Morris, R.C. 1958. Ratsnakes mating. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 55: 366.

Mullan, J.P. 1908. Abnormal scales in the snakes Zamenis mucosus and Dipsadomorphus trigonatus. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 18: 919-920.

Mundkur, T. 1986. Two cases of 'backward' swallowing of prey by the rat snake (Ptyas mucosus). Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 82(3) [1985]: 676-677.

Nareshwar, E.K. 2002. Rat snake feeding on Water Snake. Cobra (Chennai) 47: 17-18.

Nijman, V. 2014. Bogus captive breeding of Oriental Rat Snakes. Oryx 48(4): 483-484.

Nixon, A.M.A.; Bhupathy, S. 2001. Notes on the occurrence of dhaman (Ptyas mucosus) in the higher altitudes of Nilgiris, Western Ghats. Cobra (Chennai) 44: 30-31.

Pal, A.; Dey, S.; Roy, U.S. 2012. Seasonal diversity and abundance of herpetofauna in and around an industrial city of West Bengal, India. Journal of Applied Sciences in Environmental Sanitation 7(4): 281-286.

Ray, H.C. 1936. On the venous system of the common Indian rat snake, Ptyas mucosus (Linn.). Journal of Morphology 59: 517.

Saha, A.; Chaudhuri, A. 2017. Natural history notes: Ptyas mucosa (Indian Rat Snake). Diet / cannibalism. Herpetological Review 48(3): 681.

Sawant, P.; Rajagopalan, A. 2002. Strange behaviour in the rat snake Ptyas mucosus, family Colubridae. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 99(1): 126.

Sethna, K.R. 1958. Ratsnakes 'mating'. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 55: 173.

Sharma, O.P.; Kour, G. 2005. On the chromosomes of four species of Indian snakes. Cytologia (Tokyo) 70(1): 65-70.

Sharma, S.K. 2008. Note on the death of an Indian rat snake (Ptyas mucosa) in unusual circumstances. Cobra (Chennai) 2(2): 21.

Sharma, V.; Sayyed, A.; Bhandari, R. 2016. Herbivory and inanimate objects in the diet of the Oriental Ratsnake, Ptyas mucosa (Linnaeus 1758). IRCF Reptiles & Amphibians 23(2): 102–103.

Subrahmaniam, T.V. 1934. Rat snakes and their food value. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 37: 743.

Sugardjito, J.; Boeadi; Amir, M.; Sinaga, M.H. 1998. Assessment of harvest levels and status of the spitting cobra (Naja sputatrix) and the Rat Snake (Ptyas mucosus) in central Java. Mertensiella 9: 105-110.

Sundersingh, P.P.H. 1960. Reptilian fauna of Pilani with a note on the food contents. Part I. Ophidia. Proceedings Rajasthan Acad. Sci. 7: 52-59.

Tehsin, R.H. 2014. Some notes on Rat Snake (Ptyas mucosa). Tigerpaper (Bangkok) 41(4): 32.

Thomas, R.; Balakrishnan, M. 1999. Depletion of biodiversity in an Acacia auriculiformis-introduced habitat. International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences 25(2): 127-141.

Turner, J.E.C. 1956. Dhaman or rat snake (Ptyas mucosus) drinking milk. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 54: 196-197.

Venning, F.E.W. 1912. Snake eating a snipe. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 21: 689-690.

Vyas, T.P. 1981. Sexual dimorphism in common Indian field snake, Ptyas mucosus (Linn.). Bioresearch (Ujjain) 5(1): 17.

Vyas, T.P. 1992. Sexual dimorphism in the Rat Snake Ptyas mucosus (Linnaeus). Cobra (Madras) 8: 13.

Wall, F. 1907. Hatching of dhaman (Zamenis mucosus) eggs, and observations on the egg tooth. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 17: 1033-1035.

Wall, F. 1914. Remarks to show that the snake hitherto known as Zamenis mucosus has been misplaced, and should be included in the genus Zaocys. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 23: 168-169.

Whitaker, R. 1969. Some notes on the habits of the Indian ratsnake (Ptyas mucosus Linn.) in a locality near Bombay. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 66: 185-186.

Whitaker, R. 1970. Cannibalism in the Indian rat snake Ptyas mucosus (Linnaeus). Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 67: 114.

Xu, S.; He, H.Y. 1998. A comparative study on the larynges of ten species of snakes. Zoological Research 19(1): 90-92.

Young, B.A.; Solomon, J.; Abishahin, G. 1999. How many ways can a snake growl? The morphology of sound production in Ptyas mucosus and its potential mimicry of Ophiophagus. Herpetological Journal 9(3): 89-94.

Ptyas multicincta

Hauser, S. 2018. Addition of Liopeltis frenatus (Günther, 1858) and Cyclophiops multicinctus (Roux, 1907) to the herpetofauna of Thailand (Squamata: Colubridae). Tropical Natural History 18(1): 54–67.

Smith, M.A. 1930. Two new snakes from Tonkin, Indo-China. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Ser. 10) 6: 681-683.

Xiao, Z.; Li, Z.C.; Qing, N. 2010. [Discovery of Cyclophiops multicinctus in Guangdong Province]. (In Chinese). Chinese Journal of Zoology 45(3): 166-167.

Ptyas nigromarginata

Bai, L.; Wang, K. 2015. Natural history notes: Ptyas nigromarginata (Green Ratsnake). Diet. Herpetological Review 46(3): 453.

Mitra, A. 2009. New records of snakes from district Trashigang, eastern Bhutan. Bioscan 4(1): 15-20.

Vogel, G.; Hauser, S. 2013. Addition of Ptyas nigromarginata (Blyth, 1854) (Squamata: Colubridae) to the snake fauna of Thailand with preliminary remarks on its distribution. Asian Herpetological Research 4(3): 166-181.

Ptyas semicarinata

Cunningham, D.S.; Burghardt, G.M. 1999. A comparative study of facial grooming after prey ingestion in colubrid snakes. Ethology 105(11): 913-936.

Kazumi, S.; Yamada, F.; Ishikawa, T.; Shibata, S. 2015. Feral cat diet and predation on endangered endemic mammals on a biodiversity hot spot (Amami-Ohshima Island, Japan). Wildlife Research 42(4): 343-352.

Nakachi, A. 1995. Seasonal activity pattern of the colubrid snake, Cyclophiops semicarinatus, on Okinawajima Island, Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan. Japanese Journal of Herpetology 16(1): 1-6.

Ota, H.; Shiroma, M.; Hikida, T. 1995. Geographic variation in the endemic Ryukyu green snake Cyclophiops semicarinatus (Serpentes: Colubridae). Journal of Herpetology 29(1): 44-50.

Toda, M. 2003. [Note on the neck wriggling behavior of the Ryukyu Green Snake, Cyclophiops semicarinatus]. (In Japanese). Bulletin of the Herpetological Society of Japan 2003(2): 67-71.

Toriba, M. 1991. Karyotypes of two colubrine snakes, Entechinus semicarinatus and Dinodon orientalis. The Snake 23(1): 1-5.