Citation: Midtgaard, Rune. RepFocus - A Survey of the Reptiles of the World. (www.repfocus.dk). Latest update: December 31st, 2022.
![](DIV/Logo_160h.gif)
![](DIV/Transparent_160x10.gif)
![](maps1/TAX/Serpentes/Colubridae/GIF/Sonora_160h.gif)
![](DIV/Transparent_160x10.gif)
![](IUCN/IUCN_Red_List_logo_75v.gif) ![](IUCN/GIF/Sonora.gif)
![](DIV/Transparent_160x10.gif)
![](EXP/Expanded_genus_account_160h_II.gif)
![](DIV/Transparent_160x10.gif)
|
Genus
Sonora
![](DIV/Blank_10x3.gif)
![](DIV/UK_12v.gif) |
North American Ground, Sand, and Shovel-nosed Snakes
|
![](DIV/Blank_10x3.gif)
![](DIV/DE_12v.gif) |
Westamerikanische Erdnattern, Sandnattern, und Schaufelnasen-Wühlnattern
|
![](DIV/Blank_10x3.gif)
![](DIV/DK_12v.gif) |
Vestamerikanske Jordsnoge, Sandsnoge, og Skovlnæsesnoge
|
![](DIV/Blank_10x3.gif)
1853 | ![](DIV/Blank_10x5.gif) |
Sonora Girard (type species: Sonora semiannulata Baird & Girard 1853) |
1857 | ![](DIV/Blank_10x5.gif) |
Lamprosoma Hallowell [not Lamprosoma Kirby 1819 (Insecta)] (type species: Rhinostoma occipitale Hallowell 1854) |
1860 | ![](DIV/Blank_10x5.gif) |
Chilomeniscus Cope (type species: Chilomeniscus stramineus Cope 1860; syn. Cox, Davis Rabosky, Holmes, Reyes-Velasco, Roelke, Smith, Flores-Villela, McGuire & Campbell 2018) |
1860 | ![](DIV/Blank_10x5.gif) |
Chionactis Cope [substitute name for Lamprosoma Hallowell 1857; syn. Cox, Davis Rabosky, Holmes, Reyes-Velasco, Roelke, Smith, Flores-Villela, McGuire & Campbell 2018] |
1879 | ![](DIV/Blank_10x5.gif) |
Procinura Cope (type species: Procinura aemula Cope 1879; syn. Williams & Wallach 1989; Cox, Rabosky, Reyes-Velasco, Ponce-Campos, Smith, Flores-Villela & Campbell 2012) |
Contents:
15 species, of which 10 (66.7%) are endemic.
Endemism: 0% 100%
Other common names:
Chilomeniscus: North American Sand Snakes
Chionactis: North American Shovel-nosed Snakes
Distribution:
W. and C. USA, Mexico.
Reported from:
Mexico
(Aguascalientes,
Baja California Norte,
Baja California Sur
[incl.
Isla Cerralvo,
Isla Danzante
Isla Espiritu Santo,
Isla Santa Margarita,
Isla Partida Sur]),
Chihuahua,
Coahuila,
Colima,
Durango,
Guerrero,
Jalisco,
Michoacan,
Morelos,
Nayarit,
Nuevo Leon,
Puebla,
Sinaloa,
Sonora
[incl.
Tiburon],
Tamaulipas,
Zacatecas),
USA
(Arizona,
Arkansas,
California,
Colorado,
Idaho,
Kansas,
Missouri,
Nevada,
New Mexico,
Oklahoma,
Oregon,
Texas,
Utah).
| |
![](DIV/Transparent_50x5.gif)
|
Sonora aemula
![](DIV/Blank_10x3.gif)
![](DIV/UK_12v.gif) |
File-tailed Ground Snake, File-tailed Snake, (False Coral Snake)
|
![](DIV/Blank_10x3.gif)
![](DIV/DE_12v.gif) |
Feilschwanz-Erdnatter
|
![](DIV/Blank_10x3.gif)
![](DIV/DK_12v.gif) |
Filhale-jordsnog
|
![](DIV/Blank_10x3.gif)
1879 | ![](DIV/Blank_10x5.gif) |
Procinura aemula Cope |
| ![](DIV/Blank_10x5.gif) |
Contia aemula Cope 1879 |
| ![](DIV/Blank_10x5.gif) |
Scolecophis aemulus Cope 1900 |
| ![](DIV/Blank_10x5.gif) |
Sonora aemula Bogert & Oliver 1945 |
![](DIV/Blank_10x3.gif)
Distribution:
Mexico
(Chihuahua,
Sinaloa,
Sonora).
|
![](DIV/Transparent_100x5.gif)
|
![](DIV/Transparent_50x5.gif)
|
Sonora annulata
![](DIV/Blank_10x3.gif)
![](DIV/UK_12v.gif) |
Southern Shovel-nosed Snake, Resplendent Desert Shovel-nosed Snake
|
![](DIV/Blank_10x3.gif)
![](DIV/DE_12v.gif) |
Südliche Schaufelnasen-Wühlnatter
|
![](DIV/Blank_10x3.gif)
![](DIV/DK_12v.gif) |
Sydlig Skovlnæsesnog
|
![](DIV/Blank_10x3.gif)
1859 | ![](DIV/Blank_10x5.gif) |
Lamprosoma annulatum Baird |
| ![](DIV/Blank_10x5.gif) |
Chionactis occipitalis annulatus Cope 1875 |
| ![](DIV/Blank_10x5.gif) |
Sonora occipitalis annulata Stickel 1941 |
| ![](DIV/Blank_10x5.gif) |
Chionactis annulatus Wood, Fisher & Vandergast 2014 |
| ![](DIV/Blank_10x5.gif) |
Sonora annulata Cox, Davis Rabosky, Holmes, Reyes-Velasco, Roelke, Smith, Flores-Villela, McGuire & Campbell 2018 |
1941 | ![](DIV/Blank_10x5.gif) |
Sonora occipitalis klauberi Stickel |
| ![](DIV/Blank_10x5.gif) |
Chionactis occipitalis klauberi Stickel 1943 |
| ![](DIV/Blank_10x5.gif) |
Chionactis annulatus klauberi Wood, Fisher & Vandergast 2014 |
1967 | ![](DIV/Blank_10x5.gif) |
Chionactis saxatilis Funk (Mahrdt, Beaman, Rosen & Holm 2001) |
![](DIV/Blank_10x3.gif)
Other common names:
annulata: Colorado Desert Shovel-nosed Snake
klauberi: Tucson Shovel-nosed Snake
Distribution:
Mexico
(Baja California Norte,
Sonora),
USA
(Arizona,
California).
|
![](DIV/Transparent_100x5.gif)
|
![](DIV/Transparent_50x5.gif)
|
Sonora cincta
![](DIV/Blank_10x3.gif)
![](DIV/UK_12v.gif) |
Sonoran Banded Sand Snake
|
![](DIV/Blank_10x3.gif)
![](DIV/DE_12v.gif) |
Gebänderte Sandnatter
|
![](DIV/Blank_10x3.gif)
![](DIV/DK_12v.gif) |
Båndet Sandsnog
|
![](DIV/Blank_10x3.gif)
1861 | ![](DIV/Blank_10x5.gif) |
Chilomeniscus cinctus Cope |
| ![](DIV/Blank_10x5.gif) |
Sonora cincta Cox, Davis Rabosky, Holmes, Reyes-Velasco, Roelke, Smith, Flores-Villela, McGuire & Campbell 2018 |
![](DIV/Blank_10x3.gif)
Remarks:
Previously regarded as a synonym of straminea (e.g., Grismer, Wong & Galina-Tessaro 2002).
Revalidated by Cox, Davis Rabosky, Holmes, Reyes-Velasco, Roelke, Smith, Flores-Villela, McGuire & Campbell (2018).
Distribution:
Mexico
(Baja California Norte,
Baja California Sur
[incl.
Isla Danzante],
Sinaloa,
Sonora
[incl.
Tiburon]),
USA
(Arizona).
|
![](DIV/Transparent_100x5.gif)
|
![](DIV/Transparent_50x5.gif)
|
Sonora episcopa
![](DIV/Blank_10x3.gif)
![](DIV/UK_12v.gif) |
Great Plains Ground Snake
|
![](DIV/Blank_10x3.gif)
![](DIV/DE_12v.gif) |
Prärie-Erdnatter
|
![](DIV/Blank_10x3.gif)
![](DIV/DK_12v.gif) |
Prærie-jordsnog
|
![](DIV/Blank_10x3.gif)
1859 | ![](DIV/Blank_10x5.gif) |
Lamprosoma episcopum Kennicott |
| ![](DIV/Blank_10x5.gif) |
Contia episcopa Cope 1880 |
| ![](DIV/Blank_10x5.gif) |
Chionactis episcopus Cope 1890 |
| ![](DIV/Blank_10x5.gif) |
Sonora episcopa Denburgh & Slevin 1913 |
| ![](DIV/Blank_10x5.gif) |
Sonora semiannulata episcopa Frost & Devender 1979 |
1901 | ![](DIV/Blank_10x5.gif) |
Contia nuchalis Schenkel (Cox, Davis Rabosky, Holmes, Reyes-Velasco, Roelke, Smith, Flores-Villela, McGuire & Campbell 2018) |
1880 | ![](DIV/Blank_10x5.gif) |
Contia episcopa torquata Cope (Cox, Davis Rabosky, Holmes, Reyes-Velasco, Roelke, Smith, Flores-Villela, McGuire & Campbell 2018) |
| ![](DIV/Blank_10x5.gif) |
Contia torquatus Boulenger 1894 |
| ![](DIV/Blank_10x5.gif) |
Chionactis episcopus torquatus Cope 1890 |
![](DIV/Blank_10x3.gif)
Remarks:
Previously included taylori.
Previously regarded as a synonym of semiannulata (e.g., Frost 1983).
Revalidated by Cox, Davis Rabosky, Holmes, Reyes-Velasco, Roelke, Smith, Flores-Villela, McGuire & Campbell (2018).
Exact distribution boundary between episcopa and semiannulata is unclear
(Cox, Davis Rabosky, Holmes, Reyes-Velasco, Roelke, Smith, Flores-Villela, McGuire & Campbell 2018).
Distribution:
Mexico
(Coahuila,
Tamaulipas),
USA
(Arkansas,
Colorado,
Kansas,
Missouri,
New Mexico,
Oklahoma,
Texas).
|
![](DIV/Transparent_100x5.gif)
|
![](DIV/Transparent_50x5.gif)
|
Sonora fasciata
![](DIV/Blank_10x3.gif)
![](DIV/UK_12v.gif) |
Baja California Banded Sand Snake
|
![](DIV/Blank_10x3.gif)
![](DIV/DE_12v.gif) |
Gebänderte Baja-California-Sandnatter
|
![](DIV/Blank_10x3.gif)
![](DIV/DK_12v.gif) |
Båndet Baja California-sandsnog
|
![](DIV/Blank_10x3.gif)
1892 | ![](DIV/Blank_10x5.gif) |
Chilomeniscus stramineus fasciatus Cope |
| ![](DIV/Blank_10x5.gif) |
Chilomeniscus fasciatus Holm 2008 |
| ![](DIV/Blank_10x5.gif) |
Sonora fasciata Cox, Davis Rabosky, Holmes, Reyes-Velasco, Roelke, Smith, Flores-Villela, McGuire & Campbell 2018 |
1939 | ![](DIV/Blank_10x5.gif) |
Chilomeniscus stramineus esterensis Hoard (Cox, Davis Rabosky, Holmes, Reyes-Velasco, Roelke, Smith, Flores-Villela, McGuire & Campbell 2018) |
![](DIV/Blank_10x3.gif)
Other common names:
esterensis: Baja California Sand Snake, Estero Salina Sandsnake
Remarks:
Previously regarded as a synonym of straminea (e.g., Grismer, Wong & Galina-Tessaro 2002).
Revalidated by Cox, Davis Rabosky, Holmes, Reyes-Velasco, Roelke, Smith, Flores-Villela, McGuire & Campbell (2018).
Distribution:
Mexico
(Baja California Sur
[incl.
Isla Santa Margarita]).
|
![](DIV/Transparent_100x5.gif)
|
![](DIV/Transparent_50x5.gif)
|
Sonora michoacanensis
![](DIV/Blank_10x3.gif)
![](DIV/UK_12v.gif) |
Michoacan Ground Snake
|
![](DIV/Blank_10x3.gif)
![](DIV/DE_12v.gif) |
Apatzingan-Erdnatter
|
![](DIV/Blank_10x3.gif)
![](DIV/DK_12v.gif) |
Apatzingan-jordsnog
|
![](DIV/Blank_10x3.gif)
1884 | ![](DIV/Blank_10x5.gif) |
Contia michoacanensis Duges |
| ![](DIV/Blank_10x5.gif) |
Elapomorphus michoacanensis Cope 1895 |
| ![](DIV/Blank_10x5.gif) |
Homalocranium michoacanense Günther 1895 |
| ![](DIV/Blank_10x5.gif) |
Chionactis michoacanensis Cope 1896 |
| ![](DIV/Blank_10x5.gif) |
Scolecophis michoacanensis Boulenger 1896 |
| ![](DIV/Blank_10x5.gif) |
Sonora michoacanensis Dunn 1928 |
1937 | ![](DIV/Blank_10x5.gif) |
Sonora erythrura Taylor (Cox, Davis Rabosky, Holmes, Reyes-Velasco, Roelke, Smith, Flores-Villela, McGuire & Campbell 2018) |
![](DIV/Blank_10x3.gif)
Remarks:
Previously included mutabilis.
Distribution:
Mexico
(Colima,
Guerrero,
Michoacan,
Morelos,
Puebla).
|
![](DIV/Transparent_100x5.gif)
|
![](DIV/Transparent_50x5.gif)
|
Sonora mosaueri
![](DIV/Blank_10x3.gif)
![](DIV/UK_12v.gif) |
Baja California Ground Snake
|
![](DIV/Blank_10x3.gif)
![](DIV/DE_12v.gif) |
Baja-California-Erdnatter
|
![](DIV/Blank_10x3.gif)
![](DIV/DK_12v.gif) |
Baja California-jordsnog
|
![](DIV/Blank_10x3.gif)
1938 | ![](DIV/Blank_10x5.gif) |
Sonora mosaueri Stickel |
![](DIV/Blank_10x3.gif)
Remarks:
Previously regarded as a synonym of semiannulata (e.g., Frost 1983).
Revalidated by Cox, Davis Rabosky, Holmes, Reyes-Velasco, Roelke, Smith, Flores-Villela, McGuire & Campbell (2018).
Distribution:
Mexico
(Baja California Norte,
Baja California Sur).
|
![](DIV/Transparent_100x5.gif)
|
![](DIV/Transparent_50x5.gif)
|
Sonora mutabilis
![](DIV/Blank_10x3.gif)
![](DIV/UK_12v.gif) |
Mexican Ground Snake
|
![](DIV/Blank_10x3.gif)
![](DIV/DE_12v.gif) |
Mexikanische Erdnatter
|
![](DIV/Blank_10x3.gif)
![](DIV/DK_12v.gif) |
Mexicansk Jordsnog
|
![](DIV/Blank_10x3.gif)
1943 | ![](DIV/Blank_10x5.gif) |
Sonora michoacanensis mutabilis Stickel |
| ![](DIV/Blank_10x5.gif) |
Sonora mutabilis Ponce-Campos, Smith, Harris & Chiszar 2004 |
1945 | ![](DIV/Blank_10x5.gif) |
Sonora aequalis Smith & Taylor (Cox, Davis Rabosky, Holmes, Reyes-Velasco, Roelke, Smith, Flores-Villela, McGuire & Campbell 2018) |
![](DIV/Blank_10x3.gif)
Other common names:
aequalis: Jalisco-Zacatecas Ground Snake
Remarks:
Previously regarded as a subspecies or synonym of michoacanensis.
Revalidated again by Cox, Davis Rabosky, Holmes, Reyes-Velasco, Roelke, Smith, Flores-Villela, McGuire & Campbell (2018).
Ponce-Campos, Smith, Harris & Chiszar (2004) revalidated aequalis as a separate species, however, Cox, Davis-Rabosky, Reyes-Velasco, Ponce-Campos, Smith, Flores-Villela & Campbell (2012) subsequently reassigned it as a synonym of mutabilis. Records from Distrito Federal (e.g., Smith & Taylor 1945) are erroneous (Ponce-Campos, Smith, Harris & Chiszar 2004).
Records from Distrito Federal (e.g., Smith & Taylor 1945) are erroneous (Ponce-Campos, Smith, Harris & Chiszar 2004).
Distribution:
Mexico
(Aguascalientes,
Jalisco,
Nayarit,
Sinaloa,
Zacatecas).
|
![](DIV/Transparent_100x5.gif)
|
![](DIV/Transparent_50x5.gif)
|
Sonora occipitalis
![](DIV/Blank_10x3.gif)
![](DIV/UK_12v.gif) |
Northern Shovel-nosed Snake, (Mojave Shovel-nosed Snake, Western Shovel-nosed Snake)
|
![](DIV/Blank_10x3.gif)
![](DIV/DE_12v.gif) |
Nördliche Schaufelnasen-Wühlnatter
|
![](DIV/Blank_10x3.gif)
![](DIV/DK_12v.gif) |
Nordlig Skovlnæsesnog
|
![](DIV/Blank_10x3.gif)
1854 | ![](DIV/Blank_10x5.gif) |
Rhinostoma occipitale Hallowell |
| ![](DIV/Blank_10x5.gif) |
Lamprosoma occipitale Hallowell 1856 |
| ![](DIV/Blank_10x5.gif) |
Chionactis occipitale Cope 1860 |
| ![](DIV/Blank_10x5.gif) |
Holasoma occipitale Müller 1882 |
| ![](DIV/Blank_10x5.gif) |
Contia occipitalis Garman 1884 |
| ![](DIV/Blank_10x5.gif) |
Sonora occipitalis Denburgh & Slevin 1913 |
1951 | ![](DIV/Blank_10x5.gif) |
Chionactis occipitalis talpina Klauber |
![](DIV/Blank_10x3.gif)
Other common names:
occipitalis: Mojave Shovel-nosed Snake
saxatilis: Gila Mountains Shovel-nosed Snake
talpina: Nevada Shovel-nosed Snake
Remarks:
Previously included annulata.
Now restricted to the USA.
Records from Mexico refer to annulata (Wood, Fisher & Vandergast 2014).
Distribution:
USA
(Arizona,
California,
Nevada).
|
![](DIV/Transparent_100x5.gif)
|
![](DIV/Transparent_50x5.gif)
|
Sonora palarostris
![](DIV/Blank_10x3.gif)
![](DIV/UK_12v.gif) |
Sonoran Shovel-nosed Snake
|
![](DIV/Blank_10x3.gif)
![](DIV/DE_12v.gif) |
Sonora-Schaufelnasen-Wühlnatter
|
![](DIV/Blank_10x3.gif)
![](DIV/DK_12v.gif) |
Sonora-skovlnæsesnog
|
![](DIV/Blank_10x3.gif)
1937 | ![](DIV/Blank_10x5.gif) |
Sonora palarostris Klauber |
| ![](DIV/Blank_10x5.gif) |
Sonora occipitalis palarostris Stickel 1941 |
| ![](DIV/Blank_10x5.gif) |
Chionactis occipitalis palarostris Stickel 1943 |
| ![](DIV/Blank_10x5.gif) |
Chionactis palarostris Klauber 1951 |
1951 | ![](DIV/Blank_10x5.gif) |
Chionactis palarostris organica Klauber |
![](DIV/Blank_10x3.gif)
Other common names:
organica: Organ Pipe Shovel-nosed Snake
palarostris: Common Sonoran Shovel-nosed Snake
Distribution:
Mexico
(Sonora),
USA
(Arizona).
|
![](DIV/Transparent_100x5.gif)
|
![](DIV/Transparent_50x5.gif)
|
Sonora punctatissima
![](DIV/Blank_10x3.gif)
![](DIV/UK_12v.gif) |
Espiritu Santo Island Sandsnake, Island Burrowing Sand Snake
|
![](DIV/Blank_10x3.gif)
![](DIV/DE_12v.gif) |
Espiritu-Santo-Sandnatter
|
![](DIV/Blank_10x3.gif)
![](DIV/DK_12v.gif) |
Espiritu Santo-sandsnog
|
![](DIV/Blank_10x3.gif)
1921 | ![](DIV/Blank_10x5.gif) |
Chilomeniscus punctatissimus Van Denburgh & Slevin |
| ![](DIV/Blank_10x5.gif) |
Sonora punctatissima Cox, Davis Rabosky, Holmes, Reyes-Velasco, Roelke, Smith, Flores-Villela, McGuire & Campbell 2018 |
![](DIV/Blank_10x3.gif)
Remarks:
Previously regarded as a synonym of straminea (e.g., Grismer, Wong & Galina-Tessaro 2002).
Revalidated by Cox, Davis Rabosky, Holmes, Reyes-Velasco, Roelke, Smith, Flores-Villela, McGuire & Campbell (2018).
Distribution:
Mexico
(Baja California Sur
[Isla Espiritu Santo,
Isla Partida Sur]).
|
![](DIV/Transparent_100x5.gif)
|
![](DIV/Transparent_50x5.gif)
|
Sonora savagei
![](DIV/Blank_10x3.gif)
![](DIV/UK_12v.gif) |
Cerralvo Island Sand Snake
|
![](DIV/Blank_10x3.gif)
![](DIV/DE_12v.gif) |
Cerralvo-Sandnatter
|
![](DIV/Blank_10x3.gif)
![](DIV/DK_12v.gif) |
Cerralvo-sandsnog
|
![](DIV/Blank_10x3.gif)
1954 | ![](DIV/Blank_10x5.gif) |
Chilomeniscus savagei Cliff |
| ![](DIV/Blank_10x5.gif) |
Sonora savagei Cox, Davis Rabosky, Holmes, Reyes-Velasco, Roelke, Smith, Flores-Villela, McGuire & Campbell 2018 |
![](DIV/Blank_10x3.gif)
Distribution:
Mexico
(Baja California Sur:
Isla Cerralvo).
|
![](DIV/Transparent_100x5.gif)
|
![](DIV/Transparent_50x5.gif)
|
Sonora semiannulata
![](DIV/Blank_10x3.gif)
![](DIV/UK_12v.gif) |
Western Ground Snake, Common Ground Snake
|
![](DIV/Blank_10x3.gif)
![](DIV/DE_12v.gif) |
Westliche Erdnatter
|
![](DIV/Blank_10x3.gif)
![](DIV/DK_12v.gif) |
Vestlig Jordsnog
|
![](DIV/Blank_10x3.gif)
1853 | ![](DIV/Blank_10x5.gif) |
Sonora semiannulata Baird & Girard |
1866 | ![](DIV/Blank_10x5.gif) |
Contia isozona Cope (Cox, Davis Rabosky, Holmes, Reyes-Velasco, Roelke, Smith, Flores-Villela, McGuire & Campbell 2018) |
| ![](DIV/Blank_10x5.gif) |
Contia episcopa isozona Cope 1880 |
| ![](DIV/Blank_10x5.gif) |
Chionactis episcopus isozonus Cope 1890 |
| ![](DIV/Blank_10x5.gif) |
Chionactis isozonus Richardson 1915 |
| ![](DIV/Blank_10x5.gif) |
Sonora semiannulata isozona Stickel 1943 |
1938 | ![](DIV/Blank_10x5.gif) |
Sonora miniata linearis Stickel (Cox, Davis Rabosky, Holmes, Reyes-Velasco, Roelke, Smith, Flores-Villela, McGuire & Campbell 2018) |
| ![](DIV/Blank_10x5.gif) |
Sonora semiannulata linearis Stickel 1943 |
1938 | ![](DIV/Blank_10x5.gif) |
Sonora miniata miniata Stickel (Cox, Davis Rabosky, Holmes, Reyes-Velasco, Roelke, Smith, Flores-Villela, McGuire & Campbell 2018) |
1938 | ![](DIV/Blank_10x5.gif) |
Sonora semiannulata blanchardi Stickel (Cox, Davis Rabosky, Holmes, Reyes-Velasco, Roelke, Smith, Flores-Villela, McGuire & Campbell 2018) |
1938 | ![](DIV/Blank_10x5.gif) |
Sonora semiannulata gloydi Stickel (Cox, Davis Rabosky, Holmes, Reyes-Velasco, Roelke, Smith, Flores-Villela, McGuire & Campbell 2018) |
1943 | ![](DIV/Blank_10x5.gif) |
Sonora bancroftae Klauber (Cox, Davis Rabosky, Holmes, Reyes-Velasco, Roelke, Smith, Flores-Villela, McGuire & Campbell 2018) |
![](DIV/Blank_10x3.gif)
Other common names:
blanchardi: Trans-Pecos Ground Snake
gloydi: Grand Canyon Ground Snake
isozona: Great Basin Ground Snake
linearis: Vermillion-lined Ground Snake
semiannulata: Variable Ground Snake, Santa Rita Ground Snake
Remarks:
Previously included episcopa, mosaueri, and taylori.
Exact distribution boundary between episcopa and semiannulata is unclear
(Cox, Davis Rabosky, Holmes, Reyes-Velasco, Roelke, Smith, Flores-Villela, McGuire & Campbell 2018).
Distribution:
Mexico
(Baja California Norte,
Chihuahua,
Durango,
Jalisco,
Nuevo Leon,
Sonora,
Zacatecas),
USA
(Arizona,
California,
Idaho,
Nevada,
New Mexico,
Oregon,
Texas,
Utah).
|
![](DIV/Transparent_100x5.gif)
|
![](DIV/Transparent_50x5.gif)
|
Sonora straminea
![](DIV/Blank_10x3.gif)
![](DIV/UK_12v.gif) |
Baja California Bandless Sand Snake, Bandless Sand Snake, (Variable Sand Snake, Spotted Sand Snake)
|
![](DIV/Blank_10x3.gif)
![](DIV/DE_12v.gif) |
Südliche Baja-California-Sandnatter
|
![](DIV/Blank_10x3.gif)
![](DIV/DK_12v.gif) |
Sydlig Baja California-sandsnog
|
![](DIV/Blank_10x3.gif)
1860 | ![](DIV/Blank_10x5.gif) |
Chilomeniscus stramineus Cope |
| ![](DIV/Blank_10x5.gif) |
Sonora straminea Cox, Davis Rabosky, Holmes, Reyes-Velasco, Roelke, Smith, Flores-Villela, McGuire & Campbell 2018 |
![](DIV/Blank_10x3.gif)
Remarks:
Previously included cincta, fasciata, and punctatissima.
Distribution:
Mexico
(Baja California Sur).
|
![](DIV/Transparent_100x5.gif)
|
![](DIV/Transparent_50x5.gif)
|
Sonora taylori
![](DIV/Blank_10x3.gif)
![](DIV/UK_12v.gif) |
South Texas Ground Snake
|
![](DIV/Blank_10x3.gif)
![](DIV/DE_12v.gif) |
Südtexanische Erdnatter
|
![](DIV/Blank_10x3.gif)
![](DIV/DK_12v.gif) |
Sydtexansk Jordsnog
|
![](DIV/Blank_10x3.gif)
1894 | ![](DIV/Blank_10x5.gif) |
Contia taylori Boulenger |
| ![](DIV/Blank_10x5.gif) |
Chionactis taylori Cope 1900 |
| ![](DIV/Blank_10x5.gif) |
Sonora taylori Stejneger & Barbour 1917 |
| ![](DIV/Blank_10x5.gif) |
Sonora episcopa taylori Stickel 1943 |
| ![](DIV/Blank_10x5.gif) |
Sonora semiannulata taylori Dixon 2000 |
![](DIV/Blank_10x3.gif)
Remarks:
Previously regarded as a subspecies of episcopa (Stickel 1943) or of semiannulata (e.g., Frost 1983).
Revalidated by Cox, Davis Rabosky, Holmes, Reyes-Velasco, Roelke, Smith, Flores-Villela, McGuire & Campbell (2018).
Presence in Mexico (Nuevo Leo, Tamaulipas) needs confirmation (Cox, Davis Rabosky, Holmes, Reyes-Velasco, Roelke, Smith, Flores-Villela, McGuire & Campbell (2018).
Distribution:
USA
(Texas).
|
![](DIV/Transparent_100x5.gif)
|
|