Citation: Midtgaard, Rune. RepFocus - A Survey of the Reptiles of the World. (www.repfocus.dk).
Latest update:
August 27th, 2024.
 
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Genus
Trimeresurus
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Oriental Pitvipers
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Orientalische Bambusottern
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Orientalske Træhugorme
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1804 |  |
Trimeresurus Lacépède (type species: Vipera viridis Daudin 1803) |
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Trimesurus Gray 1842 [unjustified emendation] |
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1843 | |
Bothrophis Fitzinger (type species: Trimeresurus viridis Lacépède 1804; syn. David, Vogel & Dubois 2011) |
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1860 | |
Cryptelytrops Cope 1859 (type species: Trimesurus carinatus Gray 1842; syn. David, Vogel & Dubois 2011) |
Contents:
26 species, of which 14 (53.8%) are endemic.
Endemism: 0%  100%
Remarks:
Malhotra & Thorpe (2004) proposed a division of Trimeresurus (s.l.) into several new or revalidated genera: Cryptelytrops,
Garthius,
Himalayophis,
Parias,
Peltopelor,
Popeia, Trimeresurus (s.s.), and
Viridovipera. This arrangement has been followed by most subsequent authors (e.g., Wallach, Williams & Boundy 2014), as well as herein, although some authors prefer to regard these genera as subgenera of Trimeresurus (e.g., David & Vogel in Visser 2015), with the exception of
Garthius, which is generally recognized as a valid genus. More recently, David, Vogel & Dubois (2011) showed that Cryptelytrops is a synonym of Trimeresurus. Consequently, all species formerly placed in Cryptelytrops are now placed in Trimeresurus, whereas the species previously placed in Trimeresurus by Malhotra & Thorpe (2004) are now assigned to
Craspedocephalus, the next available name for this group of snakes.
Distribution:
S. Asia, Malay Archipelago.
Reported from:
Bangladesh,
Bhutan,
Cambodia,
China
(Anhui,
Fujian,
Guangdong
[incl.
Nan Ao Island],
Guangxi,
Guizhou,
Hainan,
Hong Kong
[incl.
Shek Kwu Chau Island],
Jiangxi,
Macau,
Yunnan),
East Timor
(incl.
Atauro Island),
India
(Andaman & Nicobar Islands
[Andaman Islands,
Nicobar Islands],
Arunachal Pradesh,
Assam,
Chhattisgarh,
Himachal Pradesh,
Jammu & Kashmir,
Jharkhand,
Madhya Pradesh,
Maharashtra,
Manipur,
Meghalaya,
Mizoram,
Nagaland,
Punjab,
Sikkim,
Uttarakhand,
West Bengal
[incl.
Darjeeling]),
Indonesia
(Adonara,
Alor,
Bali,
Flores,
Java,
Kisar,
Komodo,
Lembata,
Lombok,
Madura,
Padar,
Pantar,
Penida,
Riau Islands,
Rinca,
Roma,
Romang,
Rote,
Savu,
Semau,
Sumatra,
Sumba,
Sumbawa,
Tanahjampea,
West Timor,
Wetar),
Laos,
Malaysia
(West Malaysia
[incl.
Langkawi Archipelago]),
Myanmar,
Nepal,
Singapore,
Thailand,
Vietnam
(incl.
Cat Ba Island,
Hon Son Island,
Phu Quoc Island).
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Trimeresurus albolabris
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Northeastern White-lipped Tree Pitviper, Southeast Asian White-lipped Tree Pitviper, White-lipped Pitviper, White-lipped Bamboo Pitviper, Yellow-lipped Green Pitviper, Green Pitviper
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Weisslippen-Bambusotter
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Sydøstasiatisk Hvidlæbet Træhugorm, (Hvidlæbet Palmehugorm)
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1842 | |
Trimesurus [sic] albolabris Gray |
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Trimeresurus gramineus albolabris Mell 1922 |
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Cryptelytrops albolabris Malhotra & Thorpe 2004 |
Remarks:
The distribution of albolabris comprises several lineages, which probably represent separate species.
T. albolabris (sensu stricto) occurs in S. China, Laos, and N. Vietnam.
Previously included insularis, septentrionalis, and the populations now assigned to caudornatus, davidi, guoi, salazar, and uetzi.
Records from Himachal Pradesh and Punjab are tentatively referred to septentrionalis.
Records from West Malaysia, Borneo, and N. Bangladesh, need verification (Wüster in David & Ineich 1999; Gumprecht, Tillack, Orlov, Captain & Ryabov 2004).
Distribution:
Cambodia,
China
(Anhui,
Fujian,
Guangdong
[incl.
Nan Ao Island],
Guangxi,
Guizhou,
Hainan,
Hong Kong
[incl.
Shek Kwu Chau Island],
Jiangxi,
Macau,
Yunnan),
Indonesia
(Java,
Madura,
Sumatra),
Laos,
Thailand,
Vietnam
(incl.
Cat Ba Island).
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Trimeresurus albolabris
© Rune Midtgaard
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Trimeresurus andersoni
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Andaman Pitviper, (Anderson's Pitviper)
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Andamanische Bambusotter, (Andersons Bambusotter)
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Andamansk Træhugorm
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1868 | |
Trimeresurus Andersoni Theobald |
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Trimeresurus purpureomaculatus andersoni Smith 1943 |
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Cryptelytrops andersoni Malhotra & Thorpe 2004 |
Remarks:
Malhotra & Thorpe (1996) suggested that andersoni should be regarded as a distinct species, rather than a subspecies of purpureomaculatus. The validity was later confirmed by the same authors (Malhotra & Thorpe 2004).
Distribution:
India
(Andaman & Nicobar Islands
[Andaman Islands,
Nicobar Islands]).
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Trimeresurus ayeyarwadyensis
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Ayeyarwady Pitviper
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Ayeyarwady-Bambusotter
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Ayeyarwady-træhugorm
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2023 | |
Trimeresurus ayeyarwadyensis Chan, Anuar, Sankar, Law, Law, Shivaram, Christian, Mulcahy & Malhotra |
Distribution:
Myanmar.
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Trimeresurus cantori
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Central Nicobar Pitviper, (Cantor's Pitviper)
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Nicobarische Bambusotter, (Cantors Bambusotter)
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Centralnicobarisk Træhugorm
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1846 | |
Trigonocephalus Cantori Blyth |
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Trimeresurus viridis cantori Blyth 1861 |
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Trimeresurus cantori Stoliczka 1870 |
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Lachesis cantori Boulenger 1896 |
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Cryptelytrops cantori Malhotra & Thorpe 2004 |
Distribution:
India
(Andaman & Nicobar Islands:
Nicobar Islands).
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Trimeresurus cardamomensis
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Cardamom Mountains Green Pitviper
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Kambodschanische Bambusotter
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Cambodiansk Grøn Træhugorm
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2011 | |
Cryptelytrops cardamomensis Malhotra, Thorpe, Mrinalini & Stuart |
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Trimeresurus cardamomensis Wallach, Williams & Boundy 2014 |
Remarks:
Until its description in 2011, this species was confused with macrops (Malhotra, Thorpe, Mrinalini & Stuart 2011). Validity confirmed by Mrinalini, Thorpe, Creer, Lallias, Dawnay, Stuart & Malhotra (2015).
Distribution:
Cambodia,
Thailand,
Vietnam
(Phu Quoc Island).
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Trimeresurus cardamomensis
© Henrik Bringsøe
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Trimeresurus caudornatus
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Nabang Pitviper, (Ornament-tailed Pitviper)
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Nabang-Bambusotter
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Nabang-træhugorm
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2020 | |
Trimeresurus caudornatus Chen, Ding, Vogel & Shi in Chen, Yu, Vogel, Shi, Song, Tang, Yang, Ding & Chen |
Distribution:
China
(Yunnan),
Myanmar.
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Trimeresurus ciliaris
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Limestone Eyelash Pitviper
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Trang-Bambusotter
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Trang-træhugorm
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2023 | |
Trimeresurus ciliaris Idiiatullina, Pawangkhanant, Tawan, Worranuch, Dechochai, Suwannapoom, Nguyen, Chanhome & Poyarkov |
Remarks:
Previously regarded as a population of venustus (Idiiatullina, Pawangkhanant, Tawan, Worranuch, Dechochai, Suwannapoom, Nguyen, Chanhome & Poyarkov 2023).
Distribution:
Malaysia
(West Malaysia),
Thailand.
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Trimeresurus cyanolabris
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Blue-lipped Pitviper
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Blaulippen-Bambusotter
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Blålæbet Træhugorm
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2024 | |
Trimeresurus cyanolabris Idiiatullina, Nguyen, Bragin, Pawangkhanant, Le, Vogel, David & Poyarkov |
Remarks:
Previously regarded as a population of rubeus (e.g., Hoang, Luu, Tran, Le, To, Dang & Nguyen 2019).
Distribution:
Vietnam.
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Trimeresurus davidi
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Car Nicobar Green Pitviper
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Grüne Car-Nikobar-Bambusotter
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Grøn Car Nicobar-træhugorm
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2020 | |
Trimeresurus davidi Chandramouli, Campbell & Vogel |
Remarks:
Previously regarded as a population of albolabris.
Distribution:
India
(Andaman & Nicobar Islands:
Nicobar Islands:
Car Nicobar).
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Trimeresurus erythrurus
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Red-tailed Pitviper, Red-tailed Bamboo Pitviper, Spot-tailed Pitviper, Burmese Green Pitviper
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Rotschwanz-Bambusotter
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Rødhalet Træhugorm
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1839 | |
Trigonocephalus erythrurus Cantor |
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Trimeresurus erythrurus Günther 1864 |
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Cryptelytrops erythrurus Malhotra & Thorpe 2004 |
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1853 | |
Trimeresurus bicolor Gray [part] (Golay & al. 1993) |
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1874 | |
Trimeresurus carinatus Fayer [not Cryptelytrops carinatus Cope 1860] (Golay & al. 1993) |
Remarks:
Presence in Nepal needs confirmation (Whitaker & Captain 2004; Kästle, Rai & Schleich 2013), although the species has been listed from the country (e.g., Das 1996).
Records from Thailand are erroneous (Vogel 1990; Cox 1991), although listed from the country in the past
(e.g., Nutphand 1971; Taylor 1965; Minton, Dowling & Russell 1968).
Distribution:
Bangladesh,
Bhutan,
India
(Arunachal Pradesh,
Assam,
Manipur,
Mizoram,
Nagaland,
Sikkim,
West Bengal),
Myanmar.
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Trimeresurus fasciatus
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Banded Pitviper
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Gebänderte Bambusotter
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Båndet Træhugorm
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1896 | |
Lachesis fasciatus Boulenger |
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Trimeresurus gramineus fasciatus Dunn 1927 |
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Trimeresurus fasciatus Maslin 1942 |
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Cryptelytrops fasciatus Malhotra & Thorpe 2004 |
Distribution:
Indonesia
(Tanahjampea).
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Trimeresurus guoi
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Jiangcheng Green Pitviper
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Jiangcheng-Bambusotter
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Jiangcheng-træhugorm
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2021 | |
Trimeresurus guoi Chen, Shi, Gao, Vogel, Song, Ding & Dai |
Remarks:
Previously regarded as a population of albolabris.
Distribution:
China
(Yunnan),
Laos,
Myanmar,
Thailand,
Vietnam.
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Trimeresurus honsonensis
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Hon Son Pitviper
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Hon Son-Bambusotter
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Hon Son-træhugorm
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2008 | |
Cryptelytrops honsonensis Grismer, Ngo & Grismer |
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Trimeresurus honsonensis Wallach, Williams & Boundy 2014 |
Distribution:
Vietnam
(Hon Son Island).
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Trimeresurus insularis
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Lesser Sundas White-lipped Pitviper, White-lipped Island Pitviper
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Insel-Bambusotter
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Indonesisk Hvidlæbet Træhugorm
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1804 | |
Trimeresurus viridis Lacepede [nomen oblitum; not Coluber viridis Bechstein 1802] (syn. David, Vogel & Dubois 2011) |
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1977 | |
Trimeresurus albolabris insularis Kramer |
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Trimeresurus insularis Giannasi, Thorpe & Malhotra 2001 |
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Cryptelytrops insularis Malhotra & Thorpe 2004 |
Remarks:
Presence in Sulawesi needs confirmation, since only a single voucher specimen, is available from the island (De Lang & Vogel 2005).
Distribution:
East Timor
(incl.
Atauro Island),
Indonesia
(Adonara,
Alor,
Bali,
Flores,
Java,
Kisar,
Komodo,
Lembata,
Lombok,
Padar,
Pantar,
Penida,
Rinca,
Roma,
Romang,
Rote,
Savu,
Semau,
Sumba,
Sumbawa,
West Timor,
Wetar).
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Trimeresurus kanburiensis
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Kanburi Pitviper, Tiger Pitviper, Kanburi Green Pitviper
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Kanburi-Bambusotter
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Kanburi-træhugorm
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1943 | |
Trimeresurus kanburiensis Smith |
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Cryptelytrops kanburiensis Malhotra & Thorpe 2004 |
Remarks:
Previously included venustus, a species confirmed distinct by Malhotra & Thorpe (2004) and David, Vogel, Sumontha, Pauwels & Chanhome (2004).
Confused with purpureomaculatus in several older publications which show pictures of kanburiensis, which are in fact purpureomaculatus
(e.g., Nutphand 1971; Thumwipat & Nutphand 1982; Reitinger 1978).
See comments in David, Cox, Pauwels, Chanhome & Thirakhupt (2004).
Records of from Vietnam, tentatively assigned to kanburiensis, have since been described as a separate species,
Viridovipera truongsonensis.
Distribution:
Thailand.
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Trimeresurus kraensis
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Kra Isthmus Pitviper
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Kra-Bambusotter
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Kra-træhugorm
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2024 | |
Trimeresurus kraensis Idiiatullina, Pawangkhanant, Suwannapoom, Tawan, Chanhome, Nguyen, David, Vogel & Poyarkov |
Remarks:
Previously regarded as a population of venustus.
Distribution:
Thailand.
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Trimeresurus kraensis
© Henrik Bringsøe
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Trimeresurus kuiburi
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Kui Buri Pitviper
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Kui-Buri-Bambusotter
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Kui Buri-træhugorm
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2021 | |
Trimeresurus kuiburi Sumontha, Suntrarachun, Pauwels, Pawangkhanant, Chomngam, Iamwiriyakul & Chanhome |
Distribution:
Thailand.
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Trimeresurus kuiburi
© Henrik Bringsøe
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Trimeresurus labialis
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Car Nicobar Brown Pitviper, (Nicobar Bamboo Pitviper, Nicobar Pitviper)
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Braune Car-Nikobar-Bambusotter
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Brun Car Nicobar-træhugorm
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1861 | |
Bothrophis labialis Fitzinger [nomen nudum] |
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Trimeresurus labialis Fitzinger in Steindachner 1867 |
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Cryptelytrops labialis Malhotra & Thorpe 2004 |
Remarks:
Previously included mutabilis.
Photos of labialis from the Andaman Islands in Vogel (2006) were with wrong locality; the specimens were taken in Car Nicobar Island (Vogel, David & Chandramouli 2014)
Distribution:
India
(Andaman & Nicobar Islands:
Nicobar Islands:
Car Nicobar).
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Trimeresurus macrops
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Big-eyed Green Pitviper, Large-eyed Green Pitviper, Large-eyed Pitviper, Large-eyed Bamboo Pitviper, Dark-green Bamboo Pitviper, (Kramer's Pitviper)
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Grossaugen-Bambusotter
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Storøjet Grøn Træhugorm
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1977 | |
Trimeresurus macrops Kramer |
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Cryptelytrops macrops Malhotra & Thorpe 2004 |
Remarks:
Until its description in 1977, this species was confused with popeiorum (Gumprecht, Tillack, Orlov, Captain & Ryabov 2004).
Subsequently, it has been confused with cardamomensis and rubeus (Malhotra, Thorpe, Mrinalini & Stuart 2011).
Records from Vietnam refer to rubeus (Malhotra, Thorpe, Mrinalini & Stuart 2011).
Distribution:
Cambodia,
Laos,
Thailand.
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Trimeresurus macrops
© Henrik Bringsøe
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Trimeresurus mutabilis
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Camorta Island Pitviper
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Camorta-Bambusotter
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Camorta-træhugorm
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1870 | |
Trimeresurus mutabilis Stoliczka |
Remarks:
Previously regarded as a synonym of labialis (e.g., Golay & al. 1993). Revalidated as a separate species by Vogel, David & Chandramouli (2014).
Distribution:
India
(Andaman & Nicobar Islands:
Nicobar Islands).
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Trimeresurus purpureomaculatus
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Mangrove Pitviper, Purple-spotted Pitviper, Shore Pitviper
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Mangrovenotter
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Mangrovetræhugorm, (Mangrovepalmehugorm)
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1832 | |
Trigonocephalus purpureo-maculatus Gray |
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Trimeresurus purpureomaculatus Boulenger 1890 |
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Lachesis purpureomaculatus Boulenger 1896 |
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Cryptelytrops purpureomaculatus Malhotra & Thorpe 2004 |
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1842 | |
Trimesurus purpureus Gray [unjustified emendation of Trimeresurus and of purpureo-maculatus Gray 1832] |
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Trimeresurus purpureus Günther 1864 |
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1842 | |
Trimesurus carinatus Gray (McDiarmid, Campbel & Touré 1999) |
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Cryptelytrops carinatus Cope 1860 |
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Trimeresurus carinatus Theobald 1868 |
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1853 | |
Trimeresurus bicolor Gray [part] (Golay & al. 1993) |
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1861 | |
Trimeresurus porphyraceus Blyth "1860" (McDiarmid, Campbel & Touré 1999) |
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1868 | |
Trimeresurus obscurus Theobald (Golay & al. 1993) |
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1927 | |
Trimeresurus acutimentalis Werner (Golay & al. 1993) |
Remarks:
Previously included andersoni. Reports from the Andaman Islands refer to andersoni (Das 1999).
Distribution:
Indonesia
(Riau Islands,
Sumatra),
Malaysia
(West Malaysia
[incl.
Langkawi Archipelago]),
Myanmar,
Singapore,
Thailand.
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Trimeresurus purpureomaculatus
© Rune Midtgaard
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Trimeresurus rubeus
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Ruby-eyed Green Pitviper
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Rotaugen-Bambusotter
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Rødøjet Træhugorm
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2011 | |
Cryptelytrops rubeus Malhotra, Thorpe, Mrinalini & Stuart |
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Craspedocephalus rubeus Wallach, Williams & Boundy 2014 [lapsus?] |
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Trimeresurus rubeus Mrinalini, Thorpe, Creer, Lallias, Dawnay, Stuart & Malhotra 2015 |
Remarks:
Until its description in 2011, this species was confused with macrops (Malhotra, Thorpe, Mrinalini & Stuart 2011).
Validity confirmed by Mrinalini, Thorpe, Creer, Lallias, Dawnay, Stuart & Malhotra (2015).
Wallach, Williams & Boundy (2014), presumably by mistake, assigned rubeus to
Craspedocephalus,
without discussion or transferring closely related species to the same genus.
As shown by Mrinalini, Thorpe, Creer, Lallias, Dawnay, Stuart & Malhotra (2015), the species belongs in the genus Trimeresurus
(sensu David, Vogel & Dubois 2011, previously Cryptelytrops).
Distribution:
Cambodia,
Vietnam.
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Trimeresurus salazar
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Seijosa Pitviper, (Salazar's Pitviper)
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Seijosa Bambusotter
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Seijosa-træhugorm
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2020 | |
Trimeresurus salazar Mirza, Bhosale, Phansalkar, Sawant, Gowande & Patel |
Remarks:
Bhutan is tentatively included in the distribution, based on a snake identified as as "T. cf. salazar"
(Koirala, Jamtsho, Wangdi, Tshering, Wangdi, Norbu, Phuntsho, Lhendup & Nidup 2021), as well as records of albilabris.
Distribution:
Bhutan,
India
(Arunachal Pradesh,
Assam,
Chhattisgarh,
Madhya Pradesh,
Maharashtra,
Manipur,
Meghalaya,
West Bengal
[incl.
Darjeeling]),
Nepal.
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Trimeresurus septentrionalis
|
Northern White-lipped Pitviper, Himalayan White-lipped Pitviper, Nepal Pitviper
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Nepal-Bambusotter
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Nordlig Hvidlæbet Træhugorm
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|
1977 | |
Trimeresurus albolabris septentrionalis Kramer |
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Trimeresurus septentrionalis Giannasi, Thorpe & Malhotra 2001 |
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| |
Cryptelytrops septentrionalis Malhotra & Thorpe 2004 |
Remarks:
Records of albolabris from Himachal Pradesh and Punjab are tentatively referred to septentrionalis, however, the species was not mentioned for Punjab by Singh, Dutta & Singh (2021).
Distribution:
India
(Himachal Pradesh,
Jammu & Kashmir,
Punjab,
Uttarakhand),
Nepal.
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Trimeresurus uetzi
|
Burmese White-lipped Tree Pitviper
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Burmesische Weißlippen-Bambusotter
|
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Burmesisk Træhugorm
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|
2023 | |
Trimeresurus uetzi Vogel, Nguyen & David |
Remarks:
Previously regarded as a population of albolabris or septentrionalis (Vogel, Nguyen & David 2023).
Distribution:
India
(Mizoram),
Myanmar.
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Trimeresurus venustus
|
Venus Pitviper, (Beautiful Pitviper)
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Bunte Bambusotter, Schöne Bambusotter
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Venus-træhugorm
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|
1991 | |
Trimeresurus venustus Vogel |
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| |
Cryptelytrops venustus Malhotra & Thorpe 2004 |
Remarks:
Previously thought to be a synonym of kanburiensis (e.g., Warrell, Looareesuwan, Stimson & Hutton 1992; McDiarmid, Campbell & Touré 1999).
Validity confirmed by David, Vogel, Sumontha, Pauwels & Chanhome (2004) and Malhotra & Thorpe (2004).
Records from southernmost Thailand (Trang and Satun) and northernmost West Malaysia (Perlis) refer to or are expected to refer to ciliaris
(Cox, Hoover, Chanhome, Thirakhupt & Pongcharoen 2018; Idiiatullina, Pawangkhanant, Tawan, Worranuch, Dechochai, Suwannapoom, Nguyen, Chanhome & Poyarkov 2023).
Records from Chumphon, Thailand, refer to kraensis (Idiiatullina, Pawangkhanant, Suwannapoom, Tawan, Chanhome, Nguyen, David, Vogel & Poyarkov 2024).
Records from Langkawi Archipelago, Malaysia, presumably refer to an undescribed species (Idiiatullina, Pawangkhanant, Tawan, Worranuch, Dechochai, Suwannapoom, Nguyen, Chanhome & Poyarkov 2023).
Distribution:
Malaysia
(West Malaysia:
Langkawi Archipelago),
Thailand.
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Trimeresurus venustus
© Rune Midtgaard
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