Citation: Midtgaard, Rune. RepFocus - A Survey of the Reptiles of the World. (www.repfocus.dk).
Latest update:
July 16th, 2024.
 
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Genus
Testudo
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Palearctic Tortoises, Eurasian Tortoises, Mediterranean Tortoises
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 |
Paläarktische Landschildkröten
|
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Palæarktiske Landskildpadder
|
|
1758 |  |
Testudo Linnaeus (type species: Testudo graeca Linnaeus 1758) |
|
1820 | |
Chersine Merrem [substitute name for Testudo Linnaeus 1758] (type species: Testudo graeca sensu Merrem 1820 [not Testudo graeca Linnaeus 1758] = Testudo hermanni hermanni Gmelin 1789 or Testudo hermanni boettgeri Mojsisovich 1889; syn. Fritz & Kraus 2008) |
|
1830 | |
Chersus Wagler (type species: Testudo marginata Schoepff 1792; syn. Fritz & Havas 2006) |
|
1869 | |
Peltastes Gray [not Peltastes Illiger 1807 (Hymenoptera); not Peltastes Agassiz 1838 (Echinodermata); not Peltastes Fischer-Waldheim 1839 (Orthopthera)] (type species: Peltastes graecus sensu Gray 1869 = Testudo graeca ibera Pallas 1814; syn. Fritz & Havas 2006) |
|
1870 | |
Testudinella Gray [not Testudinella Bory 1822 (Rotatoria)] (type species: Testudo horsfieldii Gray 1844; syn. Fritz & Havas 2006) |
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1872 | |
Peltonia Gray [substitute name for Peltatstes Gray 1869] (syn. Fritz & Havas 2006) |
|
1916 | |
Medaestia Wussow (type species: Medaestia graeca sensu Wussow 1916 [not Testudo graeca Linnaeus 1758] = Testudo hermanni hermanni Gmelin 1789 or Testudo hermanni boettgeri Mojsisovich 1889; syn. Fritz & Kraus 2008) |
|
1957 | |
Pseudotestudo Loveridge & Williams (type species: Testudo kleinmanni Lortet 1883; syn. Fritz & Havas 2006) |
|
1966 | |
Agrionemys Khozatsky & Mlynarski (type species: Testudo horsfieldii Gray 1844; syn. Fritz & Havas 2006; Fritz & Bininda-Emonds 2007) |
|
1990 | |
Furculachelys Highfield (type species: Furculachelys nabeulensis Highfield 1990; syn. Fritz, Bischoff, Martens & Schmidtler 1996; Fritz & Havas 2006) |
|
2006 | |
Eurotestudo De Lapparent, Bour, Parham & Perälä (type species: Testudo hermanni Gmelin 1789; syn. Fritz & Bininda-Emonds 2007; Fritz & Kraus 2008; Bour & Ohler 2008) |
Contents:
5 species, none of which are endemic.
Endemism: 0%  100%
Remarks:
Some authors place horsfieldi in a separate genus, Agrionemys. Gmira (1993) also placed hermanni in Agrionemys. Most recent works retain Agrionemys as a synonym of Testudo (e.g., Squalli-Houssaini & Blanc 1989; Fritz & Havas 2006; Vetter 2011).
Distribution:
S. Europe, N. Africa, Middle East, C. Asia.
Reported from:
Afghanistan,
Albania,
Algeria,
Armenia,
Azerbaijan,
Bosnia-Herzegovina,
Bulgaria,
China
(Xinjiang),
Croatia,
Egypt
(incl.
Sinai),
France
(incl.
Corsica),
Georgia,
Greece
(incl.
Aegean Islands
[incl.
Sporades Islands]),
Iran,
Iraq,
Israel,
Italy
(incl.
Aeolian Islands,
Capraia,
Elba,
Pantelleria,
Pelagie Islands
[incl.
Lampedusa,
Linosa Islands],
Sicily),
Jordan,
Kazakhstan,
Kyrgyzstan,
Lebanon,
Libya,
Mongolia,
Montenegro,
Morocco,
North Macedonia,
Pakistan,
Romania,
Russia,
Serbia,
Slovenia,
Spain,
Syria,
Tajikistan,
Tunisia,
Turkey
(incl.
European Turkey),
Turkmenistan,
Uzbekistan.
| |
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Testudo graeca
|
Spur-thighed Tortoise, Mediterranean Spur-thighed Tortoise, Moorish Tortoise
|
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Maurische Landschildkröte
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Maurisk Landskildpadde - (i ældre litteratur fejlagtigt kaldt 'Græsk Landskildpadde')
|
|
1758 | |
Testudo graeca Linnaeus |
|
1758 | |
Testudo pusilla Linnaeus (Fritz & Havas 2006) |
|
| |
Chersine pusilla Merrem 1820 |
|
1775 | |
Testudo terrestris Forskål (Parham, Turkosan, Stuart, Arakelyan, Shafei, Macey & Papenfuss 2006) |
|
| |
Testudo graeca terrestris Wermuth 1958 |
|
| |
Testudo ibera terrestris Artner 2003 |
|
1814 | |
Testudo ibera Pallas (Parham, Turkosan, Stuart, Arakelyan, Shafei, Macey & Papenfuss 2006) |
|
| |
Medaestia ibera Wussow 1916 |
|
| |
Testudo graeca ibera Mertens 1946 |
|
| |
Testudo terrestris ibera David 1994 |
|
1835 | |
Testudo mauritanica Duméril & Bibron (Fritz & Havas 2006) |
|
| |
Peltastes mauritanicus Gray 1873 |
|
1836 | |
Testudo whitei Bennett in White (Iverson 1992, Fritz, Bischoff, Martens & Schmidtler 1996) |
|
| |
Peltastes marginatus var. whitei Gray 1870 |
|
| |
Furculachelys whitei Highfield 1990 |
|
| |
Testudo graeca whitei Kuyl, Ballasina, Dekker, Maas, Willemsen & Goudsmit 2002 |
|
1896 | |
Testudo zarudnyi Nikolski (Parham, Turkosan, Stuart, Arakelyan, Shafei, Macey & Papenfuss 2006) |
|
| |
Testudo graeca zarudnyi Mertens 1946 |
|
| |
Testudo ibera zarudnyi Gmira 1993 |
|
| |
Testudo terrestris zarudnyi David 1994 |
|
1920 | |
Testudo ibera var. bicaudalis Venzmer (Fritz & Havas 2006) |
|
1921 | |
Testudo buxtoni Boulenger (Parham, Turkosan, Stuart, Arakelyan, Shafei, Macey & Papenfuss 2006) |
|
| |
Testudo terrestris buxtoni Bour 2002 |
|
| |
Testudo ibera buxtoni Artner 2003 |
|
| |
Testudo graeca buxtoni Fritz, Hundsdörfer, Siroky, Auer, Kami, Lehmann, Mazanaeva, Turkosan & Wink 2007 |
|
1931 | |
Testudo ibera racovitzai Calinescu (Fritz & Havas 2006) |
|
1935 | |
Testudo floweri Bodenheimer (Parham, Turkosan, Stuart, Arakelyan, Shafei, Macey & Papenfuss 2006) |
|
| |
Testudo graeca floweri Mertens 1946 |
|
| |
Testudo terrestris floweri David 1994 |
|
| |
Testudo ibera floweri Artner 2003 |
|
1986 | |
Testudo graeca nikolskii Chkhikvadze & Tuniev (Parham, Turkosan, Stuart, Arakelyan, Shafei, Macey & Papenfuss 2006) |
|
| |
Testudo ibera nikolskii Highfield 1990 |
|
| |
Testudo terrestris nikolskii David 1994 |
|
| |
Testudo nikolskii Vetter 2002 |
|
1987 | |
Testudo graeca anamurensis Weissinger (Parham, Turkosan, Stuart, Arakelyan, Shafei, Macey & Papenfuss 2006) |
|
| |
Testudo ibera anamurensis Highfield 1990 |
|
| |
Testudo terrestris anamurensis David 1994 |
|
| |
Testudo anamurensis Vetter 2002 |
|
1989 | |
Testudo flavominimaralis Highfield & Martin (Fritz & Havas 2006) |
|
| |
Furculachelys minimaralis [lapsus] van der Kuyl, Ballasina, Dekker, Maas, Willemsen & Goudsmit 2002 |
|
1990 | |
Furculachelys nabeulensis Highfield |
|
| |
Testudo nabeulensis Welch 1994 |
|
| |
Testudo graeca nabeulensis Pieh & Perälä 2002 |
|
1991 | |
Testudo graeca armeniaca Tschchikwadse & Bakradse (Parham, Turkosan, Stuart, Arakelyan, Shafei, Macey & Papenfuss 2006) |
|
| |
Testudo armeniaca Vetter 2002 |
|
| |
Testudo terrestris armeniaca Bour 2002 |
|
1996 | |
Testudo antakyensis Perälä (Parham, Turkosan, Stuart, Arakelyan, Shafei, Macey & Papenfuss 2006) |
|
| |
Testudo graeca antakyensis Zwartepoorte in Artner & Meier 2000 |
|
| |
Testudo terrestris antakyensis Bour 2002 |
|
| |
Testudo ibera antakyensis Artner 2003 |
|
2000 | |
Testudo graeca soussensis Pieh |
|
| |
Testudo soussensis Vetter 2002 |
|
2002 | |
Testudo graeca cyrenaica Pieh & Perälä |
|
| |
Testudo cyrenaica Vetter 2002 |
|
2002 | |
Testudo graeca pallasi Chkhikvadze & Bakradze |
|
| |
Testudo pallasi Danilov & Milto 2004 |
|
2002 | |
Testudo perses Perälä (Fritz & Havas 2006; Parham, Turkosan, Stuart, Arakelyan, Shafei, Macey & Papenfuss 2006) |
|
| |
Testudo ibera perses Artner 2003 |
|
2003 | |
Testudo graeca lamberti Pieh & Perälä |
|
| |
Testudo lamberti Perälä in Pieh & Perälä 2004 |
|
2003 | |
Testudo graeca marokkensis Pieh & Perälä |
|
| |
Testudo marokkensis Perälä in Pieh & Perälä 2004 |
Other common names:
anamurensis: Anamurum Spur-thighed Tortoise, Anamur Tortoise
antakyensis: Antakya Tortoise
armeniaca: Armenian Tortoise, Araxes Tortoise
buxtoni: Buxton's Tortoise
cyrenaica: Cyrenaican Spur-thighed Tortoise
floweri: Flower's Dwarf Tortoise, Flower's Tortoise
graeca: Mediterranean Spur-thighed Tortoise
ibera: Eastern Spur-thighed Tortoise, Asia Minor Spur-thighed Tortoise
lamberti: Lambert's Tortoise
marokkensis: Moroccan Tortoise
nabeulensis: Tunisian Tortoise, Nabeul Tortoise
nikolskii: Nikolsky's Spur-thighed Tortoise, Nikolsky's Tortoise
pallasi: Daghestan Tortoise
perses: Zagros Mountain Tortoise
soussensis: Souss Valley Tortoise
terrestris: Middle Eastern Spur-thighed Tortoise, Mesopotamian Tortoise
zarudnyi: Iranian Spur-thighed Tortoise, Central Iranian Tortoise
Remarks:
It has been suggested that most subspecies or synonyms (anamurensis, antakyensis, armeniaca, buxtoni, cyrenaica,
flavominimaralis, floweri, ibera, lamberti, marokkensis, nabeulensis, nikolskii, pallasi, perses,
soussensis, terrestris, whitei, zarudnyi) deserve full species status (e.g., Gmira 1983; Highfield 1990, Highfield & Martin 1989a, 1989b;
Vetter 2002).
This has not been generally accepted, however, and most authors regard the validity of these forms as separate species as insufficiently documented
(e.g., Fritz, Bischoff, Martens & Schmidtler 1996; Iverson 1992; Schleich, Kästle & Kabisch 1996; Parham, Turkosan, Stuart, Arakelyan, Shafei, Macey & Papenfuss 2006;
Vetter 2011).
Erroneously reported from Egypt (Buskirk 1996; Baha el Din 2006).
Although recorded from Albania, there are no recent records from the country (Mizsei, Jablonski, Vegvari, Lengyel & Szabolcs 2017).
Introduced to:
Cyprus,
France,
Gibraltar,
Greece
(Rhodes,
Crete),
Italy
(Sardinia,
Mal di Ventre Island,
Sicily),
Spain
(Balearic Islands
[Mallorca,
Pityusic Islands
(Formentera,
Ibiza)],
Canary Islands).
Distribution:
Albania,
Algeria,
Armenia,
Azerbaijan,
Bulgaria,
Georgia,
Greece
(incl.
Aegean Islands),
Iran,
Iraq,
Israel,
Jordan,
Lebanon,
Libya,
Moldova,
Montenegro,
Morocco,
North Macedonia,
Romania,
Russia,
Serbia,
Spain
(mainland),
Syria,
Tunisia,
Turkey
(incl.
European Turkey).
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Testudo graeca
© Rune Midtgaard
|
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Testudo hermanni
|
Greek Tortoise, (Hermann's Tortoise)
|
|
Griechische Landschildkröte, Europäische Landschildkröte
|
|
Græsk Landskildpadde, (Hermanns Landskildpadde)
|
|
1789 | |
Testudo hermanni Gmelin |
|
| |
Protestudo hermanni Chkhikvadze 1983 |
|
| |
Agrionemys hermanni Gmira 1993 |
|
| |
Eurotestudo hermanni Lapparent de Broin, Bour, Parham & Perälä 2006 |
|
1881 | |
Testudo graeca bettai Lataste (Fritz & Havas 2006) |
|
1889 | |
Testudo graeca var. boettgeri Mojsisovics |
|
| |
Testudo hermanni boettgeri Bour 1987 |
|
| |
Testudo boettgeri Vetter 2002 |
|
| |
Eurotestudo boettgeri Lapparent de Broin, Bour, Parham & Perälä 2006 |
|
1899 | |
Testudo graeca var. hercegovinensis Werner (Fritz & Havas 2006) |
|
| |
Testudo hercegovinensis Perälä 2002 |
|
| |
Testudo boettgeri hercegovinensis Artner 2003 |
|
| |
Testudo hermanni hercegovinensis Vinke & Vinke 2004 |
|
| |
Eurotestudo hercegovinensis Lapparent de Broin, Bour, Parham & Perälä 2006 |
|
1932 | |
Testudo enriquesi Parenzan (Fritz & Havas 2006) |
|
1952 | |
Testudo hermanni robertmertensi Wermuth |
Other common names:
boettgeri: Eastern Greek Tortoise, Eastern Hermann's Tortoise
hercegovinensis: Herzegovina Tortoise
hermanni: Western Greek Tortoise, Western Hermann's Tortoise
Remarks:
See under genus. The western subspecies, boettgeri, was known for many years as robertmertensi, however, after the type of robertmertensi was shown to be identical with the nominal, eastern subspecies (hermanni), the western subspecies has been referred to as boettgeri, the next available name.
Introduced to:
Cyprus,
Greece
(Rhodes),
Italy
(Sardinia),
Spain
(Balearic Islands
[Mallorca,
Minorca]).
Distribution:
Albania,
Bosnia-Herzegovina,
Bulgaria,
Croatia,
France
(incl.
Corsica),
Greece
(incl.
Aegean Islands),
Italy
(incl.
Aeolian Islands,
Capraia,
Elba,
Pantelleria,
Pelagie Islands
[Lampedusa,
Linosa Islands],
Sicily),
Montenegro,
North Macedonia,
Romania,
Serbia,
Slovenia,
Spain,
Turkey
(incl.
European Turkey).
|
Testudo hermanni
© Rune Midtgaard
|
|
Testudo horsfieldii
|
Steppe Tortoise, Central Asian Tortoise, Afghan Tortoise, Four-toed Tortoise, (Horsfield's Tortoise)
|
|
Steppenschildkröte, Vierzehenschildkröte
|
|
Russisk Landskildpadde, Firtået Landskildpadde
|
|
1844 | |
Testudo horsfieldii Gray |
|
| |
Testudinella horsfieldii Gray 1870 |
|
| |
Homopus horsfieldii Theobald 1876 |
|
| |
Medaestia horsfieldi Wussow 1916 |
|
| |
Agrionemys horsfieldi Mlynarski 1966 |
|
1854 | |
Homopus burnesii Blyth (Fritz & Havas 2006) |
|
1906 | |
Testudo baluchiorum Annandale (Fritz & Havas 2006) |
|
| |
Agrionemys baluchiorum Vetter 2002 |
|
| |
Agrionemys horsfieldii baluchiorum Artner 2003 |
|
1988 | |
Agrionemys horsfieldi kazachstanica Chkhikvadze |
|
| |
Testudo horsfieldii kazachstanica David 1994 |
|
| |
Agrionemys kazachstanica Perälä 2002 |
|
| |
Agrionemys horsfieldii kazakhstanica [lapsus] Bonin, Devaux & Dupré 2006 |
|
| |
Testudo kazachstanica Bickham, Iverson, Parham, Philippen, Rhodin, Shaffer, Spinks & van Dijk 2007 |
|
1990 | |
Agrionemys horsfieldi rustamowi Chkhikvadze, Amiranashvili & Ataev |
|
| |
Testudo horsfieldii rustamovi David 1994 |
|
| |
Agrionemys rustamovi Perälä 2002 |
|
| |
Testudo rustamovi Bickham, Iverson, Parham, Philippen, Rhodin, Shaffer, Spinks & van Dijk 2007 |
|
2009 | |
Agrionemys bogdanovi Chkhikvadze, Brushko & Kubykin |
|
| |
Testudo horsfieldii bogdanovi Dijk, Iverson, Shaffer, Bour & Rhodin 2012 |
|
2009 | |
Agrionemys kazachstanica kuznetzovi Chkhikvadze, Ataev, Shammakov & Zatoka in Chkhikvadze, Ataev & Shammakov |
|
| |
Testudo horsfieldii kuznetzovi Dijk, Iverson, Shaffer, Bour & Rhodin 2012 |
|
2009 | |
Agrionemys kazachstanica terbishi Chkhikvadze in Chkhikvadze, Ataev & Shammakov |
|
| |
Testudo horsfieldii terbishi Dijk, Iverson, Shaffer, Bour & Rhodin 2012 |
Other common names:
bogdanovi: Fergana Valley Steppe Tortoise
kazachstanica: Kazakhstan Steppe Tortoise
kuznetzovi: Turkmenistan Steppe Tortoise
rustamovi: Kopet-Dag Steppe Tortoise
terbishi: Mongolian Steppe Tortoise
Remarks:
See under genus. The Mongolian population may have been introduced (Dijk, Iverson, Shaffer, Bour & Rhodin 2012)
Introduced to:
Latvia,
USA
(Florida).
Distribution:
Afghanistan,
China
(Xinjiang),
Iran,
Kazakhstan,
Kyrgyzstan,
Mongolia,
Pakistan,
Tajikistan,
Turkmenistan,
Uzbekistan.
|
Testudo horsfieldii
© Rune Midtgaard
|
|
Testudo kleinmanni
|
Egyptian Tortoise, (Kleinmann's Tortoise)
|
|
Ägyptische Landschildkröte
|
|
Ægyptisk Landskildpadde
|
|
1869 | |
Testudo leithii Günther [not Testudo leithi Carter 1852] |
|
| |
Peltastes leithii Gray 1870 |
|
| |
Medaestia leithi Wussow 1916 |
|
1883 | |
Testudo kleinmanni Lortet |
|
| |
Pseudotestudo kleinmanni Obst 1978 |
|
2001 | |
Testudo werneri Perälä (Fritz & Havas 2006; Attum, Baha el Din, Carranza, Earley, Arnold & Kingsbury 2007) |
Other common names:
werneri: Negev Tortoise, (Werner's Tortoise)
Distribution:
Egypt
(incl.
Sinai),
Israel,
Libya.
|
Testudo kleinmanni
© Rune Midtgaard
|
|
Testudo marginata
|
Marginated Tortoise
|
|
Breitrandschildkröte
|
|
Bredrandet Landskildpadde
|
|
1792 | |
Testudo marginata Schoepff |
|
| |
Chersine marginata Merrem 1820 |
|
| |
Chersus marginatus Wagler 1830 |
|
| |
Peltastes marginatus Gray 1869 |
|
1782 | |
Testudo tabulata var. campanulata Walbaum [nomen illegitimum] (Fritz & Havas 2006) |
|
1792 | |
Testudo graja Hermann in Schoepff (Fritz & Havas 2006) |
|
1870 | |
Peltastes marginatus var. melas Gray (Fritz & Havas 2006) |
|
1875 | |
Testudo nemoralis Schreiber (Fritz & Havas 2006) |
|
1992 | |
Testudo marginata sarda Mayer (Fritz, Petters, Matzanke & Matzanke 1995) |
|
1994 | |
Testudo marginata weissingeri Trutnau |
|
| |
Testudo weissingeri Bour 1996 |
Other common names:
weissingeri: Peloponnese Dwarf Tortoise
Introduced to:
Cyprus,
Greece
(Aegean Islands
[Cyclades Islands
(Kimolos),
North Aegean Islands
(Lesbos)],
Ionian Islands
[Cephalonia,
Corfu,
Lefkada,
Sapientza,
Sphacteria]),
Italy
(Sardinia),
Malta,
Turkey.
Distribution:
Albania,
Greece
(incl.
Aegean Islands
[incl.
Sporades Islands]).
|
Testudo marginata
© Henrik Bringsøe
|
|