Reptiles of Syria    Bibliography of the reptiles of Syria Taxonomic history of the reptiles of Syria Introduced species

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Citation: Midtgaard, Rune. RepFocus - A Survey of the Reptiles of the World. www.repfocus.dk (Compilation date: 14th April, 2023).

Checklist General remarks: The list includes only formally described species. Newly discovered, but still unnamed species are excluded. However, unnamed species or species unassigned to species level are included, if they are the only representatives of their genus in the region. Species counts exclude extinct and introduced species. Doubtful records, typically older voucher specimens of uncertain origin, have been excluded if considered questionable, as are records based on sources considered unreliable or controversial. Note: Your comments to the checklist (omissions, errors, etc.) are welcomed, preferably if they are provided with reliable references. If possible, please attach a pdf file of the relevant reference to an email addressed to:

	Worm Lizards (Amphisbaenia)
	= endemicEX = extinct or assumed extinct Species References  Family Blanidae (Mediterranean Worm Lizards) Genus Blanus (Mediterranean Worm Lizards)   Blanus alexandri Levant Worm Lizard Alexander 1966 [as aporus] Goecmen, Disi & Yildiz 2008 [as aporus] Leviton, Anderson, Adler & Minton 1992 [as aporus] Martens 1997 [as aporus] Sindaco & Jeremchenko 2008 [as aporus] Sindaco, Kornilios, Sacchi & Lymberakis 2014 Werner 1939 [as strauchi]

	Lizards (Sauria)
	= endemicEX = extinct or assumed extinct Species References  Family Agamidae (Agamas and Dragons) Genus Laudakia (Asian Rock Agamas)   Laudakia vulgaris Eastern Starred Agama Baig, Wagner, Ananjeva & Boehme 2012 Beutler in Boehme (ed.) 1981 [as Agama stellio] Disi & Boehme 1996 Leviton, Anderson, Adler & Minton 1992 [as Agama s. stellio] Lymberakis & Kalionzopoulou 2003 [as Laudakia stellio] Martens 1997 [as L. stellio] Moravec & Modry 1994 Sindaco & Jeremchenko 2008 Sindaco, Serra & Menegon 2006 [as Agama s. stellio] Sivan & Werner 1992 [as Agama stellio] Genus Pseudotrapelus (Afro-Arabian Desert Agamas)   Pseudotrapelus sinaitus Sinai Desert Agama Disi & Boehme 1996 Martens 1997 Melnikov, Ananjeva & Papenfuss 2013 Moravec 2002 Sindaco & Jeremchenko 2008 Tamar, Scholz, Crochet, Geniez, Meiri, Schmitz, Wilms & Carranza 2016 Wermuth 1967 Genus Trapelus (Afro-Asian Ground Agamas)   Trapelus agnetae North Arabian Plain Agama Bar & Haimovitch 2011 Disi & Boehme 1996 [as pallidus haasi] Lymberakis & Kalionzopoulou 2003 [as pallidus haasi] Sindaco, Serra & Menegon 2006 Werner 1939 [as pallidus]   Trapelus persicus Persian Ground Agama Disi & Boehme 1996 Lymberakis & Kalionzopoulou 2003 Moravec & Modry 1994 Rastegar-Pouyani 1998 Sindaco & Jeremchenko 2008 [as ruderatus]   Trapelus ruderatus Horny-scaled Agama Disi & Boehme 1996 Leviton, Anderson, Adler & Minton 1992 Lymberakis & Kalionzopoulou 2003 Rastegar-Pouyani 1998 Sindaco & Jeremchenko 2008 Wermuth 1967 Werner 1939 Genus Uromastyx (Western Spiny-tailed Agamas)   Uromastyx aegyptia Egyptian Spiny-tailed Agama Disi & Boehme 1996 Leviton, Anderson, Adler & Minton 1992 Martens 1997 Wilms & Boehme 2000 Wilms & Boehme 2007 Wilms, Boehme, Wagner, Lutzmann & Schmitz 2009  Family Anguidae (Slowworms, etc.) Genus Pseudopus (Eurasian Glass Lizard)   Pseudopus apodus Eurasian Glass Lizard Disi & Boehme 1996 Jablonski, Ribeiro-Junior, Meiri, Maza, Kukushkin, Chirikova, Pirosova, Jelic, Mikulicek & Jandzik 2021 Leviton, Anderson, Adler & Minton 1992 Obst in Boehme (ed.) 1981 Werner 1939  Family Chamaeleonidae (Chameleons) Genus Chamaeleo (Typical Chameleons)   Chamaeleo chamaeleon Mediterranean Chameleon Disi & Boehme 1996 Glaw 2015 Klaver & Boehme 1997 Lymberakis & Kalionzopoulou 2003 Tilbury 2010 Werner 1939  Family Eublepharidae (Eyelid Geckos) Genus Eublepharis (Southwest Asian Fat-tailed Geckos)   Eublepharis angramainyu Persian Fat-tailed Gecko Disi & Boehme 1996 Martens & Koch 1991 Sindaco & Jeremchenko 2008  Family Gekkonidae (Typical Geckos) Genus Bunopus (South West Asian Tuberculated Geckos)   Bunopus tuberculatus Southern Tuberculated Gecko Disi & Boehme 1996 Leviton, Anderson, Adler & Minton 1992 Sindaco, Serra & Menegon 2006 Szczerbak & Golubev 1996 Genus Cyrtopodion (Palearctic Bent-toed Geckos)   Cyrtopodion scabrum Keeled Rock Gecko Disi & Boehme 1996 Szczerbak & Golubev 1996 Genus Hemidactylus (Half-toed Geckos)   Hemidactylus dawudazraqi Azraq Half-toed Gecko Moravec, Kratochvil, Amr, Jandzik, Smid & Gvozdik 2011 Sindaco, Venchi & Grieco 2013   Hemidactylus lavadeserticus Lava Desert Half-toed Gecko Moravec & Boehme 1997 Moravec, Kratochvil, Amr, Jandzik, Smid & Gvozdik 2011 Sindaco, Venchi & Grieco 2013   Hemidactylus turcicus Turkish Half-toed Gecko Disi & Boehme 1996 Lymberakis & Kalionzopoulou 2003 Salvador in Boehme (ed.) 1981 Sindaco & Jeremchenko 2008 Sindaco, Serra & Menegon 2006 Werner 1939 Genus Mediodactylus (Mediterranean Bent-toed Geckos)   Mediodactylus amictopholis Mount Hermon Bent-toed Gecko Disi & Boehme 1996 Martens 1997 Sindaco & Jeremchenko 2008   Mediodactylus heterocercus Asia Minor Thin-toed Gecko Disi & Boehme 1996 Lymberakis & Kalionzopoulou 2003 Sindaco & Jeremchenko 2008   Mediodactylus orientalis Levant Bent-toed Gecko Disi & Boehme 1996 Werner 1939 [as kotschyi fitzingeri] Genus Stenodactylus (Afro-Asian Thin-toed Geckos)   Stenodactylus grandiceps Large-headed Thin-toed Gecko Arnold 1986 Disi & Boehme 1996 Leviton, Anderson, Adler & Minton 1992 Martens & Koch 1991 Sindaco & Jeremchenko 2008 Sindaco, Serra & Menegon 2006  Family Lacertidae (Typical Lizards) Genus Acanthodactylus (Fringe-toed Lizards)   Acanthodactylus boskianus Afro-Arabian Fringe-toed Lizard Arnold 1983 Arnold 1986 Disi & Boehme 1996 Lymberakis & Kalionzopoulou 2003 Salvador 1982 Sindaco, Serra & Menegon 2006   Acanthodactylus grandis Giant Fringe-toed Lizard Arnold 1983 Arnold 1986 Disi & Boehme 1996 Leviton, Anderson, Adler & Minton 1992 Lymberakis & Kalionzopoulou 2003 Salvador 1982 Sindaco & Jeremchenko 2008 Sindaco, Serra & Menegon 2006 Werner 1939   Acanthodactylus orientalis Syrian Fringe-toed Lizard Arnold 1983 Arnold 1986 Disi & Boehme 1996 Leviton, Anderson, Adler & Minton 1992 Lymberakis & Kalionzopoulou 2003 Salvador 1982 Sindaco & Jeremchenko 2008 Sindaco, Serra & Menegon 2006   Acanthodactylus robustus Robust Fringe-toed Lizard Arnold 1983 Arnold 1986 Disi & Boehme 1996 Leviton, Anderson, Adler & Minton 1992 Lymberakis & Kalionzopoulou 2003 Salvador 1982 Sindaco & Jeremchenko 2008 Werner 1939   Acanthodactylus tristrami Lebanese Fringe-toed Lizard Arnold 1983 Disi & Boehme 1996 Lymberakis & Kalionzopoulou 2003 Salvador 1982 Sindaco & Jeremchenko 2008 Werner 1939 Genus Apathya (Kurdish Lizards)   Apathya cappadocica Cappadocian Lizard Disi & Boehme 1996 Lymberakis & Kalionzopoulou 2003 Werner 1939 Genus Lacerta (Eurasian Green Lizards)   Lacerta media Levant Emerald Lizard Disi & Boehme 1996 Sindaco & Jeremchenko 2008 Sivan & Werner 1992 Genus Mesalina (Afro-Asian Desert Lizards)   Mesalina bernoullii Syrian Desert Lizard Schenkel 1901 Smid, Moravec, Gvozdik, Stundl, Frynta, Lymberakis, Kapli, Wilms, Schmitz, Shobrak, Yousefkhani, Rastegar-Pouyani, Castilla, Els & Mayer 2017   Mesalina guttulata Common Small-spotted Desert Lizard Disi & Boehme 1996 Moravec & Modry 1994 Schleich, Kastle & Kabisch 1996 Sindaco & Jeremchenko 2008 Szczerbak 1975 Yousefkhani, Marin & Rastegar-Pouyani 2015   Mesalina microlepis Arabian Small-scaled Desert Lizard Angel 1936 Bischoff 1991 Smid, Moravec, Gvozdik, Stundl, Frynta, Lymberakis, Kapli, Wilms, Schmitz, Shobrak, Yousefkhani, Rastegar-Pouyani, Castilla, Els & Mayer 2017 Szczerbak 1975 Genus Ophisops (Snake-eyed Lizards)   Ophisops elegans Elegant Snake-eyed Lizard Disi & Boehme 1996 Lymberakis & Kalionzopoulou 2003 Moravec 1998 Sindaco & Jeremchenko 2008 Sindaco, Serra & Menegon 2006 Werner 1939 Genus Phoenicolacerta (Phoenician Lizards)   Phoenicolacerta cyanisparsa Syrian Rock Lizard Schmidtler & Bischoff 1999 Sindaco & Jeremchenko 2008   Phoenicolacerta kulzeri Lebanese Rock Lizard Beyerlein & Mayer 1999 Disi & Boehme 1996 [as "cf. kulzeri"] Lymberakis & Kalionzopoulou 2003 Sindaco & Jeremchenko 2008 Werner 1939   Phoenicolacerta laevis Lebanese Smooth-scaled Lizard Arnold 1989 Disi & Boehme 1996 Lymberakis & Kalionzopoulou 2003 Sindaco & Jeremchenko 2008 Werner 1939  Family Phyllodactylidae (Leaf-toed Geckos) Genus Asaccus (Middle East Leaf-toed Geckos)   Asaccus elisae Niniveh Leaf-toed Gecko Arnold & Gardner 1994 Disi & Boehme 1996 Esterbauer 1992 Martens & Koch 1991 Sindaco & Jeremchenko 2008 Sindaco, Serra & Menegon 2006 Genus Ptyodactylus (Fan-toed Geckos)   Ptyodactylus guttatus Spotted Fan-toed Gecko Disi & Boehme 1996 Heimes 1987 Sindaco & Jeremchenko 2008 Sindaco, Serra & Menegon 2006 [as "P. cf. guttatus"] Werner 1939   Ptyodactylus puiseuxi Levant Fan-toed Gecko Disi & Boehme 1996 Heimes 1987 Leviton, Anderson, Adler & Minton 1992 Lymberakis & Kalionzopoulou 2003 Metallinou, Cervenka, Crochet, Kratochvil, Wilms, Geniez, Shobrak, Brito & Carranza 2015 Sindaco & Jeremchenko 2008 Sindaco, Serra & Menegon 2006 Sivan & Werner 1992  Family Scincidae (Skinks) Genus Ablepharus (Eurasian Snake-eyed Skinks)   Ablepharus budaki North Levant Snake-eyed Skink Schmidtler 1997 Sindaco & Jeremchenko 2008 Skourtanioti, Kapli, Ilgaz, Kumlutas, Avci, Ahmadzadeh, Crnobrnja-Isailovic, Ghergel, Lymberakis & Poulakakis 2016   Ablepharus chernovi Armenian Snake-eyed Skink Lymberakis & Kalionzopoulou 2003 Schmidtler 1997 Sindaco & Jeremchenko 2008 Skourtanioti, Kapli, Ilgaz, Kumlutas, Avci, Ahmadzadeh, Crnobrnja-Isailovic, Ghergel, Lymberakis & Poulakakis 2016   Ablepharus rueppellii South Levant Snake-eyed Skink Lymberakis & Kalionzopoulou 2003 Roll, Tallowin, Berkowic, Maza, Ostrometzky, Slavenko, Shacham, Tamar & Meiri 2013 Schmidtler 1997 Sindaco & Jeremchenko 2008 Genus Chalcides (Cylindrical Skinks)   Chalcides guentheri Levant Cylindrical Skink Disi & Boehme 1996 Goecmen, Disi & Yildiz 2008 Sindaco & Jeremchenko 2008   Chalcides ocellatus Mediterranean Ocellated Skink Disi & Boehme 1996 Leviton, Anderson, Adler & Minton 1992 Lymberakis & Kalionzopoulou 2003 Sindaco, Serra & Menegon 2006 Werner 1939 Genus Eumeces (Afro-Asian Long-legged Skinks)   Eumeces pavimentatus Levant Long-legged Skink Darevsky in Boehme (ed.) 1981 Disi & Boehme 1996 Lymberakis & Kalionzopoulou 2003 Sindaco, Serra & Menegon 2006 Werner 1939   Eumeces princeps Southwest Asian Long-legged Skink Disi & Boehme 1996 Genus Heremites (Western Palearctic Grass Skinks)   Heremites septemtaeniatus Seven-striped Grass Skink Lymberakis & Kalionzopoulou 2003 [as auratus] Moravec 1998 Moravec, Franzen & Boehme 2006   Heremites vittatus Bridled Skink Disi & Boehme 1996 Leviton, Anderson, Adler & Minton 1992 Lymberakis & Kalionzopoulou 2003 Sindaco & Jeremchenko 2008 Sivan & Werner 1992 Werner 1939 Genus Ophiomorus (South West Asian Snake Skinks)   Ophiomorus latastii Striped Snake Skink Lymberakis & Kalionzopoulou 2003 Sindaco & Jeremchenko 2008 Genus Scincus (Sand Fish)   Scincus conirostris Persian Sand Fish Disi & Boehme 1996 Moravec & Modry 1994  Family Varanidae (Monitor Lizards) Genus Varanus (Monitor Lizards)   Varanus griseus Desert Monitor Disi & Boehme 1996 Leviton, Anderson, Adler & Minton 1992 Martens & Koch 1992 Mertens 1963 Sindaco & Jeremchenko 2008

	Snakes (Serpentes)
	= endemicEX = extinct or assumed extinct Species References  Family Boidae (Typical Boas) Genus Eryx (Sand Boas)   Eryx jaculus Western Sand Boa Disi & Boehme 1996 Gasperetti 1988 Geniez 2018 Leviton, Anderson, Adler & Minton 1992 Martens 1997 Sindaco, Serra & Menegon 2006 Sindaco, Venchi & Grieco 2013 Sivan & Werner 1992 Stimson 1969 Werner 1939  Family Colubridae (Typical Snakes or Colubrids) Genus Dolichophis (Greater Whip Snakes)   Dolichophis jugularis Large Whip Snake Disi & Boehme 1996 Geniez 2018 Gruber 1989 Leviton, Anderson, Adler & Minton 1992 Lymberakis & Kalionzopoulou 2003 Martens 1997 Sindaco, Venchi & Grieco 2013 Werner 1939   Dolichophis schmidti Red-bellied Whip Snake Disi & Boehme 1996 Geniez 2018 Gruber 1989 Szczerbak & Boehme in Boehme (ed.) 1993 Genus Eirenis (Middle Eastern Dwarf Snakes)   Eirenis barani Adana Dwarf Snake Geniez 2018 Mahlow, Tillack, Schmidtler & Muller 2013 Moravec 1998 Sindaco, Venchi & Grieco 2013 Sindaco, Venchi, Carpaneto & Bologna 2000 Venchi & Sindaco 2007   Eirenis collaris Collared Dwarf Snake Mahlow, Tillack, Schmidtler & Muller 2013   Eirenis coronella Crowned Dwarf Snake Disi & Boehme 1996 Gasperetti 1988 Geniez 2018 Gruber 1989 Leviton, Anderson, Adler & Minton 1992 Mahlow, Tillack, Schmidtler & Muller 2013 Sindaco, Serra & Menegon 2006 Sindaco, Venchi & Grieco 2013 Sivan & Werner 2003 Werner 1939   Eirenis coronelloides Sinai Dwarf Snake Geniez 2018 Mahlow, Tillack, Schmidtler & Muller 2013 Nilson & Rastegar-Pouyani 2011 Sindaco, Venchi & Grieco 2013 Sivan & Werner 2003   Eirenis decemlineatus Narrow-striped Dwarf Snake Disi & Boehme 1996 Geniez 2018 Gruber 1989 Leviton, Anderson, Adler & Minton 1992 Mahlow, Tillack, Schmidtler & Muller 2013 Sindaco, Venchi & Grieco 2013 Sivan & Werner 1992 Werner 1939   Eirenis eiselti Urfa Dwarf Snake Geniez 2018 Mahlow, Tillack, Schmidtler & Muller 2013   Eirenis levantinus Levant Dwarf Snake Geniez 2018 Mahlow, Tillack, Schmidtler & Muller 2013 Martens 1997 Schmidtler 1993 Sindaco, Venchi & Grieco 2013   Eirenis lineomaculatus Spotted-line Dwarf Snake Disi & Boehme 1996 Geniez 2018 Gruber 1989 Mahlow, Tillack, Schmidtler & Muller 2013 Sindaco, Venchi & Grieco 2013 Sivan & Werner 1992   Eirenis modestus Ring-headed Dwarf Snake Lymberakis & Kalionzopoulou 2003 Mahlow, Tillack, Schmidtler & Muller 2013   Eirenis rothii Israeli Dwarf Snake Disi & Boehme 1996 Geniez 2018 Lymberakis & Kalionzopoulou 2003 Mahlow, Tillack, Schmidtler & Muller 2013 Sindaco, Venchi & Grieco 2013 Sivan & Werner 1992 Werner 1939 Genus Elaphe (Palearctic-Oriental Rat Snakes)   Elaphe druzei Levant Rat Snake Disi & Boehme 1996 [as sauromates] Geniez 2018 [as sauromates] Jablonski, Ribeiro-Junior, Simonov, Soltys & Meiri 2023 Schulz 1996 [as sauromates] Sindaco, Venchi & Grieco 2013 [as sauromates] Tiedemann & Haupl 1978 [as sauromates] Venchi & Sindaco 2007 [as sauromates] Genus Hemorrhois (Palearctic Whip Snakes)   Hemorrhois nummifer Coin-marked Whip Snake Disi & Boehme 1996 Geniez 2018 Gruber 1989 Leviton, Anderson, Adler & Minton 1992 Sindaco, Serra & Menegon 2006 Sindaco, Venchi & Grieco 2013 Werner 1939   Hemorrhois ravergieri Mountain Whip Snake Disi & Boehme 1996 Geniez 2018 Sindaco, Venchi & Grieco 2013 Genus Lytorhynchus (Awl-headed Snakes)   Lytorhynchus diadema Crowned Awl-headed Snake Disi & Boehme 1996 Geniez 2018 Gruber 1989 [as diadema] Martens 1993 Sindaco, Venchi & Grieco 2013   Lytorhynchus kennedyi Syrian Awl-headed Snake Disi & Boehme 1996 Leviton, Anderson, Adler & Minton 1992 Sindaco, Serra & Menegon 2006 Sindaco, Venchi & Grieco 2013 Genus Natrix (Eurasian Keelbacks)   Natrix natrix Common European Grass Snake Geniez 2018 Kabisch in Boehme (ed.) 1999 Martens 1996 Martens 1997 Werner 1939   Natrix tessellata Dice Snake Disi & Boehme 1996 Gasperetti 1988 Geniez 2018 Gruber 1989 Leviton, Anderson, Adler & Minton 1992 Lymberakis & Kalionzopoulou 2003 Shehab, Al-Masri & Amr 2011 Sindaco, Venchi & Grieco 2013 Sivan & Werner 1992 Werner 1939 Genus Platyceps (Flat-headed Whip Snakes)   Platyceps collaris Red Whip Snake Darevsky & Szczerbak in Boehme (ed.) 1993 [as Coluber najadum rubriceps] Disi & Boehme 1996 [as rubriceps] Geniez 2018 Lymberakis & Kalionzopoulou 2003 [as Coluber rubriceps] Rehak & Obst in Boehme (ed.) 1993 [as Coluber rubriceps] Schatti, Baran & Maunoir 2001 Sindaco, Venchi & Grieco 2013 Sivan & Werner 1992 [as Coluber rubriceps]   Platyceps karelini Spotted Desert Whip Snake Disi & Boehme 1996 [as Coluber ventromaculatus] Gruber 1989 [as ventromaculatus] Schatti 2006 [as "cf. ventromaculatus"]   Platyceps najadum European Slender Whip Snake Disi & Boehme 1996 Geniez 2018 Leviton, Anderson, Adler & Minton 1992 Sindaco, Venchi & Grieco 2013 Werner 1939   Platyceps rogersi Helwan Desert Whip Snake Disi & Boehme 1996 Geniez 2018 Gruber 1989 Martens 1997 Schatti 2004 Schatti, Kucharzewski, Masroor & Rastegar-Pouyani 2012 Sindaco, Serra & Menegon 2006 Genus Rhynchocalamus (Middle East Black-headed Snakes)   Rhynchocalamus melanocephalus Palestine Black-headed Snake Amr & Disi 2011 Disi & Boehme 1996 Gasperetti 1988 Geniez 2018 Gruber 1989 Lymberakis & Kalionzopoulou 2003 Sindaco, Venchi & Grieco 2013 Werner 1939 Genus Spalerosophis (Diadem Snakes)   Spalerosophis diadema Common Diadem Snake Disi & Boehme 1996 Gasperetti 1988 Geniez 2018 Gruber 1989 Leviton, Anderson, Adler & Minton 1992 Sindaco, Serra & Menegon 2006 Sindaco, Venchi & Grieco 2013 Sindaco, Venchi, Carpaneto & Bologna 2000 Genus Telescopus (Afro-Asian Cat Snakes)   Telescopus fallax European Cat Snake Disi & Boehme 1996 Geniez 2018 Grillitsch & Grillitsch in Boehme (ed.) 1999 Gruber 1989 Leviton, Anderson, Adler & Minton 1992 Sindaco, Venchi & Grieco 2013 Werner 1939   Telescopus nigriceps Black-headed Cat Snake Disi & Boehme 1996 Geniez 2018 Martens 1993 Sindaco, Serra & Menegon 2006 Sindaco, Venchi & Grieco 2013 Genus Zamenis (Western Palearctic Rat Snakes)   Zamenis hohenackeri Transcaucasian Rat Snake Bischoff in Boehme (ed.) 1993 Disi & Boehme 1996 Geniez 2018 Hofmann, Mebert, Schulz, Helfenberger, Goecmen & Boehme 2018 Martens 1997 Schulz 1996 Sindaco, Serra & Menegon 2006 Sindaco, Venchi & Grieco 2013  Family Elapidae [part 1: terrestrial species] (Cobras, Mambas, etc.) Genus Walterinnesia (Black Desert Cobras)   Walterinnesia morgani Eastern Black Desert Cobra Geniez 2018 Sindaco, Serra & Menegon 2006 [as W. aegyptia] Sindaco, Venchi & Grieco 2013  Family Lamprophiidae (House Snakes, etc.) Genus Malpolon (Montpellier Snakes)   Malpolon insignitus Eastern Montpellier Snake Disi & Boehme 1996 Geniez 2018 Kramer & Schnurrenberger 1963 Sindaco, Serra & Menegon 2006 Sindaco, Venchi & Grieco 2013 Terentjev & Chernov 1965 [1949] [as M. monspessulanus] Werner 1939 [as M. monspessulanus]   Malpolon moilensis Moila Snake Disi & Boehme 1996 Geniez 2018 Leviton, Anderson, Adler & Minton 1992 Sindaco, Serra & Menegon 2006 Sindaco, Venchi & Grieco 2013 Genus Psammophis (Old World Sand Snakes and Grass Snakes)   Psammophis schokari Arabian Sand Snake Disi & Boehme 1996 Geniez 2018 Lymberakis & Kalionzopoulou 2003 Sindaco, Serra & Menegon 2006 Sindaco, Venchi & Grieco 2013 Werner 1939  Family Micrelapidae (Short-jawed Rear-fanged Snakes) Genus Micrelaps (Afro-Asian Black-headed Snakes)   Micrelaps muelleri Israeli Black-headed Snake Bischoff & Schmidtler 1997 Disi & Boehme 1996 Geniez 2018 Gruber 1989 Sindaco, Venchi & Grieco 2013  Family Typhlopidae (Typical Blind Snakes) Genus Letheobia (African Gracile Blind Snakes)   Letheobia episcopa Turkish Gracile Blind Snake Murai, Amr & Abu Baker 2023 Genus Xerotyphlops (Desert Blind Snakes)   Xerotyphlops syriacus Syrian Worm Snake Kornilios, Jablonski, Sadek, Kumlutas, Olgun, Avci & Ilgaz 2020   Xerotyphlops vermicularis European Worm Snake Disi & Boehme 1996 Geniez 2018 Grillitsch & Grillitsch in Boehme (ed.) 1993 Hahn 1980 Leviton, Anderson, Adler & Minton 1992 Lymberakis & Kalionzopoulou 2003 Sindaco, Venchi & Grieco 2013 Sivan & Werner 1992 Werner 1939  Family Viperidae (Vipers) Genus Cerastes (Horned Vipers)   Cerastes gasperettii Middle Eastern Horned Viper Leviton, Anderson, Adler & Minton 1992 Genus Daboia (Daboias)   Daboia palaestinae Palestinian Viper David & Ineich 1999 Disi & Boehme 1996 Geniez 2018 Gruber 1989 McDiarmid, Campbell & Toure 1999 Sindaco, Venchi & Grieco 2013 Sivan & Werner 1992 Werner 1939 Genus Macrovipera (Giant Vipers)   Macrovipera lebetinus Blunt-nosed Viper Disi & Boehme 1996 Geniez 2018 Leviton, Anderson, Adler & Minton 1992 McDiarmid, Campbell & Toure 1999 Sindaco, Venchi & Grieco 2013 Werner 1939 Genus Montivipera (Middle East Mountain Vipers)   Montivipera bornmuelleri Lebanese Mountain Viper David & Ineich 1999 Disi & Boehme 1996 Geniez 2018 Martens 1997 McDiarmid, Campbell & Toure 1999 Werner 1939 [as xanthina] Genus Pseudocerastes (False Horned Vipers)   Pseudocerastes fieldi Western False Horned Viper Bostanchi, Anderson, Kami & Papenfuss 2006 David & Vogel 2010 Disi & Boehme 1996 Fathinia & Rastegar-Pouyani 2010 Geniez 2018 Martens 1993 Sindaco, Serra & Menegon 2006 Sindaco, Venchi & Grieco 2013

	Turtles (Testudines)
	= endemicEX = extinct or assumed extinct Species References  Family Cheloniidae (Hard-shelled Sea Turtles) Genus Caretta (Loggerhead Sea Turtle)   Caretta caretta Loggerhead Sea Turtle Disi & Boehme 1996 Gramentz in Fritz (ed.) 2005 Kasparek 1995 Rhodin, Iverson, Bour, Fritz, Georges, Shaffer & Dijk 2021 Genus Chelonia (Green Sea Turtle)   Chelonia mydas Green Sea Turtle Disi & Boehme 1996 Rhodin, Iverson, Bour, Fritz, Georges, Shaffer & Dijk 2021  Family Dermochelyidae (Leatherback Sea Turtle) Genus Dermochelys (Leatherback Sea Turtle)   Dermochelys coriacea Leatherback Sea Turtle Frazier, Gramentz & Fritz in Fritz (ed.) 2005 Rees, Saad & Jony 2004 Rhodin, Iverson, Bour, Fritz, Georges, Shaffer & Dijk 2021  Family Emydidae (Western Pond Turtles) Genus Emys (European Pond Turtles)   Emys orbicularis Common European Pond Turtle Disi & Boehme 1996 King & Burke 1989 Rhodin, Iverson, Bour, Fritz, Georges, Shaffer & Dijk 2021 Sindaco & Jeremchenko 2008  Family Geoemydidae (Eastern Pond Turtles) Genus Mauremys (Stripe-necked Turtles)   Mauremys caspica Caspian Turtle Martens 1997 Rhodin, Iverson, Bour, Fritz, Georges, Shaffer & Dijk 2021   Mauremys rivulata Balkan Pond Turtle Disi & Boehme 1996 King & Burke 1989 [as caspica] Lymberakis & Kalionzopoulou 2003 [as caspica] Mantziou & Rifai 2014 Rhodin, Iverson, Bour, Fritz, Georges, Shaffer & Dijk 2021 Sindaco & Jeremchenko 2008 Wermuth & Mertens 1977 Werner 1939 [as caspica] Wischuf & Busack in Fritz (ed.) 2001  Family Testudinidae (Tortoises) Genus Testudo (Palearctic Tortoises)   Testudo graeca Spur-thighed Tortoise Disi & Boehme 1996 Fritz & Havas 2006 King & Burke 1989 Lymberakis & Kalionzopoulou 2003 Rhodin, Iverson, Bour, Fritz, Georges, Shaffer & Dijk 2021 Sindaco, Serra & Menegon 2006 Wermuth & Mertens 1977 Werner 1939  Family Trionychidae (Softshell Turtles) Genus Rafetus (Bicallosite Softshell Turtles)   Rafetus euphraticus Euphrates Softshell Turtle Disi & Boehme 1996 Iverson 1992 King & Burke 1989 Leviton, Anderson, Adler & Minton 1992 Rhodin, Iverson, Bour, Fritz, Georges, Shaffer & Dijk 2021 Sindaco & Jeremchenko 2008 Taskavak, Atatur, Ghaffari & Meylan 2016 Wermuth & Mertens 1977 Genus Trionyx (African Softshell Turtle)   Trionyx triunguis African Softshell Turtle Disi & Boehme 1996 King & Burke 1989 Rhodin, Iverson, Bour, Fritz, Georges, Shaffer & Dijk 2021 Wermuth & Mertens 1977 Werner 1939