Home - Taxonomy - Geography - Biodiversity - Literature - Purchase RepFocus Recent updates Citation: Midtgaard, Rune. RepFocus - A Survey of the Reptiles of the World. (www.repfocus.dk). Latest update: February 11th, 2024. Taxonomy of the family Elapidae [terrestrial species] Bibliography of the genus Micrurus Biodiversity of the family Elapidae [terrestrial species] Genus Micrurus American Coral Snakes Echte Korallenottern, Echte Korallenschlangen Amerikanske Koralslanger 1801 Elaps Schneider (type species: Coluber lemniscatus Linnaeus 1758; see International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (1982): Opinion 1201 regarding nomenclatural priority) 1824 Micrurus Wagler (type species: Micrurus spixii Wagler 1824) Contents: 83 species, of which 30 (36.1%) are endemic. Endemism: 0% 100% Remarks: Some authors have included Leptomicrurus in this genus. Distribution: North America, Central America, South America. Reported from: Argentina, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil (Acre, Alagoas, Amapa, Amazonas, Bahia, Ceara, Distrito Federal, Espirito Santo, Goias, Maranhao, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Para [incl. Marajo Island], Paraiba, Parana, Pernambuco, Piaui, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Norte, Rio Grande do Sul, Rondonia, Roraima, Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo [incl. Ilha de Alcatrazes, Sao Sebastiao, Vitoria], Sergipe, Tocantins), Colombia (incl. Gorgona Island), Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras (incl. Islas de la Bahia [Roatan]), Mexico (Aguascalientes, Campeche, Chiapas, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Colima, Distrito Federal, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Mexico State, Michoacan, Morelos, Nayarit, Nuevo Leon, Oaxaca, Puebla, Queretaro, Quintana Roo, San Luis Potosi, Sinaloa, Sonora, Tabasco, Tamaulipas, Tlaxcala, Veracruz, Yucatan, Zacatecas), Nicaragua (incl. Islas del Maiz [Isla Grande del Maiz]), Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Surinam, Trinidad & Tobago (Trinidad), Uruguay, USA (Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Texas), Venezuela (incl. Margarita). Micrurus albicinctus White-banded Coral Snake, White-ringed Coral Snake Weissband-Korallenotter Hvidbåndet Koralslange 1925 Micrurus albicinctus Amaral 1938 Micrurus waehnerorum Meise (status uncertain, see Campbell & Lamar 2004) Remarks: Previously regarded as a synonym of ornatissimus (e.g., Campbell & Lamar 1989, Cunha & Nascimento 1982). Revalidated as a separate species by Cunha & Nascimento (1991). The type locality ("Mato Grosso") may refer to Rondonia (Vanzolini 1986), a territory included in Mato Grosso at the time of the original description of albicinctus. Distribution: Brazil (Amazonas, Mato Grosso, Rondonia), Peru. Micrurus alleni Arrow-headed Coral Snake, (Allen's Coral Snake) Pfeilkopf-Korallenotter Pilehoved-koralslange 1936 Micrurus nigrocinctus alleni Schmidt Micrurus alleni Taylor 1951 1942 Micrurus nigrocinctus yatesi Dunn (syn. Campbell & Lamar 2004) Micrurus alleni yatesi Roze 1967 1951 Micrurus alleni richardi Taylor (syn. Campbell & Lamar 2004) Remarks: The Pacific population of this species might represent a distinct species for which the name yatesi would be available (Sasa & Smith 2001; Campbell & Lamar 2004). Distribution: Costa Rica, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama. Micrurus altirostris Uruguayan Coral Snake, (Southern Coral Snake) Uruguayische Korallenotter Uruguayisk Koralslange 1859 Elaps altirostris Cope Micrurus frontalis altirostris Schmidt 1936 Micrurus altirostris Silva & Sites 1999 1877 Elaps heterochilus Mocquard (syn. Campbell & Lamar 2004) 1944 Micrurus lemniscatus multicinctus Amaral (syn. Campbell & Lamar 2004) Micrurus frontalis multicinctus Azevedo 1960 Other common names: multicinctus: Southern Many-banded Coral Snake Distribution: Argentina, Brazil (Parana, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina), Paraguay, Uruguay. Micrurus ancoralis Regal Coral Snake, Anchor Coral Snake König-Korallenotter Kongekoralslange 1872 Elaps marcgravii var. ancoralis Jan Elaps ancoralis Boulenger 1896 Micrurus ancoralis Amaral 1925 1898 Elaps rosenbergi Boulenger (syn. Campbell & Lamar 2004) 1936 Micrurus ancoralis jani Schmidt Other common names: ancoralis: Ecuadorian Anchor Coral Snake jani: Choco Anchor Coral Snake Distribution: Colombia, Ecuador, Panama. Micrurus annellatus Peruvian Annellated Coral Snake, (Peruvian Coral Snake) Peruvianische Ringel-Korallenotter Peruviansk Ring-koralslange 1871 Elaps annellatus Peters Micrurus annellatus Schmidt 1954 1898 Elaps balzani Boulenger Micrurus balzani Schmidt 1933 Micrurus annellatus balzani Roze 1967 1920 Elaps regularis Boulenger (syn. Campbell & Lamar 2004) 1954 Micrurus annellatus montanus Schmidt (syn. Campbell & Lamar 2004) Other common names: annellatus: Common Annelated Coral Snake balzani: Yungas Coral Snake Remarks: Previously included bolivianus. Distribution: Bolivia, Brazil (Acre), Colombia, Peru. Micrurus apiatus Eastern Variable Coral Snake, Diastema Coral Snake Östliche Variable Korallenotter Østlig Variabel Koralslange 1858 Elaps apiatus Jan Elaps fulvius apiatus Jan 1863 Micrurus affinis apiatus Schmidt 1933 Micrurus diastema apiatus Smith & Taylor 1950 Micrurus apiatus Reyes-Velasco, Adams, Boissinot, Parkinson, Campbell, Castoe & Smith 2020 1860 Elaps aglaeope Cope Micrurus affinis aglaeope Schmidt 1936 Micrurus diastema aglaeope Roze 1967 Micrurus apiatus aglaeope Reyes-Velasco, Adams, Boissinot, Parkinson, Campbell, Castoe & Smith 2020 1903 Elaps alienus Werner Micrurus affinis alienus Schmidt 1936 Micrurus diastema alienus Roze 1967 Micrurus apiatus alienus Reyes-Velasco, Adams, Boissinot, Parkinson, Campbell, Castoe & Smith 2020 1903 Elaps fulvius sapperi Werner Micrurus diastema sapperi Roze 1967 Micrurus apiatus sapperi Reyes-Velasco, Adams, Boissinot, Parkinson, Campbell, Castoe & Smith 2020 1927 Elaps guatemalensis Ahl (syn. Reyes-Velasco, Adams, Boissinot, Parkinson, Campbell, Castoe & Smith 2020 [by implication]) 1933 Micrurus affinis mayensis Schmidt (syn. Reyes-Velasco, Adams, Boissinot, Parkinson, Campbell, Castoe & Smith 2020 [by implication]) 1933 Micrurus affinis stantoni Schmidt (syn. Reyes-Velasco, Adams, Boissinot, Parkinson, Campbell, Castoe & Smith 2020 [by implication]) Other common names: aglaeope: Splendid Coral Snake alienus: (Many-ringed Coral Snake, Yucatan Coral Snake) apiatus: Ringed Coral Snake, Spotted-nosed Coral Snake sapperi: Irregular Coral Snake, (Sapper's Variable Coral Snake, Many-ringed Coral Snake) Remarks: Previously regarded as a subspecies of diastema. Revalidated as a separate species by Reyes-Velasco, Adams, Boissinot, Parkinson, Campbell, Castoe & Smith (2020). Distribution: Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico (Campeche, Chiapas, Quintana Roo, Tabasco, Yucatan). Micrurus averyi Black-headed Coral Snake, (Avery's Coral Snake) Schwarzkopf-Korallenotter Sorthovedet Koralslange 1939 Micrurus averyi Schmidt Distribution: Brazil (Amazonas, Para, Roraima), Guyana, Surinam. Micrurus baliocoryphus Mesopotamian Coral Snake Mesopotamische Korallenotter Mesopotamisk Koralslange 1859 Elaps baliocoryphus Cope Micrurus frontalis baliocoryphus Hoge & Romano-Hoge 1981 Micrurus baliocoryphus Silva & Sites 1999 1967 Micrurus frontalis mesopotamicus Barrio & Miranda (syn. Campbell & Lamar 2004) Remarks: Although reported to occur in Brazil by several authors (e.g., Lema 2002, 2004; Giraudo & Scrocchi 2002), presence in the country needs confirmation. The species was not listed for Brazil by Costa & Bérnils (2018), nor by Nogueira & al. (2019). Distribution: Argentina, Paraguay. Micrurus bocourti Ecuadorian Coral Snake, False Triad Coral Snake, (Bocourt's Coral Snake) Ecuadorianische Korallenotter Ecuadoriansk Koralslange 1872 Elaps bocourti Jan Micrurus bocourti Roze 1970 1936 Micrurus ecuadorianus Schmidt (syn. Campbell & Lamar 2004) Distribution: Ecuador, Peru. Micrurus bogerti Coastal Coral Snake, (Bogert's Coral Snake) Küsten-Korallenotter Kystkoralslange 1967 Micrurus bogerti Roze Distribution: Mexico (Chiapas, Oaxaca). Micrurus boicora Boicorá Coral Snake Boicorá-Korallenotter Boicorá-koralslange 2018 Micrurus boicora Bernarde, Turci, Abegg & Franco Distribution: Brazil (Mato Grosso, Rondonia). Micrurus bolivianus Bolivian Annellated Coral Snake, (Bolivian Coral Snake) Bolivianische Ringel-Korallenotter Boliviansk Ring-koralslange 1967 Micrurus annellatus bolivianus Roze Micrurus bolivianus Silva Junior, Buononato, Pires & Feitosa 2021 Remarks: Originally described as a subspecies of annellatus (Roze 1967). Raised to status as a separate species by Silva Junior, Buononato, Pires & Feitosa (2021). Distribution: Bolivia, Brazil (Acre). Micrurus brasiliensis Brazilian Coral Snake, Brazilian Short-tailed Coral Snake Brasilianische Korallenotter Brasiliansk Koralslange 1967 Micrurus frontalis brasiliensis Roze Micrurus brasiliensis Silva & Sites 1999 Distribution: Brazil (Bahia, Goias, Maranhao, Minas Gerais, Tocantins). Micrurus browni Sierra Madre Coral Snake, (Brown's Coral Snake) Sierra-Madre-Korallenotter Sierra Madre-koralslange 1943 Micrurus browni Schmidt & Smith Micrurus nigrocinctus browni Mittleman & Smith 1949 1943 Micrurus nuchalis taylori Schmidt & Smith Micrurus browni taylori Roze 1967 1958 Micrurus proximans Smith & Chrapliwy (syn. Reyes-Velasco, Adams, Boissinot, Parkinson, Campbell, Castoe & Smith 2020) Other common names: browni: Common Sierra Madre Coral Snake proximans: Nayarit Coral Snake taylori: Acapulco Coral Snake Remarks: Bahena-Basave's (1995) record from Quintana Roo refer to apiatus (Campbell & Lamar 2004 [by implication]). The former subspecies importunus is now considered a synonym of nigrocinctus zunilensis. Records of browni from Honduras refer to nigrocinctus. Presence in Puebla is regarded as unconfirmed, although mentioned to occur in the state by Campbell & Lamar (2004), however, the authors did not plot any localities in their distribution map, and the species was not included for Puebla by Woolrich-Piña, García-Padilla, DeSantis, Johnson, Mata-Silva & Wilson (2017) in their work on the herpetofauna of the state. Smith & Chrapliwy's (1958) paratype of proximans from Jalisco has later been re-identified as M. distans zweifeli (J. Reyes-Velasco, pers. comm., Oct. 9, 2012). Distribution: Guatemala, Mexico (Chiapas, Colima, Distrito Federal, Guerrero, Jalisco, Mexico State, Michoacan, Morelos, Nayarit, Oaxaca). Micrurus camilae Cordoba Coral Snake, (Camila's Coral Snake) Cordoba-Korallenotter Cordoba-koralslange 2003 Micrurus camilae Renjifo & Lundberg Distribution: Colombia. Micrurus carvalhoi Eastern Ribbon Coral Snake, (Brazilian Ribbon Coral Snake) Östliche Band-Korallenotter Østlig Båndkoralslange 1967 Micrurus lemniscatus carvalhoi Roze Micrurus carvalhoi Wallach, Williams & Boundy 2014 Remarks: Previously regarded as a subspecies of lemniscatus (e.g., Campbell & Lamar 2004; David, Dobiey & Vogel 2018). Regarded as a separate species in most recent publications (e.g., Wallach, Williams & Boundy 2014; Costa & Bérnils 2018; Hurtado Gómez, Vargas Ramírez, Ruiz Gómez, Fouqet & Fritz 2021). Not mentioned for Brazil by Nogueira & al. (2019). Records from Para are erroneous (Costa & Bérnils 2018). Distribution: Argentina, Brazil (Alagoas, Bahia, Distrito Federal, Espirito Santo, Goias, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Paraiba, Parana, Pernambuco, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul, Sao Paulo, Tocantins), Paraguay. Micrurus catamayensis Catamayo Coral Snake Catamayo-Korallenotter Catamayo-koralslange 1938 Micrurus ecuadorianus Parker [not Micrurus ecuadorianus Schmidt 1936] 1989 Micrurus catamayensis Roze Remarks: Regarded by some as a synonym of bocourti (Valencia, Garzón-Tello & Barragán-Paladines 2016; Torres-Carvajal, Pazmiño-Otamendi & Salazar-Valenzuela 2019 [by implication]). Distribution: Ecuador. Micrurus circinalis Trinidad Coral Snake, Trinidad Northern Coral Snake Trinidad-Korallenotter Trinidad-koralslange 1854 Elaps circinalis Dumeril, Bibron & Dumeril Elaps corallinus circinalis Jan 1863 Micrurus circinalis Schmidt 1936 Micrurus psyches circinalis Roze 1967 1858 Elaps riisei Jan (syn. Campbell & Lamar 2004) Micrurus corallinus risei [sic] Amaral 1925 Micrurus psyches riesii [sic] Amaral 1931 Remarks: Revalidated as a separate species by Roze (1994). Records from Guyana (e.g., Roze 1996) are probably based on wrong locality data (Cole, Townsend, Reynolds, MacCulloch & Lathrop 2013). Distribution: Trinidad & Tobago (Trinidad), Venezuela. Micrurus clarki Yavisa Coral Snake, (Clark's Coral Snake) Yavisa-Korallenotter Yavisa-koralslange 1936 Micrurus clarki Schmidt Distribution: Colombia, Costa Rica, Panama. Micrurus corallinus Painted Coral Snake Gemalte Korallenotter, (Schwarzkopf-Korallenotter) Malet Koralslange 1820 Elaps corallinus Merrem Micrurus corallinus Amaral 1925 Remarks: According to Campbell & Lamar (2004), the distribution in Brazil reaches as far north as Minas Gerais and Espirito Santo, however, their distribution map also showed localities farther to the northeast (probably Rio Grande do Norte). Distribution: Argentina, Brazil (Bahia, Espirito Santo, Minas Gerais, Parana, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Norte, Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo [incl. Ilha de Alcatrazes, Sao Sebastiao, Vitoria]), Paraguay. Micrurus decoratus Decorated Coral Snake, (Brazilian Coral Snake) Pracht-Korallenotter Sydamerikansk Pragtkoralslange 1858 Elaps decoratus Jan Micrurus decoratus Amaral 1926 1922 Elaps ezequieli Lutz & Mello (syn. Campbell & Lamar 2004) 1922 Elaps fischeri Amaral "1921" (syn. Campbell & Lamar 2004) Micrurus fischeri Amaral 1930 Remarks: Records from Bahia and Rio Grande do Sul (e.g., Lema 1994, 2004; Roze 1996; Campbell & Lamar 2004) are regarded as doubtful (Gonzalez, Silva-Soares, Castro & Bérnils 2014). Also a record from Alagoas (Costa & Bérnils 2018) seems doubtful, considering the far distance to other records of the species. Distribution: Brazil (Espirito Santo, Minas Gerais, Parana, Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo). Micrurus diana Santa Cruz Coral Snake, (Diana's Coral Snake) Santa-Cruz-Korallenotter Santa Cruz-koralslange 1983 Micrurus frontalis diana Roze Micrurus diana Roze 1994 Distribution: Bolivia, Brazil (Mato Grosso, Rondonia). Micrurus diastema Western Variable Coral Snake, Diastema Coral Snake Westliche Variable Korallenotter Vestlig Variabel Koralslange 1854 Elaps diastema Dumeril, Bibron & Dumeril Elaps fulvius diastema Jan 1863 Micrurus diastema Schmidt 1933 1854 Elaps epistema Duméril, Bibron & Duméril (syn. Campbell & Lamar 2004) Elaps fulvius epistema Jan 1863 1858 Elaps affinis Jan (syn. Reyes-Velasco, Adams, Boissinot, Parkinson, Campbell, Castoe & Smith 2020) Elaps fulvius affinis Jan 1863 Micrurus affinis Schmidt 1933 Micrurus diastema affinis Roze 1967 1863 Elaps fulvius hypostema Jan (syn. Campbell & Lamar 2004) 1869 Elaps corallinus crebripunctatus Peters (syn. Campbell & Lamar 2004; Reyes-Velasco, Adams, Boissinot, Parkinson, Campbell, Castoe & Smith 2020 [by implication]) 1967 Micrurus diastema macdougalli Roze (syn. Reyes-Velasco, Adams, Boissinot, Parkinson, Campbell, Castoe & Smith 2020) Other common names: affinis: Oaxacan Speckled Coral Snake, (Yucatan Coral Snake) diastema: Veracruz Coral Snake macdougalli: MacDougall's Variable Coral Snake, MacDougall's Coral Snake Remarks: Previously included apiatus and bernadi (now a synonym of tener). Distribution: Mexico (Hidalgo, Oaxaca, Puebla, Tabasco, Veracruz). Micrurus dissoleucus Pygmy Coral Snake Zwerg-Korallenotter Dværgkoralslange 1859 Elaps dissoleucus Cope Micrurus dissoleucus Amaral 1925 1858 Elaps marcgravi gravenhorsti Jan (syn. Campbell & Lamar 2004) 1860 Elaps melanogenys Cope Micrurus dissoleucus melanogenys Schmidt 1936 1916 Elaps hollandi Griffin (syn. Campbell & Lamar 2004) Micrurus hollandi Ruthven 1922 1923 Micrurus dunni Barbour Micrurus dissoleucus dunni Schmidt 1936 1955 Micrurus dissoleucus nigrirostris Schmidt Other common names: dissoleucus: Venezuelan Pygmy Coral Snake dunni: Panama Pygmy Coral Snake melanogenys: Santa Marta Pygmy Coral Snake nigrirostris: Barranquilla Pygmy Coral Snake Remarks: Previously included meridensis. Distribution: Colombia, Panama, Venezuela. Micrurus distans West Mexican Coral Snake, Sinaloan Coral Snake, Clear-banded Coral Snake Westmexikanische Korallenotter Vestmexicansk Koralslange 1860 Elaps distans Kennicott Micrurus diastema distans Schmidt 1933 Micrurus distans Zweifel 1959 1967 Micrurus distans zweifeli Roze (syn. Reyes-Velasco, Adams, Boissinot, Parkinson, Campbell, Castoe & Smith 2020) Other common names: distans: Common West Mexican Coral Snake, Common Clear-banded Coral Snake zweifeli: Zweifel's Coral Snake Remarks: Previously included michoacanensis and oliveri. Distribution: Mexico (Aguascalientes, Chihuahua, Jalisco, Nayarit, Sinaloa, Sonora, Zacatecas). Micrurus diutius Trinidad Ribbon Coral Snake Trinidad-Band-Korallenotter Trinidad-båndkoralslange 1955 Micrurus lemniscatus diutius Burger Micrurus diutius Dijn, Molgo, Marty, Luger, Ringler, Crothers, Noonan & Fitzgerald 2007 Remarks: Previously regarded as a subspecies of lemniscatus (e.g., Burger 1955; Murphy 1997). Starace (1998) suggested that diutius represented a separate species, and it was treated as such by some authors (e.g., Dijn, Molgo, Marty, Luger, Ringler, Crothers, Noonan & Fitzgerald 2007; David, Dobiey & Vogel 2018). Validity supported by Jowers, Garcia, Mudarra, Charles & Murphy (2019). Distribution: Trinidad & Tobago (Trinidad). Micrurus dumerilii Capuchin Coral Snake, (Dumeril's Coral Snake) Kapuzen-Korallenotter Hættekoralslange 1858 Elaps dumerilii Jan Micrurus dumerilii Ruthven 1922 Micrurus corallinus dumerilii Amaral 1925 Micrurus carinicauda dumerilii Roze 1967 1916 Elaps colombianus Griffin (syn. Campbell & Lamar 2004) Micrurus carinicauda colombianus Roze 1967 Micrurus dumerilii colombianus Roze 1970 1936 Micrurus carinicauda Schmidt (syn. Campbell & Lamar 2004) Micrurus dumerilii carinicauda Roze 1970 1936 Micrurus antioquiensis Schmidt (syn. Campbell & Lamar 2004) Micrurus carinicaudus antioquiensis Schmidt 1955 Micrurus dumerilii antioquiensis Roze 1970 1936 Micrurus transandinus Schmidt (syn. Campbell & Lamar 2004) Micrurus carinicaudus transandinus Schmidt 1955 Micrurus dumerilii transandinus Roze 1970 1989 Micrurus dumerilii venezuelensis Roze Other common names: antioquiensis: Antioquian Coral Snake carinicauda: Intermediate Capuchin Coral Snake colombianus: Santa Marta Capuchin Coral Snake dumerilii: Common Capuchin Coral Snake transandianus: Transandean Coral Snake venezuelensis: Venezuelan Capuchin Coral Snake Remarks: Although antioquiensis has been reported from Panama (Pérez-Santos, Moreno & Gearhart 1993), it has not been confirmed from the country (Solís, Ibáñez & Jaramillo 1996). Distribution: Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, Venezuela. Micrurus elegans Elegant Coral Snake Venus-Korallenotter Venuskoralslange 1858 Elaps elegans Jan Micrurus elegans Amaral 1930 1933 Micrurus elegans verae-pacis Schmidt Other common names: elegans: Western Elegant Coral Snake veraepacis: Verapaz Elegant Coral Snake, Guatemalan Elegant Coral Snake Distribution: Guatemala, Mexico (Chiapas, Oaxaca, Puebla, Tabasco, Veracruz). Micrurus ephippifer Oaxacan Coral Snake, Double Black Coral Snake Oaxaca-Korallenotter Oaxaca-koralslange 1886 Elaps ephippifer Cope Micrurus ephippifer Schmidt 1933 1989 Micrurus ephippifer zapotecus Roze Other common names: ephippifer: Tehuantepec Coral Snake zapotecus: Zapotec Coral Snake Distribution: Mexico (Oaxaca). Micrurus filiformis South American Slender Coral Snake, (Thread Coral Snake) Faden-Korallenotter Trådkoralslange 1859 Elaps filiformis Günther Micrurus filiformis Amaral 1925 1967 Micrurus filiformis subtilis Roze Distribution: Brazil (Amapa, Amazonas, Maranhao, Para [incl. Marajo Island]), Colombia, Peru. Micrurus frontalis Cerrado Coral Snake, Brazilian Giant Coral Snake, Short-tailed Coral Snake, (Southern Coral Snake) Kobra-Korallenotter Cerrado-koralslange, (Brasiliansk Koralslange) 1854 Elaps frontalis Dumeril, Bibron & Dumeril Micrurus frontalis Amaral 1925 Micrurus lemniscatus frontalis Amaral 1944 Remarks: Previously included altirostris, brasiliensis and pyrrhocryptus. Distribution: Bolivia, Brazil (Distrito Federal, Espirito Santo, Goias, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Sao Paulo), Paraguay. Micrurus frontifasciatus Bolivian Ribbon Coral Snake Bolivianische Band-Korallenotter Boliviansk Båndkoralslange 1927 Elaps frontifasciatus Werner Micrurus lemniscatus frontifasciatus Roze 1967 Micrurus frontifasciatus Roze 1983 Remarks: Sometimes treated as a synonym of lemniscatus (e.g., Harvey, James & Lucindo 2003; Campbell & Lamar 2004). Regarded as a separate species herein, following other authors (e.g., Roze 1983, 1996; Golay & al. 1993; David & Ineich 1999; Wallach, Williams & Boundy 2014). A record from Para (Guedes 2000) is regarded as doubtful, being far from other records of the species. Distribution: Bolivia, Peru. Micrurus fulvius Harlequin Coral Snake, Eastern Coral Snake, North American Coral Snake, Northern Coral Snake Harlekin-Korallenotter Nordamerikansk Koralslange, Harlekinslange 1766 Coluber fulvius Linnaeus Elaps fulvius Daudin 1803 Vipera fulvia Harlan 1826 Micrurus fulvius Schmidt 1928 Micruroides fulvius Stickel 1952 1853 Elaps tristis Baird & Girard [part] (syn. Campbell & Lamar 2004) 1928 Micrurus fulvius barbouri Schmidt (syn. Campbell & Lamar 2004) Remarks: Previously included tener. Distribution: USA (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina). Micrurus helleri Western Ribbon Coral Snake Westliche Band-Korallenotter Vestlig Båndkoralslange 1925 Micrurus helleri Schmidt & Schmidt Micrurus lemniscatus helleri Roze 1967 Remarks: Revalidated as a separate species by Valencia & al. (2016). Validity supported by Hurtado Gómez, Vargas Ramírez, Ruiz Gómez, Fouqet & Fritz (2021). Probably restricted to the Andean foothils. Exact boundaries of distribution and possible sympatry with lemniscatus need further study. Records from lowland western Amazonia are provisionally included as representing helleri, but other taxa may be involved. Distribution: Bolivia, Brazil (Acre, Amazonas, Rondonia), Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela. Micrurus hemprichii Worm-eating Coral Snake, (Eastern Worm-eating Coral Snake, Hemprich's Coral Snake) Wurm-fressende Korallenotter Ormeædende Koralslange 1858 Elaps hemprichii Jan Micrurus hemprichii Amaral 1925 Remarks: Previously included ortoni. Distribution: Brazil (Amapa, Amazonas, Maranhao, Mato Grosso, Para [incl. Marajo Island], Roraima, Tocantins), Colombia, French Guiana, Guyana, Surinam, Venezuela. Micrurus hippocrepis Mayan Coral Snake, Belize Coral Snake Maya-Korallenotter Maya-koralslange 1862 Elaps hippocrepis Peters Micrurus hippocrepis Schmidt 1933 Micrurus affinis hippocrepis Schmidt 1936 Distribution: Belize, Guatemala. Micrurus ibiboboca Caatinga Coral Snake, (Ibiboboca) Caatinga-Korallenotter Caatinga-koralslange 1820 Elaps ibiboboca Merrem Micrurus lemniscatus ibiboboca Hoge 1953 1820 Elaps marcgravii Wied-Neuwied (syn. Campbell & Lamar 2004) Remarks: Often confused in the literature with lemniscatus. Disjunct populations in the Guiana region (French Guiana, Guyana, Surinam) refer to diutius (MacCulloch & Lathrop 2004). Campbell & Lamar (2004) included Goias in the distribution for the species, but accordig to their map, ibiboboca is not found anywhere near the state. They may have had Tocantins (formerly part of Goias) in mind. Distribution: Brazil (Alagoas, Bahia, Ceara, Maranhao, Minas Gerais, Paraiba, Pernambuco, Piaui, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Norte, Sergipe). Micrurus isozonus Venezuelan Coral Snake, Equal-banded Coral Snake Venezuelanische Korallenotter Ensbåndet Koralslange 1860 Elaps isozonus Cope Micrurus isozonus Schmidt 1936 1920 Elaps omissus Boulenger (syn. Campbell & Lamar 2004) Distribution: Brazil (Roraima), Colombia, Guyana, Venezuela (incl. Isla Margarita). Micrurus langsdorffi Northwest Amazonian Coral Snake, Confused Coral Snake, (Langsdorff's Coral Snake) Nordwestliche Amazonas-Korallenotter Nordvestlig Amazonas-koralslange 1824 Micrurus Langsdorffi Wagler Elaps langsdorffi Jan 1858 1868 Elaps Batesii Günther (syn. Campbell & Lamar 2004) 1868 Elaps imperator Cope (syn. Campbell & Lamar 2004) 1935 Micrurus mimosus Amaral (syn. Campbell & Lamar 2004) Remarks: See under albicinctus. Distribution: Brazil (Amazonas), Colombia, Ecuador, Peru. Micrurus laticollaris Balsan Coral Snake, Double-collared Coral Snake Balsas-Korallenotter Balsas-koralslange 1869 Elaps marcgravii var. laticollaris Peters Micrurus laticollaris Roze 1967 1967 Micrurus laticollaris maculirostris Roze Other common names: laticollaris: Eastern Double-collared Coral Snake maculirostris: Western Double-collared Coral Snake, Colima Coral Snake Distribution: Mexico (Colima, Guerrero, Jalisco, Mexico State, Michoacan, Morelos, Oaxaca, Puebla). Micrurus latifasciatus Broad-ringed Coral Snake, Long-ringed Coral Snake, Long-banded Coral Snake Breitband-Korallenotter Bredbåndet Koralslange 1933 Micrurus latifasciatus Schmidt 1933 Micrurus nuchalis Schmidt (syn. Campbell & Lamar 2004) Distribution: Guatemala, Mexico (Chiapas, Oaxaca). Micrurus lemniscatus Northern Ribbon Coral Snake, Eastern Ribbon Coral Snake, Guianan Ribbon Coral Snake, (South American Coral Snake, Ibiboboca) Nördliche Band-Korallenotter Nordlig Båndkoralslange 1758 Coluber lemniscatus Linnaeus Natrix lemniscata Laurenti 1768 Elaps lemniscatus Schneider 1801 Vipera lemniscata Daudin 1803 Micrurus lemniscatus Beebe 1919 Remarks: Previously included carvalhoi, diutius, frontifasciatus, and helleri. Presence in Ceara (e.g., Loebmann 2009; Loebmann & Haddad 2010; Roberto & Loebmann 2016), Pernambuco (e.g., Oliveira, Muniz & Moura 2016), and Piaui (e.g., Casais e Silva 1996) is considered doubtful. None of these states were included by Costa & Bérnils (2018). Exact boundaries of distribution and extent of possible sympatry with helleri need further study. Distribution: Brazil (Amapa, Amazonas, Maranhao, Para, Tocantins), French Guiana, Guyana, Surinam. Micrurus lemniscatus © Henrik Bringsøe Micrurus limbatus Tuxtlan Coral Snake Tuxtla-Korallenotter Tuxtla-koralslange 1964 Micrurus limbatus Fraser 1990 Micrurus limbatus spilosomus Perez-Higareda & Smith Other common names: limbatus: Tuxtlan Banded Coral Snake spilosomus: Tuxtlan Spotted Coral Snake Distribution: Mexico (Veracruz). Micrurus margaritiferus Speckled Coral Snake Südamerikanische Gesprenkelte Korallenotter Sydamerikansk Spættet Koralslange 1967 Micrurus margaritiferus Roze Distribution: Peru. Micrurus medemi Villavicencio Coral Snake, (Medem's Coral Snake) Villavicencio-Korallenotter Villavicencio-koralslange 1967 Micrurus psyches medemi Roze Micrurus medemi Roze 1994 Distribution: Colombia. Micrurus meridensis Mérida Pygmy Coral Snake Mérida-Korallenotter Mérida-koralslange 1989 Micrurus dissoleucus meridensis Roze Micrurus meridensis Roze 1994 Distribution: Venezuela. Micrurus mertensi Pacasmayo Desert Coral Snake, (Peruvian Desert Coral Snake, Mertens' Coral Snake) Pacasmayo-Korallenotter Pacasmayo-ørkenkoralslange 1936 Micrurus mertensi Schmidt Remarks: Feitosa, Silva, Pires, Zaher & Prudente (2015) listed records from Bolivia and Colombia. These records are considered doubtful herein, being far from all other records of this species in Ecuador and Peru. Distribution: Ecuador, Peru. Micrurus michoacanensis Michoacan Coral Snake, Michoacan Clear-banded Coral Snake Michoacan-Korallenotter Michoacan-koralslange 1891 Elaps distans michoacanensis Dugès Elaps michoacanensis Dugès 1896 Micrurus diastema michoacanensis Smith 1943 Micrurus distans michoacanensis Zweifel 1959 Micrurus michoacanensis Reyes-Velasco, Adams, Boissinot, Parkinson, Campbell, Castoe & Smith 2020 Remarks: Previously regarded as a subspecies of distans. Revalidated as a separate species by Reyes-Velasco, Adams, Boissinot, Parkinson, Campbell, Castoe & Smith (2020). Distribution: Mexico (Guerrero, Michoacan). Micrurus mipartitus Red-tailed Coral Snake, Many-banded Coral Snake Rotschwanz-Korallenotter Rødhalet Koralslange 1854 Elaps mipartitus Dumeril, Bibron & Dumeril Micrurus mipartitus Ruthven 1922 1854 Elaps decussatus Duméril, Bibron & Duméril (syn. Campbell & Lamar 2004) Micrurus mipartitus decussatus Roze 1967 1896 Elaps anomalus Boulenger (syn. Campbell & Lamar 2004) Micrurus anomalus Amaral 1930 Micrurus mipartitus anomalus Roze 1967 1896 Elaps fraseri Boulenger (syn. Campbell & Lamar 2004) 1896 Elaps mentalis Boulenger (syn. Campbell & Lamar 2004) 1902 Elaps calamus Boulenger (syn. Campbell & Lamar 2004) 1903 Elaps aequicinctus Werner (syn. Campbell & Lamar 2004) 1913 Elaps microps Boulenger (syn. Campbell & Lamar 2004) 1927 Elaps decipiens Werner (syn. Campbell & Lamar 2004) 1990 Micrurus mipartitus popayanensis Ayerbe, Tidwell & Tidwell 1999 Micrurus mipartitus rozei Golay, Chiszar, Smith & Van Breukelen [substitute name for Elaps semipartitus Jan 1858 (nomen nudum)] Other common names: anomalus: Santa Marta Red-tailed Coral Snake decussatus: Andean Red-tailed Coral Snake mipartitus: Pacific Red-tailed Coral Snake popayanensis: Popayán Coral Snake rozei: Venezuelan Red-tailed Coral Snake Remarks: Some authors regard multifasciatus as a synonym of mipartitus. Distribution: Brazil (Rondonia), Colombia (incl. Gorgona Island), Ecuador, Panama, Venezuela. Micrurus mipartitus © Henrik Bringsøe Micrurus mosquitensis Misquito Coral Snake Misquito-Korallenotter Misquito-koralslange 1933 Micrurus nigrocinctus mosquitensis Schmidt Micrurus mosquitensis Solórzano 2004 Remarks: Raised to species status by Solórzano (2004), although already Mudde & Dijk (1985) had regarded it as such. However, still regarded as a synonym of nigrocinctus by Wallach, Williams & Boundy (2014). Distribution: Costa Rica, Panama. Micrurus multifasciatus Many-banded Coral Snake, Gargantilla Vielbinden-Korallenotter Mangebåndet Koralslange 1858 Elaps multifasciatus Jan Micrurus mipartitus multifasciatus Taylor 1951 Micrurus multifasciatus Roze 1983 1897 Elaps hertwigi Werner Micrurus mipartitus hertwegi Roze 1967 Micrurus multifasciatus hertwegi Roze 1983 Other common names: hertwegi: Costa Rican Many-banded Coral Snake multifasciatus: Panamanian Many-banded Coral Snake Remarks: Status uncertain. Regarded as a synonym of mipartitus by some authors (e.g., Savage 2002; Wallach, Williams & Boundy 2014). Considered valid here, following Campbell & Lamar (2004). Distribution: Colombia, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama. Micrurus multiscutatus Cauca Coral Snake Cauca-Korallenotter Cauca-koralslange 1940 Micrurus multiscutatus Rendahl & Vestergren Remarks: Regarded as a synonym of mipartitus by Savage (2002), but as a valid species by others (e.g., Campbell & Lamar 2004; Wallach, Williams & Boundy 2014). Distribution: Colombia, Ecuador. Micrurus nattereri Venezuelan Aquatic Coral Snake, (Natterer's Coral Snake) Venezuelanische Wasser-Korallenotter Venezuelansk Vandkoralslange 1952 Micrurus surinamensis nattereri Schmidt Micrurus nattereri Passos & Fernandes 2005 Distribution: Brazil (Amazonas), Colombia, Venezuela. Micrurus nebularis Cloud Forest Coral Snake, Ixtlán Coral Snake, Clouded Coral Snake, (Neblina Coral Snake) Nebelwald-Korallenotter Tågeskov-koralslange 1989 Micrurus nebularis Roze Distribution: Mexico (Oaxaca, Puebla). Micrurus nigrocinctus Central American Coral Snake Zentralamerikanische Korallenotter Centralamerikansk Koralslange 1854 Elaps nigrocinctus Girard Micrurus nigrocinctus Amaral 1927 1856 Elaps divaricatus Hallowell Micrurus nigrocinctus divaricatus Schmidt 1933 1860 Elaps melanocephalus Hallowell [not Elaps melanocephalus Wagler 1824; not Elaps melanocephalus Gray & Neill in Eyre 1845] (syn. Campbell & Lamar 2004) Micrurus nigrocinctus melanocephalus Roze 1967 1932 Micrurus nigrocinctus zunilensis Schmidt 1936 Micrurus nigrocinctus coibensis Schmidt 1941 Micrurus nigrocinctus wagneri Mertens (syn. Campbell & Lamar 2004) 1943 Micrurus nigrocinctus ovandoensis Schmidt & Smith (syn. Campbell & Lamar 2004) 1951 Micrurus pachecoi Taylor (syn. Campbell & Lamar 2004) 1967 Micrurus browni importunus Roze (syn. Streicher, McEntee, Drzich, Card, Schield, Smart, Parkinson, Jezkova, Smith & Castoe 2016) 1967 Micrurus nigrocinctus babaspul Roze Other common names: babaspul: Babaspul coibensis: Coiba Coral Snake divaricatus: Honduras Coral Snake importunus: Antigua Coral Snake nigrocinctus: Common Central American Coral Snake zunilensis: Zunil Coral Snake, Black-ringed Coral Snake Remarks: Previously included mosquitensis. Although included for Jalisco by Cruz-Sáenz, Guerrero, Lazcano & Télles-López (2009), presence in the state is considered undocumented herein, following Cruz-Sáenz, Muñoz-Nolasco, Mata-Silva, Johnson, García-Padilla & Wilson (2017), who did not list the species for Jalisco. Distribution: Colombia, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico (Chiapas, Oaxaca), Nicaragua (incl. Islas del Maiz [Isla Grande del Maiz]), Panama. Micrurus nigrocinctus © Rune Midtgaard Micrurus obscurus Western Amazonian Coral Snake, Black-necked Amazonian Coral Snake, Dark Amazonian Coral Snake Schwarzhals-Korallenotter Sorthalset Koralslange 1872 Elaps corallinus var. obscura Jan in Jan & Sordelli Micrurus spixii obscura Schmidt & Walker 1943 Micrurus obscurus Harvey, Aparicio-E. & González-A. 2003 1881 Elaps heterozonus Peters (syn. Nascimento, Silva, Feitosa & Prudente 2019) Micrurus heterozonus Amaral 1930 1905 Elaps princeps Boulenger (syn. Nascimento, Silva, Feitosa & Prudente 2019) Micrurus spixi princeps Schmidt 1953 Micrurus princeps Wallach, Williams & Boundy 2014 Other common names: princeps: Bolivian Amazonian Coral Snake Remarks: Previously regarded variously as a synonym of spixii (e.g., Campbell & Lamar 2004) or as a separate species (e.g., Duellman 2005; Rivas, Molina, Ugueto, Barros, Barrio-Amorós & Kok 2012; Wallach, Williams & Boundy 2014). Validity as a separate species supported by Nascimento, Silva, Feitosa & Prudente (2019). There is a single record without locality from Para, Brazil (Nascimento, Silva, Feitosa & Prudente 2019), which needs confirmation. Distribution: Bolivia, Brazil (Acre, Amazonas, Rondonia), Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela. Micrurus oligoanellatus Tambo Coral Snake Tambo-Korallenotter Tambo-koralslange 2002 Micrurus oligoanellatus Ayerbe & López Distribution: Colombia. Micrurus oliveri Colima Coral Snake, Colima Clear-banded Coral Snake Colima-Korallenotter Colima-koralslange 1967 Micrurus distans olivieri Roze Micrurus oliveri Reyes-Velasco, Adams, Boissinot, Parkinson, Campbell, Castoe & Smith 2020 Remarks: Previously regarded as a subspecies of distans. Raised to species status by Reyes-Velasco, Adams, Boissinot, Parkinson, Campbell, Castoe & Smith (2020). Distribution: Mexico (Colima, Jalisco, Michoacan). Micrurus ornatissimus Ornate Coral Snake Ornament-Korallenotter Ornament-koralslange 1858 Elaps ornatissimus Jan Micrurus ornatissimus Schmidt 1936 Micrurus langsdorffi ornatissimus Roze 1967 1896 Elaps buckleyi Boulenger (syn. Campbell & Lamar 2004) Micrurus buckleyi Amaral 1930 Remarks: Revalidated as a separate species by Cunha & Nascimento (1982, 1991). Distribution: Colombia, Ecuador, Peru. Micrurus ortoni Pebas Coral Snake, Western Worm-eating Coral Snake, Orange-ringed Coral Snake, (Orton's Coral Snake) Pebas-Korallenotter Pebas-koralslange 1953 Micrurus hemprichii ortoni Schmidt Micrurus ortoni Valencia, Garzón-Tello & Barragán-Paladines 2016 1990 Micrurus rondonianus Roze & Silva (syn. Valencia, Garzón-Tello & Barragán-Paladines 2016) Micrurus hemprichii rondonianus Roze 1994 Other common names: rondonianus: Rondonian Worm-eating Coral Snake Remarks: Previously regarded as a subspecies of hemprichii. Raised to species status by Valencia, Garzón-Tello & Barragán-Paladines (2016), followed by Bernarde, Turci, Abegg & Franco (2018). Costa & Bérnils (2018) listed ortoni for Roraima, presumably in error. Pefaur (1992) and Roze (1996) listed the species from Venezuela, presumably also in error. Bernarde, Turci, Abegg & Franco (2018) included no records from neither Roraima, nor Venezuela. Not mentioned for Brazil by Nogueira & al. (2019). Distribution: Bolivia, Brazil (Acre, Amazonas, Rondonia), Colombia, Ecuador, Peru. Micrurus pacaraimae Pacaraima Coral Snake, Roraima Coral Snake Pacaraima-Korallenotter Pacaraima-koralslange 2002 Micrurus pacaraimae Morata de Carvalho Distribution: Brazil (Roraima). Micrurus pachecogili Zapotitlán Coral Snake, Pueblan Coral Snake Zapotitlán-Korallenotter Zapotitlán-koralslange 2000 Micrurus pachecogili Campbell Distribution: Mexico (Oaxaca, Puebla). Micrurus paraensis Pará Coral Snake Pará-Korallenotter Pará-koralslange 1973 Micrurus psiches paraensis Cunha & Nascimento Micrurus paraensis Hoge & Romano-Hoge 1981 1976 Micrurus donosoi Hoge (syn. Campbell & Lamar 2004) Micrurus psyches donosoi Roze 1983 1987 Micrurus paraensis debruini Abuys (syn. Campbell & Lamar 2004) Remarks: Revalidated as a separate species by Roze (1994). Distribution: Brazil (Amazonas, Maranhao, Mato Grosso, Para, Rondonia), Surinam. Micrurus peruvianus Peruvian Coral Snake Peruvianische Korallenotter Peruviansk Koralslange 1936 Micrurus peruvianus Schmidt Distribution: Ecuador, Peru. Micrurus petersi Mountain Coral Snake, (Peters' Coral Snake) Gebirgs-Korallenotter Bjergkoralslange 1967 Micrurus steindachneri petersi Roze Micrurus petersi Roze 1983 Distribution: Ecuador. Micrurus potyguara Paraiba Coral Snake, Potyguara Coral Snake Paraiba-Korallenotter Paraiba-koralslange 2014 Micrurus potyguara Pires, Silva, Feitosa, Prudente, Filho & Zaher Distribution: Brazil (Paraiba, Pernambuco, Rio Grande do Norte). Micrurus psyches Carib Coral Snake, Northern Coral Snake, Guianas Coral Snake, (Daudin's Coral Snake) Karibische Korallenotter Caribisk Koralslange 1803 Vipera psyches Daudin Elaps psyche [sic] Jan in Jan & Sordelli 1962 Micrurus psyches Roze 1967 Remarks: Previously included circinalis, medemi, paraensis, and remotus. Distribution: Brazil (Amapa, Para), French Guiana, Guyana, Surinam, Venezuela. Micrurus putumayensis Putumayo Coral Snake, Sooty Coral Snake Putumayo-Korallenotter Putumayo-koralslange 1962 Micrurus schmidti Lancini [not Micrurus schmidti Dunn 1940] 1962 Micrurus putumayensis Lancini [substitute name for Micrurus schmidti Lancini 1962] Distribution: Brazil (Amazonas), Colombia, Peru. Micrurus pyrrhocryptus Argentine Coral Snake, (Southern Coral Snake) Argentinische Korallenotter Argentinsk Koralslange 1862 Elaps pyrrhocryptus Cope Micrurus pyrrhocryptus Schmidt 1936 Micrurus frontalis pyrrhocryptus Shreve 1953 1902 Elaps simonsii Boulenger (syn. Campbell & Lamar 2004) 1956 Micrurus tricolor Hoge (syn. Harvey, James & Lucindo 2003; Campbell & Lamar 2004) Micrurus frontalis tricolor Roze 1983 Micrurus pyrrhocryptus tricolor Roze 1994 Other common names: tricolor: Pantanal Coral Snake Remarks: Some authors regard tricolor as a separate species (e.g., Silva & Sites 1999; Souza, Uetanabaro, Landgref-Filho, Piatti & Prado 2010; David, Dobiey & Vogel 2018; Nogueira & al. 2019; Costa, Guedes & Bérnils 2021), but not all have followed this. Distribution: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil (Mato Grosso do Sul), Paraguay. Micrurus remotus Neblina Coral Snake, Remote Coral Snake Neblina-Korallenotter Neblina-koralslange 1987 Micrurus psyches remotus Roze Micrurus remotus Roze 1994 Remarks: Records from Acre (e.g., Bernarde, Machado & Turci 2011; Bernarde, Albuquerque, Miranda & Turci 2013; Feitosa, Silva, Pires, Zaher & Prudente 2015) refer to M. annellatus bolivianus (Costa & Bérnils 2018). Distribution: Brazil (Amazonas, Rondonia, Roraima), Colombia, Venezuela. Micrurus ruatanus Roatán Coral Snake Roatán-Korallenotter Roatán-koralslange 1895 Elaps ruatanus Günther Micrurus ruatanus Schmidt 1933 Micrurus nigrocinctus ruatanus Roze 1983 Distribution: Honduras (Islas de la Bahia: Roatan). Micrurus sangilensis Santander Coral Snake, San Gil Coral Snake Santander-Korallenotter Santander-koralslange 1942 Micrurus ecuadorianus sangilensis Niceforo Maria Micrurus bocourti sangilensis Roze 1967 Micrurus sangilensis Roze 1983 Distribution: Colombia. Micrurus serranus Bolivian Mountain Coral Snake, (Bolivian Coral Snake) Bolivianische Berg-korallenotter Boliviansk Bjerg-koralslange 2003 Micrurus serranus Harvey, James & Lucindo Remarks: A record from Para, Brazil, is almost certainly in error (Campbell & Lamar 2004). Distribution: Bolivia. Micrurus silviae Passo Fundo Coral Snake, (Silvia's Coral Snake) Passo-Fundo-Korallenotter Passo Fundo-koralslange 2007 Micrurus silviae Di-Bernardo, Borges-Martins & Jorge da Silva Distribution: Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul), Paraguay. Micrurus spixii Central Amazonian Coral Snake, Giant Coral Snake Riesen-Korallenotter Amazonas-koralslange, (Brasiliansk Koralslange) 1824 Micrurus spixii Wagler Elaps spixii Boulenger 1896 1926 Elaps ehrhardti Müller (syn. Nascimento, Silva, Feitosa & Prudente 2019) 1953 Micrurus spixi martiusi Schmidt (syn. Nascimento, Silva, Feitosa & Prudente 2019) Micrurus martiusi Wallach, Williams & Boundy 2014 Other common names: martiusi: Black-headed Amazonian Coral Snake spixii: Common Central Amazonian Coral Snake Remarks: Previously included obscurus. Distribution: Bolivia, Brazil (Amazonas, Maranhao, Mato Grosso, Para [incl. Marajo Island], Rondonia, Tocantins). Micrurus spurrelli Colombian Coral Snake, Butterfly-headed Coral Snake, (Spurrell's Coral Snake) Kolumbianische Korallenotter Colombiansk Koralslange 1914 Elaps spurrelli Boulenger Micrurus spurelli Roze 1967 1955 Micrurus nicefori Schmidt (syn. Campbell & Lamar 2004) Distribution: Colombia. Micrurus steindachneri Piedmont Coral Snake, (Steindachner's Coral Snake) Tiefland-Korallenotter Lavlands-koralslange 1901 Elaps steindachneri Werner Micrurus steindachneri Roze 1967 1927 Elaps fasslii Werner (syn. Campbell & Lamar 2004) 1967 Micrurus steindachneri orcesi Roze Other common names: orcesi: Pastaza Piedmont Coral Snake steindachneri: Santiago Piedmont Coral Snake Distribution: Ecuador, Peru. Micrurus stewarti Panamanian Coral Snake Panama-Korallenotter Panama-koralslange 1928 Micrurus stewarti Barbour & Amaral 1940 Micrurus schmidti Dunn (syn. Campbell & Lamar 2004) Micrurus stewarti schmidti Smith 1958 Distribution: Panama. Micrurus stuarti Volcano Coral Snake, (Stuart's Coral Snake) Vulkan-Korallenotter Vulkan-koralslange 1967 Micrurus stuarti Roze Distribution: Guatemala. Micrurus surinamensis Amazonian Aquatic Coral Snake Amazonas-Wasser-Korallenotter Amazonas-vandkoralslange 1817 Elaps surinamensis Cuvier Micrurus surinamensis Beebe 1919 Remarks: Previously included nattereri. Records from Venezuela refer to nattereri. Distribution: Bolivia, Brazil (Acre, Amapa, Amazonas, Goias, Maranhao, Mato Grosso, Para [incl. Marajo Island], Rondonia, Roraima, Tocantins), Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Surinam. Micrurus tener Texas Coral Snake Texas-Korallenotter Texas-koralslange 1853 Elaps tenere Baird & Girard Elaps fulvius tener Cope 1875 Micrurus fulvius tenere Schmidt 1933 Micrurus tener Collins 1991 1853 Elaps tristis Baird & Girard [part] (syn. Campbell & Lamar 2004) 1858 Elaps fitzingeri Jan (syn. Streicher, McEntee, Drzich, Card, Schield, Smart, Parkinson, Jezkova, Smith & Castoe 2016) Micrurus fulvius fitzingeri Roze 1983 Micrurus tener fitzingeri Liner 1994 1887 Elaps bernadi Cope (syn. Streicher, McEntee, Drzich, Card, Schield, Smart, Parkinson, Jezkova, Smith & Castoe 2016) Micrurus bernadi Schmidt 1933 Micrurus diastema bernadi Pérez-Higareda & Smith 1990 1942 Micrurus fitzingeri microgalbineus Brown & Smith (syn. Streicher, McEntee, Drzich, Card, Schield, Smart, Parkinson, Jezkova, Smith & Castoe 2016) Micrurus tener microgalbineus Liner 1994 1967 Micrurus fulvius maculatus Roze (syn. Streicher, McEntee, Drzich, Card, Schield, Smart, Parkinson, Jezkova, Smith & Castoe 2016) Micrurus tener maculatus Liner 1994 2004 Micrurus tamaulipensis Lavin-Murcio & Dixon (syn. Streicher, McEntee, Drzich, Card, Schield, Smart, Parkinson, Jezkova, Smith & Castoe 2016) Micrurus tener tamaulipensis Heimes 2016 Other common names: bernadi: Blotched Coral Snake, Saddled Coral Snake fitzingeri: Guanajuato Coral Snake, (Fitzinger's Coral Snake) maculatus: Tampico Coral Snake, (Tamaulipan Coral Snake) microgalbineus: San Luis Potosi Coral Snake, (Spotted Coral Snake) tamaulipensis: Tamaulipan Coral Snake tener: Texas Gulf Coast Coral Snake Remarks: Records from Colima and Morelos represent misidentified browni (Reyes-Velasco, Adams, Boissinot, Parkinson, Campbell, Castoe & Smith 2020). A record of fitzingeri from Michoacan refer to laticollaris (Smith & Flores-Villela 1994). A report from Jalisco by (Chávez-Avila, Casas-Andreu, García-Aguayo, Cifuentes-Lemus & Cupul-Magaña 2015, citing IUCN 2010) is regarded as doubtful as no other publications have been found to confirm the presence of the species in this state. Not listed for Oaxaca by Mata-Silva, García-Padilla, Rocha, DeSantis, Johnson, Ramírez-Bautista & Wilson (2021). The nominal species bernadi was revalidated as a separate species by Roze (1996), but subsequently synonymized with tener by Streicher, McEntee, Drzich, Card, Schield, Smart, Parkinson, Jezkova, Smith & Castoe (2016). Spelling of specific epithet (tener) according to Frost & Collins (1988). Distribution: Mexico (Coahuila, Distrito Federal, Guanajuato, Hidalgo, Mexico State, Michoacan, Nuevo Leon, Oaxaca, Puebla, Queretaro, San Luis Potosi, Tamaulipas, Tlaxcala, Veracruz), USA (Arkansas, Louisiana, Texas). Micrurus tikuna Tikuna Coral Snake Tikuna-Korallenotter Tikuna-koralslange 2015 Micrurus tikuna Feitosa, Silva, Pires, Zaher & Prudente Micrurus tykuna [lapsus] Costa & Bérnils 2015 Distribution: Brazil (Amazonas), Colombia. Micrurus tschudii Desert Coral Snake, Sechura Desert Coral Snake Wüsten-Korallenotter Lima-ørkenkoralslange 1858 Elaps tschudii Jan Micrurus tschudii Schmidt & Schmidt 1925 1925 Micrurus olssoni Schmidt Micrurus tschudii olssoni Schmidt 1936 Other common names: olssoni: Northern Desert Coral Snake tschudii: Southern Desert Coral Snake Distribution: Ecuador, Peru.