Reptiles of Paraguay    Bibliography of the reptiles of Paraguay Taxonomic history of the reptiles of Paraguay Introduced species

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Citation: Midtgaard, Rune. RepFocus - A Survey of the Reptiles of the World. www.repfocus.dk (Compilation date: 14th April, 2023).

Checklist General remarks: The list includes only formally described species. Newly discovered, but still unnamed species are excluded. However, unnamed species or species unassigned to species level are included, if they are the only representatives of their genus in the region. Species counts exclude extinct and introduced species. Doubtful records, typically older voucher specimens of uncertain origin, have been excluded if considered questionable, as are records based on sources considered unreliable or controversial. Note: Your comments to the checklist (omissions, errors, etc.) are welcomed, preferably if they are provided with reliable references. If possible, please attach a pdf file of the relevant reference to an email addressed to:

	Worm Lizards (Amphisbaenia)
	= endemicEX = extinct or assumed extinct Species References  Family Amphisbaenidae (Typical Worm Lizards) Genus Amphisbaena (Neotropical Worm Lizards)   Amphisbaena alba Common Red Worm Lizard Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Gans 1962 Gans 2005 Montero & Terol 1999 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Peters & Donoso-Barros 1970   * Amphisbaena albocingulata Asuncion Worm Lizard Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Gans 1967 Gans 2005 Montero & Terol 1999 Perez, Ribeiro & Borges-Martins 2012 Peters & Donoso-Barros 1970   Amphisbaena angustifrons Common South American Worm Lizard Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Montero & Terol 1999 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009   Amphisbaena bolivica Rio Pilcomayo Worm Lizard Cabral & Weiler 2014 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Gans 2005 Montero & Terol 1999 Montero 1996 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009   Amphisbaena camura Crooked Worm Lizard Cabral & Weiler 2014 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Gans 2005 Montero & Terol 1999 Montero 1996 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Peters & Donoso-Barros 1970 Trutnau, Monzel & Consul 2016 Ziegler, Unger, Feiler & Lehr 2002   Amphisbaena darwinii Uruguayan Ringed Worm Lizard Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Gans 1967 Gans 2005 Montero & Terol 1999 Peters & Donoso-Barros 1970 Ruiz-Garcia, Curi, Lamas & Cespedez 2016   Amphisbaena leeseri Urucum Worm Lizard Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Gans 1964 Gans 2005 Montero & Terol 1999 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Peters & Donoso-Barros 1970   Amphisbaena mertensii Sao Paulo Worm Lizard Barcelos-Ribeiro, Santos & Vaz-Silva 2007 Cabral & Weiler 2014 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Gans 1966 Gans 2005 Lima Silveira, Campos Brites & Valinhas e Valinhas 2012 Montero & Terol 1999 Mott & Vieites 2009 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Peters & Donoso-Barros 1970 Ribeiro, Sa, Santos-Jr., Graboski, Zaher, Guedes, Andrade & Vaz-Silva 2019   Amphisbaena prunicolor Plum-coloured Worm Lizard Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Montero & Terol 1999 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Perez, Ribeiro & Borges-Martins 2012 Genus Anops (Keel-headed Worm Lizards)   Anops kingii Pampas Worm Lizard Trutnau, Monzel & Consul 2016 Genus Cercolophia (Keel-tailed Worm Lizards)   Cercolophia roberti Ipiranga Worm Lizard Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Gans 2005 Montero & Terol 1999 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Genus Leposternon (South American Worm Lizards)   Leposternon microcephalum Small-headed Worm Lizard Cabral & Weiler 2014 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Gans 1971 Gans 2005 Montero & Terol 1999 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Norman 1994 Nunez 2012

	Crocodilians (Crocodylia)
	= endemicEX = extinct or assumed extinct Species References  Family Alligatoridae (Alligators and Caimans) Genus Caiman (Typical Caimans)   Caiman latirostris Broad-snouted Caiman Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 King & Burke 1989 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Norman 1994 Trutnau, Monzel & Consul 2016   Caiman yacare Paraguayan Caiman Busack & Pandya 2001 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 King & Burke 1989 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Norman 1994 Trutnau, Monzel & Consul 2016 Wermuth & Mertens 1977 [as C. crocodilus paraguayensis] Ziegler, Unger, Feiler & Lehr 2002 Genus Paleosuchus (Dwarf Caimans)   Paleosuchus palpebrosus Cayenne Dwarf Caiman Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 King & Burke 1989 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Trutnau, Monzel & Consul 2016

	Lizards (Sauria)
	= endemicEX = extinct or assumed extinct Species References  Family Anguidae (Slowworms, etc.) Genus Ophiodes (South American Glass Lizards)   Ophiodes fragilis Yacupoi Glass Lizard Cacciali & Scott 2012 Cacciali & Scott 2015 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Schools & Hedges 2021 Trutnau, Monzel & Consul 2016 [as yacupoi] Wermuth 1969 [as yacupoi]   Ophiodes intermedius Asuncion Glass Lizard Cacciali & Scott 2012 Cacciali & Scott 2015 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Norman 1994 Peters & Donoso-Barros 1970 Schools & Hedges 2021 Trutnau, Monzel & Consul 2016 Ziegler, Unger, Feiler & Lehr 2002   * Ophiodes luciae Pale-striped Glass Lizard Cacciali & Scott 2015 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Schools & Hedges 2021   Ophiodes striatus Dark-striped Glass Lizard Cacciali & Scott 2012 Cacciali & Scott 2015 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Schools & Hedges 2021 Wermuth 1969  Family Anolidae (Anoles) Genus Norops (Brilliant Anoles)   Norops meridionalis Paraguayan Anole Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 D'Angiolella, Gamble, Avila-Pires, Colli, Noonan & Vitt 2011 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Peters & Donoso-Barros 1970  Family Gekkonidae (Typical Geckos) Genus Lygodactylus (African-Neotropical Dwarf Geckos)   Lygodactylus wetzeli Paraguayan Dwarf Gecko Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Gonzales, Munoz & Cortez 2006 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Norman 1994 Smith, Martin & Swain 1977 Ziegler, Unger, Feiler & Lehr 2002  Family Gymnophthalmidae (Scaly-tongued Spectacled Tejus) Genus Bachia (Earless Tejus)   Bachia bresslaui Sao Paulo Earless Teju Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Colli, Zatz & Cunha 1998 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Genus Cercosaura (Eastern Shade Tejus)   Cercosaura olivacea East Brazilian Shade Teju Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 [as ocellata] Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 [as ocellata] Nunez 2012 [as ocellata]   Cercosaura schreibersii South Brazilian Shade Teju Avila-Pires 1995 Cabral & Weiler 2014 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Doan & Lamar 2012 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Peters & Donoso-Barros 1970 Ribeiro-Junior & Amaral 2016 Ribeiro-Junior & Amaral 2017 Scott & Lovett 1975 Trutnau, Monzel & Consul 2016 Genus Colobosaura (Short-thumbed Spectacled Tejus)   * Colobosaura kraepelini Chaco Spectacled Teju Cacciali, Martinez & Koehler 2017   Colobosaura modesta Morro da Garcza Spectacled Teju Cacciali, Martinez & Koehler 2017 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Ribeiro-Junior & Amaral 2016 Ribeiro-Junior & Amaral 2017 Genus Micrablepharus (Snake-eyed Glossy Tejus)   Micrablepharus maximiliani Blue-tailed Snake-eyed Glossy Teju Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Moura, Dayrell & Avelar Sao Pedro 2010 Ribeiro-Junior & Amaral 2017 Rodrigues 1996 Genus Vanzosaura (Red-tailed Spectacled Tejus)   Vanzosaura rubricauda Southern Red-tailed Spectacled Teju Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Recoder, Ribeiro & Rodrigues 2013 Recoder, Werneck, Teixeira, Colli, Sites & Rodrigues 2014 Trutnau, Monzel & Consul 2016 Ziegler, Boehme & Unger 2002 Ziegler, Unger, Feiler & Lehr 2002  Family Iguanidae (Greater Iguanas) Genus Iguana (Green Iguanas)   Iguana iguana South American Green Iguana Avila-Pires 1995 Cabral & Weiler 2014 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Etheridge in Burghardt & Rand 1982 Hoogmoed 1973 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Ribeiro-Junior & Amaral 2016 Ribeiro-Junior 2015 Trutnau, Monzel & Consul 2016  Family Leiosauridae (Smooth Iguanas) Genus Anisolepis (South American Tree Iguanas)   Anisolepis longicauda Long-tailed Tree Iguana Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Etheridge & Williams 1991 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009  Family Liolaemidae (South American Lesser Iguanas) Genus Liolaemus (Smooth-throated Lizards)   Liolaemus azarai Itapua Smooth-throated Lizard Avila 2003 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Pincheira-Donoso, Scolaro & Sura 2008 Zaracho, Tedesco, Motte & Yanosky 2017   Liolaemus chacoensis Chaco Smooth-throated Lizard Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Gonzales, Munoz & Cortez 2006 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Pincheira-Donoso, Scolaro & Sura 2008  Family Phyllodactylidae (Leaf-toed Geckos) Genus Homonota (Broad-headed Geckos)   Homonota borellii Salta Broad-headed Gecko Cabral & Weiler 2014 [as "aff. borellii] Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009   Homonota horrida Banded Broad-headed Gecko Cacciali, Morando, Medina, Koehler, Motte & Avila 2017 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 [as fasciata] Gonzales, Munoz & Cortez 2006 [as fasciata] Kluge 1964 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 [as fasciata] Norman 1994 Peters & Donoso-Barros 1970 Trutnau, Monzel & Consul 2016 [as fasciata] Ziegler, Unger, Feiler & Lehr 2002   * Homonota itambere Paraguari Broad-headed Gecko Cabral & Cacciali 2021   * Homonota marthae Boqueron Broad-headed Gecko Cacciali, Morando, Avila & Koehler 2018   * Homonota rupicola Naranjo Mountains Broad-headed Gecko Cabral & Weiler 2014 Cacciali, Avila & Bauer 2007 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016   Homonota septentrionalis Northern Broad-headed Gecko Cacciali, Morando, Avila & Koehler 2018 Cacciali, Morando, Medina, Koehler, Motte & Avila 2017 Genus Phyllopezus (South American Robust Geckos)   * Phyllopezus heuteri Paraguayan Robust Gecko Cacciali, Lotzkat, Gamble & Koehler 2018 Condez, Tonini, Pereira-Ribeiro & Dubeux 2021   Phyllopezus przewalskii Chaco Robust Gecko Cabral & Weiler 2014 [as pollicaris] Cacciali, Lotzkat, Gamble & Koehler 2018 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 [as pollicaris] Condez, Tonini, Pereira-Ribeiro & Dubeux 2021 Gamble, Colli, Rodrigues, Werneck & Simons 2012 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 [as pollicaris] Norman 1994 Peters & Donoso-Barros 1970 Ribeiro-Junior 2015 [as pollicaris] Trutnau, Monzel & Consul 2016 Vanzolini 1968 Ziegler, Unger, Feiler & Lehr 2002 [as pollicaris]  Family Polychrotidae (Monkey Lizards) Genus Polychrus (Monkey Lizards)   Polychrus acutirostris Sharp-nosed Monkey Lizard Avila-Pires 1995 Cabral & Weiler 2014 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Norman 1994 Peters & Donoso-Barros 1970 Ribeiro-Junior & Amaral 2016 Ribeiro-Junior 2015 Trutnau, Monzel & Consul 2016  Family Scincidae (Skinks) Genus Aspronema (South American White-striped Skinks)   Aspronema dorsivittatum South American White-striped Skink Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Harvey, Aguayo & Miralles 2008 Hedges & Conn 2012 Martinez, Bauer, Espinola & Goossen 2020 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Nunez 2012 Peters & Donoso-Barros 1970 Ziegler, Unger, Feiler & Lehr 2002 Genus Copeoglossum (Neotropical Spotted Skinks)   Copeoglossum nigropunctatum Black-spotted Skink Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Miralles, Barrio-Amoros, Rivas & Chaparro-Auza 2006 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Genus Manciola (South American Small-handed Skink)   Manciola guaporicola South American Small-handed Skink Cabral & Weiler 2014 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Genus Notomabuya (Southern Neotropical Skink)   Notomabuya frenata Southern Neotropical Skink Cabral & Weiler 2014 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Harvey, Aguayo & Miralles 2008 Hedges & Conn 2012 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Nascimento, Avila Pires & Cunha 1988 Norman 1994 Ribeiro-Junior & Amaral 2016 Scott & Lovett 1975 Trutnau, Monzel & Consul 2016 Ziegler, Unger, Feiler & Lehr 2002  Family Teiidae (Greater Tejus) Genus Ameiva (South American Ameivas)   Ameiva ameiva South American Giant Ameiva Cabral & Weiler 2014 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Fitzgerald, Cook & Aquino 1999 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Norman 1994 Ribeiro-Junior & Amaral 2016 Scott & Lovett 1975 Trutnau, Monzel & Consul 2016 Ziegler, Unger, Feiler & Lehr 2002 Genus Ameivula (Eastern South American Whiptails)   Ameivula abalosi Formosa Whiptail Arias, Recoder, Alvarez, Etchepare, Quipildor, Lobo & Rodrigues 2018 Arias, Teixeira Junior, Recoder, Morato de Carvalho, Zaher & Rodrigues 2014 Cabral & Weiler 2014 Cabrera 2012 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016   Ameivula apipensis Apipe Island Whiptail Arias, Recoder, Alvarez, Etchepare, Quipildor, Lobo & Rodrigues 2018 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 [as A. sp.] Genus Dracaena (Caiman Lizards)   Dracaena paraguayensis Paraguay Caiman Lizard Cabral & Weiler 2014 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Norman 1994 Peters & Donoso-Barros 1970 Trutnau, Monzel & Consul 2016 Genus Kentropyx (Spurred Whiptails)   Kentropyx viridistriga Green Whiptail Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Gallagher & Dixon 1992 Harvey, Ugueto & Gutberlet 2012 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Peters & Donoso-Barros 1970 Trutnau, Monzel & Consul 2016 Genus Salvator (Southern Tejus)   Salvator duseni Parana Teju Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Campos, Oda, Custodio, Koppe & Dartora 2011 Fitzgerald, Cook & Aquino 1999 Koehler & Langerwerf 2000 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009   Salvator merianae Southern Black-and-White Teju Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Fitzgerald, Cook & Aquino 1999 Harvey, Ugueto & Gutberlet 2012 Koehler & Langerwerf 2000 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Norman 1994 Nunez 2012 Ribeiro-Junior & Amaral 2016 Trutnau, Monzel & Consul 2016   Salvator rufescens Red Teju Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Fitzgerald, Cook & Aquino 1999 Koehler & Langerwerf 2000 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Norman 1987 Norman 1994 Presch 1973 Scott & Lovett 1975 Trutnau, Monzel & Consul 2016 Genus Teius (Typical Tejus)   Teius oculatus Green Teju Cacciali, Morando, Koehler & Avila 2016 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Cei 1993 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Nunez 2012 Trutnau, Monzel & Consul 2016   Teius teyou Paraguayan Teju Cacciali, Morando, Koehler & Avila 2016 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Cei 1993 Harvey, Ugueto & Gutberlet 2012 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Norman 1994 Peters & Donoso-Barros 1970 Scott & Lovett 1975 Trutnau, Monzel & Consul 2016 Ziegler, Unger, Feiler & Lehr 2002  Family Tropiduridae (Rough-tailed Iguanas) Genus Stenocercus (Whorl-tailed Iguanas)   Stenocercus caducus Paraguayan Whorl-tailed Iguana Cabral & Weiler 2014 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Cadle 2001 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Nascimento, Avila Pires & Cunha 1988 Nunez 2012 Torres-Carvajal 2005 Torres-Carvajal 2007 Trutnau, Monzel & Consul 2016   Stenocercus doellojuradoi La Rioja Whorl-tailed Iguana Arzamendia, Fitzgerald, Giraudo, Kacoliris, Montero, Pelegrin, Scrocchi & Williams 2017 Carosini, Bueno-Villafane, Caballero Gini & Netto 2021 Trutnau, Monzel & Consul 2016 Genus Tropidurus (Eastern Keel-tailed Iguanas)   Tropidurus catalanensis Uruguayan Keel-tailed Iguana Cabral & Weiler 2014 [as torquatus] Cacciali & Koehler 2018 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Kunz & Borges-Martins 2013 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 [as torquatus] Rodrigues 1987 [as torquatus]   Tropidurus etheridgei Cordoba Keel-tailed Iguana Cabral & Weiler 2014 Cacciali & Koehler 2018 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Carvalho 2013 Gonzales, Munoz & Cortez 2006 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Rodrigues 1987 Trutnau, Monzel & Consul 2016   Tropidurus lagunablanca Laguna Blanca Keel-tailed Iguana Cacciali & Koehler 2018 Carvalho 2016   Tropidurus spinulosus Spiny Keel-tailed Iguana Alvarez, Cei & Scolaro 1994 Cabral & Weiler 2014 Cacciali & Koehler 2018 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Carvalho 2013 Carvalho 2016 Frost, Crafts, Fitzgerald & Titus 1998 Gonzales, Munoz & Cortez 2006 Harvey & Gutberlet 1998 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Nascimento, Avila Pires & Cunha 1988 Norman 1994 Peters & Donoso-Barros 1970 Scott & Lovett 1975 Trutnau, Monzel & Consul 2016 Ziegler, Unger, Feiler & Lehr 2002

	Snakes (Serpentes)
	= endemicEX = extinct or assumed extinct Species References  Family Anomalepididae (Neotropical Blind Snakes) Genus Liotyphlops (Smooth Blind Snakes)   Liotyphlops ternetzii Paraguayan Blind Snake Cacciali 2008 [as beui] Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 [as beui] Dixon & Kofron 1984 [as beui] Hahn 1980 [as wilderi] McDiarmid, Campbell & Toure 1999 [as wilderi] Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 [as beui] Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970 [as wilderi] Schouten 1937  Family Boidae (Typical Boas) Genus Boa (Red-tailed Boas)   Boa constrictor South American Red-tailed Boa Cacciali 2008 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Norman 1994 Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970 Schouten 1937 Scott & Lovett 1975 Stimson 1969 Trutnau, Monzel & Consul 2016 Ziegler, Unger, Feiler & Lehr 2002 Genus Epicrates (Rainbow Boas)   Epicrates alvarezi Argentinian Rainbow Boa Cacciali 2008 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Passos & Fernandes 2008 Trutnau, Monzel & Consul 2016   Epicrates crassus Paraguayan Rainbow Boa Cacciali 2008 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Passos & Fernandes 2008 Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970 Schouten 1937 Stimson 1969 Genus Eunectes (Anacondas)   Eunectes murinus Green Anaconda Cacciali 2008 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Dirksen 2000 Dirksen 2002 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Schouten 1937 Trutnau, Monzel & Consul 2016   Eunectes notaeus Yellow Anaconda Cabral & Weiler 2014 Cacciali 2008 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Dirksen 2001 Dirksen 2002 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Norman 1994 Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970 Schouten 1937 Stimson 1969 Trutnau, Monzel & Consul 2016 Ziegler, Unger, Feiler & Lehr 2002  Family Colubridae (Typical Snakes or Colubrids) Genus Adelphostigma (Twin-spotted Leaf-litter Snakes)   Adelphostigma occipitalis Bahia Leaf-litter Snake Cacciali 2008 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Myers 1974 Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970 Schouten 1937 Trutnau, Monzel & Consul 2016 Ziegler, Unger, Feiler & Lehr 2002 Genus Apostolepis (Black-tailed Blackheads)   * Apostolepis ambiniger Paraguayan Blackhead Cacciali 2008 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Entiauspe-Neto, Koch, Harvey, Colli & Guedes 2021 Harvey 1999 Lema 2001 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Nogueira, Barbo & Ferrarezzi 2012 Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1972 Schouten 1937 Trutnau, Monzel & Consul 2016 Wallach, Williams & Boundy 2014   Apostolepis assimilis Common Red Blackhead Cacciali 2008 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Entiauspe-Neto, Koch, Guedes & Tiutenko 2020 Giraudo & Scrocchi 2002 Lema 2001 Lema 2002 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009   Apostolepis dimidiata Common Bilineate Blackhead Cabral & Weiler 2014 Cabral, Lema & Renner 2017 [as A. barrioi] Cacciali 2008 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Lema 1978 [as A. barrioi] Lema 1993 Lema 2001 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Schouten 1937 Wallach, Williams & Boundy 2014   Apostolepis intermedia Mato Grosso Blackhead Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Entiauspe-Neto, Koch, Guedes & Tiutenko 2020 Entiauspe-Neto, Lema & Beconi 2014 Maffei & Campos Nogueira 2021 Schouten 1937 Genus Atractus (Spindle Snakes)   Atractus paraguayensis Paraguayan Spindle Snake Cabral & Weiler 2014 Cacciali 2008 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Entiauspe-Neto & Abegg 2013 Fernandes 1995 Giraudo & Scrocchi 2002 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Passos, Fernandes, Bernils & Moura-Leite 2010 Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970   Atractus reticulatus Reticulated Spindle Snake Cacciali 2008 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Giraudo & Scrocchi 2002 Mendoza Galeano, Nunez, Zarate, Ortiz & Weiler 2020 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Nunez 2012 Schouten 1937   Atractus thalesdelemai Passo Fundo Spindle Snake Cacciali 2008 [as kangueryensis] Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Cacciali, Villalba & Yanosky 2007 [as kangueryensis] Nunez 2012 Passos, Fernandes, Bernils & Moura-Leite 2010 Genus Boiruna (Southern Snake Eaters)   Boiruna maculata South American Spotted Snake Eater Cacciali 2008 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Giraudo & Scrocchi 2002 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Scott, Giraudo, Scrocchi, Cacciali & Motte 2006 Trutnau, Monzel & Consul 2016 Zaher 1996 Genus Chironius (Sipos)   Chironius exoletus Green Sipo Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016   Chironius flavolineatus Yellow-striped Sipo Albuquerque & Freitas 2011 Cacciali 2008 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Hamdan & Fernandes 2015 Hamdan, Scali & Fernandes 2014 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970   Chironius gouveai Uruguayan Sipo Cacciali 2008 [as bicarinatus] Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 [as bicarinatus] Giraudo & Scrocchi 2002 [as bicarinatus]   Chironius maculoventris Spot-bellied Sipo Cabral & Weiler 2014 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Dixon, Wiest & Cei 1993 Giraudo & Scrocchi 2002 Trutnau, Monzel & Consul 2016   Chironius quadricarinatus Paraguayan Sipo Cacciali 2008 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Dixon, Wiest & Cei 1993 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970 Scott & Lovett 1975 Trutnau, Monzel & Consul 2016 Ziegler, Unger, Feiler & Lehr 2002 Genus Clelia (Northern Snake Eaters)   Clelia clelia Common Snake Eater Cacciali 2008 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Giraudo & Scrocchi 2002 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Norman 1994 Schouten 1937 Scott & Lovett 1975 Scott, Giraudo, Scrocchi, Cacciali & Motte 2006 Trutnau, Monzel & Consul 2016 Ziegler, Unger, Feiler & Lehr 2002   Clelia plumbea Plumbeous Snake Eater Cacciali 2008 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Scott, Giraudo, Scrocchi, Cacciali & Motte 2006 Zaher 1996 Genus Dipsas (Neotropical Snail Eaters)   Dipsas bucephala Bull Snail Eater Atkinson, Smith & Sarvary 2017 Cacciali 2008 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Giraudo & Scrocchi 2002 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970 Peters 1960 Peters 1965 Schouten 1937 Trutnau, Monzel & Consul 2016   Dipsas lavillai Argentine Snail Eater Cacciali 2008 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Ferreira & Avila 2009 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Scrocchi, Porto & Rey 1993   Dipsas mikanii Brazilian White-collared Snail Eater Cacciali 2008 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Schouten 1937   Dipsas turgida Bolivian Snail Eater Cabral & Weiler 2014 Cacciali 2008 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Campbell & Murphy 1984 Harvey 2008 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Norman 1994 Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970 Peters 1960 Peters 1965 Schouten 1937 Scrocchi, Porto & Rey 1993 Trutnau, Monzel & Consul 2016 Ziegler, Unger, Feiler & Lehr 2002   Dipsas ventrimaculata Spot-bellied Snail Eater Cabral & Weiler 2014 Cacciali 2008 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970 Peters 1960 Peters 1965 Schouten 1937 Scrocchi, Porto & Rey 1993 Genus Drymarchon (Indigo Snakes and Cribos)   Drymarchon corais Yellow-tailed Cribo Atkinson, Smith & Sarvary 2017 Beebe 1946 Cacciali 2008 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Martinez, Bauer, Espinola & Motte 2020 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Scott & Lovett 1975 Trutnau, Monzel & Consul 2016 Wuster, Yrausquin & Mijares-Urrutia 2001 Genus Drymoluber (Glossy Racers)   Drymoluber brazili Southern Glossy Racer Atkinson, Smith & Sarvary 2017 Cacciali 2008 Cacciali, Fernandez & Ramirez 2005 Cacciali, Fernandez & Ramirez 2007 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Caldeira-Costa, Ribeiro-Moura & Neves-Feio 2013 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Genus Dryophylax (Northern Mock Vipers)   Dryophylax chaquensis Chaco Mock Viper Cabral & Weiler 2014 Cacciali 2008 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Franco & Ferreira 2002 Giraudo 1996 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Trevine, Caicedo-Portilla, Hoogmoed, Thomas, Franco, Montingelli, Osorno-Munoz & Zaher 2021 Trutnau, Monzel & Consul 2016   Dryophylax hypoconia Southern Mock Viper Cacciali 2008 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Giraudo & Scrocchi 2002 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Nunez 2012 Trevine, Caicedo-Portilla, Hoogmoed, Thomas, Franco, Montingelli, Osorno-Munoz & Zaher 2021 Trutnau, Monzel & Consul 2016 Genus Erythrolamprus (Neotropical Smooth Snakes)   Erythrolamprus aesculapii Southern Mock Coral Snake Cacciali 2008 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Curcio, Scali & Rodrigues 2015 Giraudo & Scrocchi 2002 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Schouten 1937 Trutnau, Monzel & Consul 2016   Erythrolamprus albertguentheri Bolivian Green Smooth Snake Cacciali 2008 [as guentheri] Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Dixon 1987 [as guentheri] Dixon 1989 [as guentheri] Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 [as guentheri] Trutnau, Monzel & Consul 2016 Ziegler, Unger, Feiler & Lehr 2002 [as guentheri]   Erythrolamprus almadensis Almada Smooth Snake Cacciali 2008 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Dixon 1989 Dixon 1991 Giraudo & Scrocchi 2002 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970 Schouten 1937 Trutnau, Monzel & Consul 2016 Vanzolini 1986   Erythrolamprus frenatus Paraguayan Smooth Snake Cacciali 2008 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Dixon 1989 Giraudo & Scrocchi 2002 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970 Schouten 1937   Erythrolamprus jaegeri Southern Green Smooth Snake Cabral & Weiler 2014 Cacciali 2008 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Dixon 1987 Dixon 1989 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970 Schouten 1937 Trutnau, Monzel & Consul 2016   Erythrolamprus macrosomus Southern Royal Smooth Snake Ascenso, Costa & Prudente 2019 Cacciali 2008 [as Liophis reginae] Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 [as E. reginae "macrostomus"] Dixon 1989 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 [as E. reginae] Schouten 1937 [as Leimadophis reginae]   Erythrolamprus miliaris Military Smooth Snake Cacciali 2008 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Giraudo, Arzamendia & Cacciali 2006 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Schouten 1937   Erythrolamprus poecilogyrus Yellow-bellied Smooth Snake Cabral & Weiler 2014 Cacciali 2008 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Campbell & Murphy 1984 Dixon 1989 Entiauspe-Neto, Abegg, Koch, Nunez, Azevedo, Moraes, Tiutenko, Bialves & Loebmann 2021 Giraudo & Scrocchi 2002 Gonzales, Munoz & Cortez 2006 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Norman 1994 Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970 Schouten 1937 Scott & Lovett 1975 Trutnau, Monzel & Consul 2016 Ziegler, Unger, Feiler & Lehr 2002   Erythrolamprus sagittifer Spotted Smooth Snake Cabral & Weiler 2014 Cacciali 2008 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Dixon 1989 Gonzales, Munoz & Cortez 2006 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Schouten 1937 [as trifasciatus] Trutnau, Monzel & Consul 2016   Erythrolamprus semiaureus Golden Smooth Snake Cabral & Weiler 2014 Cacciali 2008 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Dixon 1983 Dixon 1989 Giraudo & Scrocchi 2002 Giraudo, Arzamendia & Cacciali 2006 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Schouten 1937 [as Rhadinaea fusca] Trutnau, Monzel & Consul 2016   Erythrolamprus typhlus Velvety Smooth Snake Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Dixon 1987 Dixon 1989 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Schouten 1937 Trutnau, Monzel & Consul 2016 Genus Helicops (South American Keelbacks)   Helicops infrataeniatus Surinam Keelback Cacciali 2008 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Giraudo & Scrocchi 2002 Landgref-Filho & Aoki 2011 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Nunez 2012   Helicops leopardinus Leopard Keelback Cabral & Weiler 2014 Cacciali 2008 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Moraes-da-Silva, Amaro, Sales Nunes, Strussmann, Teixeira, Andrade, Sudre, Recoder, Rodrigues & Curcio 2019 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Schouten 1937 Trutnau, Monzel & Consul 2016 Genus Hydrodynastes (False Water Cobras)   Hydrodynastes gigas Giant False Water Cobra Cabral & Weiler 2014 Cacciali 2008 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Campbell & Murphy 1984 Franco, Fernandes & Bentim 2007 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Norman 1994 Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970 Schouten 1937 Scott & Lovett 1975 Trutnau, Monzel & Consul 2016 Ziegler, Unger, Feiler & Lehr 2002 Genus Hydrops (South American Mud Snakes)   Hydrops caesurus Southern Mud Snake Buongermini-P. & Waller 1998 [as triangularis] Cacciali 2008 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Scrocchi, Ferreira, Giraudo, Avila & Motte 2005 Genus Imantodes (American Blunt-headed Tree Snakes)   Imantodes cenchoa Common Blunt-headed Tree Snake Beebe 1946 Cacciali 2008 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Chippaux 1987 Mertens 1972 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970 Schouten 1937 Genus Leptodeira (Typical Cat-eyed Snakes)   Leptodeira annulata South American Banded Cat-eyed Snake Barrio-Amoros 2019 Cacciali 2008 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Giraudo & Scrocchi 2002 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Norman 1994 Schouten 1937 Ziegler, Unger, Feiler & Lehr 2002   Leptodeira pulchriceps Bodoquena Banded Cat-eyed Snake Duellman 1958 Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970 Trutnau, Monzel & Consul 2016 Genus Leptophis (Neotropical Parrot Snakes)   Leptophis marginatus Paraguayan Parrot Snake Albuquerque & Fernandes 2022 Albuquerque, Santos, Borges-Nojosa & Avila 2022 Cabral & Weiler 2014 [as L. ahaetulla] Cacciali 2008 [as L. ahaetulla] Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 [as L. ahaetulla] Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 [as L. ahaetulla] Murphy, Charles, Lehtinen & Koeller 2013 Norman 1994 [as L. ahaetulla] Oliver 1948 Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970 Torres-Carvajal & Teran 2021 Trutnau, Monzel & Consul 2016 Ziegler, Unger, Feiler & Lehr 2002 [as L. ahaetulla] Genus Lygophis (South American Striped Ground Snakes)   Lygophis dilepis Northern Striped Ground Snake Cabral & Weiler 2014 Cacciali 2008 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Dixon 1989 Lema 1989 Michaud & Dixon 1987 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970 Trutnau, Monzel & Consul 2016 Ziegler, Unger, Feiler & Lehr 2002   Lygophis flavifrenatus Yellow-lined Ground Snake Cacciali 2008 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Dixon 1989 Michaud & Dixon 1987 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970 Schouten 1937   Lygophis meridionalis Paraguayan Striped Ground Snake Cacciali & Wuest 2009 Cacciali 2008 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Dixon 1989 Michaud & Dixon 1987 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970 Schouten 1937 Trutnau, Monzel & Consul 2016   Lygophis paucidens Cerrado Striped Ground Snake Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Cacciali, Smith, Kallberg, Pheasey & Atkinson 2013 Serrano, Vieira-Alencar, Diaz-Ricaurte & Nogueira 2020 Genus Mesotes (Southern Mock Vipers)   Mesotes strigatus Striped Mock Viper Cabral & Weiler 2014 Cacciali 2008 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Giraudo & Scrocchi 2002 Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970 Genus Mussurana (Brazilian Snake Eaters)   Mussurana bicolor Two-coloured Snake Eater Cabral & Weiler 2014 Cacciali 2008 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Giraudo & Scrocchi 2002 Jansen 2008 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Rivas, Callapa, Eversole, Powell & Wallace 2023 Scott, Giraudo, Scrocchi, Cacciali & Motte 2006 Trutnau, Monzel & Consul 2016 Zaher 1996   Mussurana quimi South Brazilian Snake Eater Cacciali 2008 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Entiauspe-Neto, Abegg, Quintela & Loebmann 2017 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Scott, Giraudo, Scrocchi, Cacciali & Motte 2006 Genus Oxyrhopus (Calico Snakes)   Oxyrhopus guibei Parana Calico Snake Cacciali 2008 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Giraudo & Scrocchi 2002 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Zaher & Caramaschi 1992   Oxyrhopus petolarius Banded Calico Snake Beconi & Scott 2014 Cacciali 2008 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Schouten 1937   Oxyrhopus rhombifer Rhombic Calico Snake Atkinson, Smith & Sarvary 2017 Cacciali 2008 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Gonzales, Munoz & Cortez 2006 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970 Schouten 1937 Scott & Lovett 1975 Trutnau, Monzel & Consul 2016 Genus Palusophis (Eastern Lizard Eater)   Palusophis bifossatus Eastern Lizard Eater Cabral & Weiler 2014 Cacciali 2008 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Giraudo & Scrocchi 2002 Montingelli 2009 Montingelli, Grazziotin, Battilana, Murphy, Zhang & Zaher 2019 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Schouten 1937 Trutnau, Monzel & Consul 2016 Ziegler, Unger, Feiler & Lehr 2002 Genus Phalotris (South American Collared Snakes)   Phalotris lemniscatus Southern Black-sided Collared Snake Cabral & Cacciali 2015 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Golay, Smith, Broadley, Dixon, McCarthy, Rage, Schatti & Toriba 1993 Schouten 1937   Phalotris matogrossensis Mato Grosso Collared Snake Cabral & Cacciali 2015 Cabral & Weiler 2014 Cacciali & Motte 2007 Cacciali 2008 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Lema, D'Agostini & Cappellari 2005   Phalotris multipunctatus Many-spotted Collared Snake Atkinson, Smith, Dickens & Lee-Zuck 2018   * Phalotris nigrilatus Paraguayan Black-sided Collared Snake Cabral & Cacciali 2015 Cacciali 2008 Cacciali, Carreira & Scott 2007 Cacciali, Mee, Laing, Krause, McLaughlin, Montgomery & Smith 2020 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Entiauspe-Neto, Tiutenko, Santos Azevedo & Abegg 2021 Ferrarezzi 1993 Lema 2002 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009   * Phalotris normanscotti Chaco Collared Snake Cabral & Cacciali 2015 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016   Phalotris punctatus Spotted Collared Snake Martins & Lema 2017 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009   * Phalotris shawnella San Pedro Collared Snake Smith, Brouard & Cacciali 2022   Phalotris tricolor Tri-coloured Collared Snake Cabral & Cacciali 2015 Cabral & Weiler 2014 Cacciali & Motte 2007 Cacciali 2008 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Lema, D'Agostini & Cappellari 2005 Leynaud, Cabrera & Carrasco 2005 Martins & Lema 2017 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970 Schouten 1937 Trutnau, Monzel & Consul 2016 Genus Philodryas (South American Bush Racers)   Philodryas aestiva Eastern Brazilian Green Bush Racer Cacciali 2008 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Giraudo & Scrocchi 2002 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Nunez 2012 Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970 Schouten 1937 Thomas 1976   Philodryas baroni Long-nosed Bush Racer Cacciali 2008 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Trutnau, Monzel & Consul 2016   Philodryas erlandi Chaco Bush Racer Cacciali, Cabral, Ferreira & Koehler 2016   Philodryas livida Blue Bush Racer Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Smith, Cacciali, Scott, Castillo, Pheasey & Atkinson 2014   Philodryas mattogrossensis Mato Grosso Bush Racer Cabral & Weiler 2014 Cacciali 2008 Cacciali, Cabral, Ferreira & Koehler 2016 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Giraudo & Scrocchi 2002 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Norman 1994 Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970 Schouten 1937 [as ternetzii] Thomas 1976 Trutnau, Monzel & Consul 2016 Ziegler, Unger, Feiler & Lehr 2002   Philodryas nattereri Paraguay Bush Racer Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 David & Ineich 1999 Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970 Smith, Scott, Cacciali, Atkinson & Pheasey 2013   Philodryas olfersii Common Green Bush Racer Cabral & Weiler 2014 Cacciali 2008 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Giraudo & Scrocchi 2002 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970 Schouten 1937 Thomas 1976 Trutnau, Monzel & Consul 2016 Ziegler, Unger, Feiler & Lehr 2002   Philodryas psammophidea South American Striped Racer Cabral & Weiler 2014 Cacciali 2008 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970 Schouten 1937 Thomas 1976 Trutnau, Monzel & Consul 2016 Ziegler, Unger, Feiler & Lehr 2002 Genus Phimophis (South American Shovel-nosed Snakes)   Phimophis guerini Argentine Shovel-nosed Snake Atkinson, Smith & Sarvary 2017 Cacciali 2008 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Schouten 1937   Phimophis vittatus Striped Shovel-nosed Snake Cabral & Weiler 2014 Cacciali 2008 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Schouten 1937 Trutnau, Monzel & Consul 2016 Genus Pseudablabes (Reticulated Bush Racers)   Pseudablabes agassizii Burrowing Night Snake Cacciali 2008 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009   Pseudablabes patagoniensis Patagonian Bush Racer Cabral & Weiler 2014 Cacciali 2008 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Campbell & Murphy 1984 Giraudo & Scrocchi 2002 Gouveia, Novelli, Vieira & Sousa 2017 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Norman 1994 Nunez 2012 Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970 Thomas 1976 Trutnau, Monzel & Consul 2016 Ziegler, Unger, Feiler & Lehr 2002 Genus Pseudoboa (Neotropical Scarlet Snakes)   Pseudoboa nigra Blackish Scarlet Snake Cacciali 2008 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Trutnau, Monzel & Consul 2016 Ziegler, Unger, Feiler & Lehr 2002 Genus Pseudoeryx (Dusky Mud Snakes)   Pseudoeryx plicatilis Dusky Mud Snake Cabral & Caballero 2012 Cabral & Weiler 2014 Cacciali 2008 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970 Scartozzoni, Trevine & Germano 2010 Schouten 1937 Genus Psomophis (Smooth Ground Snakes)   Psomophis genimaculatus Spirit Ground Snake Cacciali 2008 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Giraudo & Scrocchi 2002 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Myers & Cadle 1994 Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970 Schouten 1937 Trutnau, Monzel & Consul 2016 Ziegler, Lehr & Unger 2001 Ziegler, Unger, Feiler & Lehr 2002   Psomophis obtusus Red-bellied Ground Snake Cacciali 2008 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Giraudo & Scrocchi 2002 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Myers & Cadle 1994 Schouten 1937 Genus Rhachidelus (Brazilian Bird Snake)   Rhachidelus brazili Brazilian Bird Snake Arruda, Avila, Morais & Kawashito-Ribeiro 2011 Atkinson, Smith & Sarvary 2017 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Smith, Scott, Cacciali & Atkinson 2013 Genus Simophis (South American False Coral Snake)   Simophis rhinostomus South American False Coral Snake Cacciali 2008 [as rohdei] Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Cacciali, Scott, Gunther, Sawaya, Brusquetti & Bauer 2009 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 [as rohdei] Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970 [as rohdei] Schouten 1937 Genus Spilotes (Chicken Snakes)   Spilotes pullatus Chicken Snake Cacciali 2008 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Mertens 1972 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970 Schouten 1937 Trutnau, Monzel & Consul 2016 Genus Tachymenis (South American Scrub Snakes)   Tachymenis ocellata Ocellated Pampas Snake Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970 Trutnau, Monzel & Consul 2016 Genus Tantilla (American Centipede Snakes)   Tantilla melanocephala South American Black-headed Centipede Snake Cacciali & Brusquetti 2005 Cacciali 2008 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Trutnau, Monzel & Consul 2016 Vera 2021 Wilson & Mena 1980 Wilson 1987 Genus Tomodon (Pampas Snakes)   Tomodon dorsatus Brazilian Pampas Snake Cacciali 2008 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Giraudo & Scrocchi 2002 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Schouten 1937 Genus Xenodon (Northern Mock Lanceheads and South American Hognose Snakes)   Xenodon dorbignyi Spotted Hognose Snake Cacciali 2008 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Giraudo & Scrocchi 2002 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970 Schouten 1937 Trutnau, Monzel & Consul 2016   Xenodon histricus Rayed Hognose Snake Cacciali 2008 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Giraudo & Scrocchi 2002 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970 Schouten 1937   Xenodon merremii Toad-eating Mock Lancehead Cacciali 2008 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Giraudo & Scrocchi 2002 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Norman 1994 Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970 Schouten 1937 Scott & Lovett 1975 Trutnau, Monzel & Consul 2016 Ziegler, Unger, Feiler & Lehr 2002   Xenodon neuwiedii East Brazilian Mock Lancehead Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Giraudo & Scrocchi 2002 Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970 Schouten 1937   Xenodon pulcher Bolivian Hognose Snake Cabral & Weiler 2014 Cacciali 2008 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Giraudo & Scrocchi 2002 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Scrocchi & Cruz 1993 Trutnau, Monzel & Consul 2016 Ziegler, Unger, Feiler & Lehr 2002 [as semicinctus] Genus Xenopholis (South American Flat-headed Snakes)   Xenopholis undulatus Southern Flat-headed Snake Cacciali 2008 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Loebmann 2009 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970 [as Paroxyrhopus reticulatus] Schouten 1937 [as Paroxyrhopus reticulatus] Genus Zonateres (Pantanal Mock Viper)   Zonateres lanei Pantanal Mock Viper Bailey, Thomas & Silva 2005 Cacciali 2008 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016  Family Elapidae [part 1: terrestrial species] (Cobras, Mambas, etc.) Genus Micrurus (American Coral Snakes)   Micrurus altirostris Uruguayan Coral Snake Cacciali 2008 Cacciali, Espinola, Vinales, Espinola & Cabral 2011 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Giraudo & Scrocchi 2002 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Silva & Sites 1999   Micrurus baliocoryphus Mesopotamian Coral Snake Cacciali 2008 Cacciali, Espinola, Vinales, Espinola & Cabral 2011 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Campbell & Lamar 2004 David, Dobiey & Vogel 2018 Giraudo & Scrocchi 2002 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Silva & Sites 1999   Micrurus carvalhoi Brazilian Ribbon Coral Snake Cacciali 2008 [as M. lemniscatus] Cacciali, Espinola, Vinales, Espinola & Cabral 2011 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 [as M. lemniscatus] Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 [as M. lemniscatus] Pires, Silva, Feitosa, Prudente, Filho & Zaher 2014 Schouten 1937 [as M. lemniscatus] Silva & Sites 1999   Micrurus corallinus Painted Coral Snake Cacciali 2008 Cacciali, Espinola, Vinales, Espinola & Cabral 2011 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Campbell & Lamar 2004 Canete, Martinez & Bauer 2020 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Nunez 2012 Roze 1996 Schouten 1937   Micrurus frontalis Cerrado Coral Snake Cabral & Weiler 2014 Cacciali 2008 Cacciali, Espinola, Vinales, Espinola & Cabral 2011 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Campbell & Lamar 2004 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Norman 1994 Roze 1996 Schouten 1937 Silva & Sites 1999   Micrurus pyrrhocryptus Argentine Coral Snake Cabral & Weiler 2014 Cacciali 2008 Cacciali, Espinola, Vinales, Espinola & Cabral 2011 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Campbell & Lamar 2004 David, Dobiey & Vogel 2018 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Roze 1996 Schouten 1937 Silva & Sites 1999 Trutnau, Monzel & Consul 2016 Ziegler, Unger, Feiler & Lehr 2002   Micrurus silviae Passo Fundo Coral Snake Cacciali, Espinola, Vinales, Espinola & Cabral 2011 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Giraudo, Nenda, Arzamendia, Bellini & Franzoy 2015  Family Leptotyphlopidae (Thread Snakes) Genus Epictia (Neotropical Thread Snakes)   Epictia albipuncta White-spotted Thread Snake Cabral & Weiler 2014 Cacciali 2008 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Trutnau, Monzel & Consul 2016   Epictia melanoterma Corrientes Thread Snake Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Ziegler, Unger, Feiler & Lehr 2002   Epictia munoai Rio Grande do Sul Thread Snake Cacciali 2008 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009   Epictia vellardi Argentine Thread Snake Cabral & Sisa 2016 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Genus Siagonodon (Mandible-toothed Thread Snakes)   Siagonodon unguirostris Cordoba Thread Snake Cacciali & Brusquetti 2005 Cacciali 2008 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Hahn 1980 McDiarmid, Campbell & Toure 1999 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970 Ziegler, Unger, Feiler & Lehr 2002  Family Typhlopidae (Typical Blind Snakes) Genus Amerotyphlops (American Blind Snakes)   Amerotyphlops brongersmianus Bahia Blind Snake Cabral & Weiler 2014 Cacciali 2008 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Dixon & Hendricks 1979 Graboski, Arredondo, Grazziotin, Silva, Prudente, Rodrigues, Bonatto & Zaher 2019 Loebmann 2008 McDiarmid, Campbell & Toure 1999 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Trutnau, Monzel & Consul 2016  Family Viperidae (Vipers) Genus Bothrops (American Lanceheads)   Bothrops alternatus Urutu Cabral & Weiler 2014 Cacciali 2008 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Campbell & Lamar 2004 David, Dobiey & Vogel 2018 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Norman 1994 Nunez 2012 Schouten 1937 Trutnau, Monzel & Consul 2016   Bothrops diporus Chaco Lancehead Cabral & Weiler 2014 Cacciali 2008 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Campbell & Lamar 2004 Carrasco, Grazziotin, Farfan, Koch, Ochoa, Scrocchi, Leynaud & Chaparro 2019 David, Dobiey & Vogel 2018 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Nunez 2012 Silva & Rodrigues 2008 Trutnau, Monzel & Consul 2016   Bothrops jararaca Jararaca Cabral & Weiler 2014 Cacciali 2008 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Campbell & Lamar 2004 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Trutnau, Monzel & Consul 2016   Bothrops jararacussu Jararacussu Cabral & Weiler 2014 Cacciali 2008 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Campbell & Lamar 2004 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Schouten 1937 Trutnau, Monzel & Consul 2016   Bothrops mattogrossensis Mato Grosso Lancehead Cabral & Weiler 2014 Cacciali 2008 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 [as pauloensis] Campbell & Lamar 2004 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Silva & Rodrigues 2008 Trutnau, Monzel & Consul 2016   Bothrops moojeni Brazilian Lancehead Cacciali 2008 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Campbell & Lamar 2004 David, Dobiey & Vogel 2018 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Schouten 1937 [as atrox] Trutnau, Monzel & Consul 2016 Genus Crotalus (Typical Rattlesnakes)   Crotalus durissus South American Rattlesnake Cacciali 2008 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Campbell & Lamar 2004 David, Dobiey & Vogel 2018 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Norman 1994 Nunez 2012 Schouten 1937 Scott & Lovett 1975 Trutnau, Monzel & Consul 2016 Ziegler, Unger, Feiler & Lehr 2002

	Turtles (Testudines)
	= endemicEX = extinct or assumed extinct Species References  Family Chelidae (Austro-American Side-necked Turtles) Genus Acanthochelys (South American Side-necked Swamp Turtles)   Acanthochelys macrocephala Large-headed Pantanal Swamp Turtle Cabral & Weiler 2014 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Fritz & Havas 2006 Fritz & Pauler 1992 [as Phrynops chacoensis] King & Burke 1989 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Oliveira-Ferronato & Barros-Molina 2009 Rhodin, Iverson, Bour, Fritz, Georges, Shaffer & Dijk 2021 Rhodin, Metrailler, Vinke, Vinke, Artner & Mittermeier 2009 Trutnau, Monzel & Consul 2016 Ziegler, Unger, Feiler & Lehr 2002   Acanthochelys pallidipectoris Chaco Swamp Turtle Cabral & Weiler 2014 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Fritz & Havas 2006 Fritz & Pauler 1992 Giraudo 1996 Iverson 1992 King & Burke 1989 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Rhodin, Iverson, Bour, Fritz, Georges, Shaffer & Dijk 2021 Trutnau, Monzel & Consul 2016 Vinke, Vinke, Richard, Cabrera, Paszko, Marano & Metrailler 2011 Ziegler, Unger, Feiler & Lehr 2002 Genus Hydromedusa (South American Snake-necked Turtles)   Hydromedusa tectifera Uruguayan Snake-necked Turtle Alcalde, Sanchez & Pritchard 2021 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Fritz & Havas 2006 King & Burke 1989 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Reis Martins, Carvalho-Garbin & Freire Bruno 2011 Rhodin, Iverson, Bour, Fritz, Georges, Shaffer & Dijk 2021 Sousa & Novelli 2009 Trutnau, Monzel & Consul 2016 Genus Mesoclemmys (Hump-backed Toad-headed Turtles)   Mesoclemmys vanderhaegei Tobati Toad-headed Turtle Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Fritz & Havas 2006 Iverson 1992 King & Burke 1989 Maffei, Nascimento, Moya & Donatelli 2016 Marques, Boehm, Brito, Cabrera & Verdade 2014 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Rhodin, Iverson, Bour, Fritz, Georges, Shaffer & Dijk 2021 Trutnau, Monzel & Consul 2016 Genus Phrynops (Lesser Toad-headed Turtles)   Phrynops geoffroanus Brazilian Toad-headed Turtle Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Fritz & Havas 2006 Iverson 1992 King & Burke 1989 Rhodin, Iverson, Bour, Fritz, Georges, Shaffer & Dijk 2021 Trutnau, Monzel & Consul 2016   Phrynops hilarii Spotted-bellied Toad-headed Turtle Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Fritz & Havas 2006 King & Burke 1989 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Rhodin, Iverson, Bour, Fritz, Georges, Shaffer & Dijk 2021 Trutnau, Monzel & Consul 2016 Ziegler, Unger, Feiler & Lehr 2002   Phrynops williamsi Rio Cadea Toad-headed Turtle Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Fritz & Havas 2006 Iverson 1992 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Rhodin, Iverson, Bour, Fritz, Georges, Shaffer & Dijk 2021 Trutnau, Monzel & Consul 2016  Family Kinosternidae (American Mud and Musk Turtles) Genus Kinosternon (American Mud Turtles)   Kinosternon scorpioides Scorpion Mud Turtle Berry & Iverson 2011 Buskirk 2007 Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Norman 1994 Rhodin, Iverson, Bour, Fritz, Georges, Shaffer & Dijk 2021 Trutnau, Monzel & Consul 2016 Ziegler, Unger, Feiler & Lehr 2002  Family Testudinidae (Tortoises) Genus Chelonoidis (South American Tortoises)   Chelonoidis carbonarius South American Red-footed Tortoise Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Fritz & Havas 2006 Iverson 1992 King & Burke 1989 Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 Norman 1994 Rhodin, Iverson, Bour, Fritz, Georges, Shaffer & Dijk 2021 Scott & Lovett 1975 Trutnau, Monzel & Consul 2016 Ziegler, Unger, Feiler & Lehr 2002   Chelonoidis chilensis Argentine Tortoise Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith 2016 Fritz & Havas 2006 Iverson 1992 King & Burke 1989 McCord & Joseph-Ouni 2004 [as petersi] Motte, Nunez, Cacciali, Brusquetti, Scott & Aquino 2009 [as petersi] Rhodin, Iverson, Bour, Fritz, Georges, Shaffer & Dijk 2021 Scott & Lovett 1975 Trutnau, Monzel & Consul 2016 Ziegler, Unger, Feiler & Lehr 2002