Reptiles of Bolivia    Bibliography of the reptiles of Bolivia Taxonomic history of the reptiles of Bolivia Introduced species

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Citation: Midtgaard, Rune. RepFocus - A Survey of the Reptiles of the World. www.repfocus.dk (Compilation date: 14th April, 2023).

Checklist General remarks: The list includes only formally described species. Newly discovered, but still unnamed species are excluded. However, unnamed species or species unassigned to species level are included, if they are the only representatives of their genus in the region. Species counts exclude extinct and introduced species. Doubtful records, typically older voucher specimens of uncertain origin, have been excluded if considered questionable, as are records based on sources considered unreliable or controversial. Note: Your comments to the checklist (omissions, errors, etc.) are welcomed, preferably if they are provided with reliable references. If possible, please attach a pdf file of the relevant reference to an email addressed to:

	Worm Lizards (Amphisbaenia)
	= endemicEX = extinct or assumed extinct Species References  Family Amphisbaenidae (Typical Worm Lizards) Genus Amphisbaena (Neotropical Worm Lizards)   Amphisbaena alba Common Red Worm Lizard Dirksen & Riva 1999 Dirksen 1995 Fugler 1989 Gans 2005 Moravec & Aparicio 2000 Peters & Donoso-Barros 1970 Pincheira-Donoso 2002   Amphisbaena angustifrons Common South American Worm Lizard Dirksen & Riva 1999 Dirksen 1995 Fugler 1989 Gans & Diefenbach 1972 Gans 2005 Peters & Donoso-Barros 1970 Pincheira-Donoso 2002   Amphisbaena bolivica Rio Pilcomayo Worm Lizard Dirksen & Riva 1999 Gans 2005 Montero 1996 Pincheira-Donoso 2002   Amphisbaena camura Crooked Worm Lizard Dirksen & Riva 1999 Dirksen 1995 Gans 2005 Montero 1996 Peters & Donoso-Barros 1970 Pincheira-Donoso 2002   * Amphisbaena cegei Santa Cruz Worm Lizard Dirksen & Riva 1999 Gans 2005 Montero, Fernandez-Safadez & Alvarez 1997   Amphisbaena darwinii Uruguayan Ringed Worm Lizard Dirksen & Riva 1999 Dirksen 1995 Fugler 1989 Gans 1967 Gans 2005 Peters & Donoso-Barros 1970 Pincheira-Donoso 2002   Amphisbaena fuliginosa Spotted Worm Lizard Dirksen & Riva 1999 Dirksen 1995 Fugler 1989 Gans 1967 Gans 2005 Montero, Scrocchi, Montano-C. & Fernandez-S. 1995 Peters & Donoso-Barros 1970 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Roberto, Muniz Silva, Pinto & Avila 2021   Amphisbaena silvestrii Southern Mato Grosso Worm Lizard Dirksen & Riva 1999 Dirksen 1995 Fugler 1989 Gans 2005 Peters & Donoso-Barros 1970 Pincheira-Donoso 2002   Amphisbaena slateri Southern Peruvian Worm Lizard Costa, Welton & Hallermann 2018 Dirksen & Riva 1999 Dirksen 1995 Fugler 1989 Gans 2005 Peters & Donoso-Barros 1970 Pincheira-Donoso 2002   Amphisbaena vermicularis Vermiculate Worm Lizard Dirksen & Riva 1999 Dirksen 1995 Fugler 1989 Gans & Amdur 1966 Gans 2005 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Genus Anops (Keel-headed Worm Lizards)   Anops kingii Pampas Worm Lizard Gonzales & Sosa 2005 Genus Cercolophia (Keel-tailed Worm Lizards)   Cercolophia borellii Caiza Worm Lizard Dirksen & Riva 1999 Fugler 1989 Gans 2005 Gonzales-A. 1998 Montero, Scrocchi, Montano-C. & Fernandez-S. 1995 Peters & Donoso-Barros 1970 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Vanzolini 1992   Cercolophia steindachneri Caigara Worm Lizard Dirksen & Riva 1999 Dirksen 1995 Genus Leposternon (South American Worm Lizards)   Leposternon microcephalum Small-headed Worm Lizard Dirksen 1995 Fugler 1989 Gans 1971 Gans 2005 Pincheira-Donoso 2002

	Crocodilians (Crocodylia)
	= endemicEX = extinct or assumed extinct Species References  Family Crocodylidae (Crocodiles) Genus Caiman (Typical Caimans)   Caiman latirostris Broad-snouted Caiman Dirksen 1995 Pincheira-Donoso 2002   Caiman yacare Paraguayan Caiman Busack & Pandya 2001 Cortez-Fernandez 2005 Dirksen 1995 Gonzales-A. 1998 Moravec & Aparicio 2000 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Genus Melanosuchus (Black Caiman)   Melanosuchus niger Black Caiman Dirksen 1995 Medem 1963 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Genus Paleosuchus (Dwarf Caimans)   Paleosuchus palpebrosus Cayenne Dwarf Caiman Cortez-Fernandez 2005 Pincheira-Donoso 2002   Paleosuchus trigonatus Northwestern Dwarf Caiman Dirksen 1995 Pincheira-Donoso 2002

	Lizards (Sauria)
	= endemicEX = extinct or assumed extinct Species References  Family Alopoglossidae (Fold-tongued Spectacled Tejus) Genus Alopoglossus (Western Shade Tejus)   Alopoglossus brevifrontalis Rio Pastaza Shade Teju Dirksen & Riva 1999 Harris 1994 Langstroth 2005 Peloso & Avila-Pires 2010 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Ribeiro-Junior & Amaral 2017  Family Anguidae (Slowworms, etc.) Genus Diploglossus (Neotropical Forest Lizards)   Diploglossus fasciatus Banded Forest Lizard Avila-Pires 1995 Dirksen & Riva 1999 Dirksen 1995 Fugler 1989 Langstroth 2005 Peters & Donoso-Barros 1970 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Ribeiro-Junior & Amaral 2016 Genus Ophiodes (South American Glass Lizards)   Ophiodes fragilis Yacupoi Glass Lizard Dirksen & Riva 1999 [as yacupoi] Montero, Scrocchi, Montano-C. & Fernandez-S. 1995 [as yacupoi] Pincheira-Donoso 2002 [as yacupoi] Schools & Hedges 2021   Ophiodes intermedius Asuncion Glass Lizard Dirksen & Riva 1999 Dirksen 1995 Fugler 1989 Langstroth 2005 Montero, Scrocchi, Montano-C. & Fernandez-S. 1995 Peters & Donoso-Barros 1970 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Schools & Hedges 2021  Family Anolidae (Anoles) Genus Dactyloa (Fringe-toed Anoles)   Dactyloa punctata Blue-spotted Green Anole Avila-Pires 1995 Cortez-Fernandez 2005 Dirksen & Riva 1999 Dirksen 1995 Fugler 1989 Langstroth 2005 Moravec & Aparicio 2000 [as "cf. punctata"] Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Ribeiro-Junior & Amaral 2016 Ribeiro-Junior 2015   Dactyloa transversalis Banded Tree Anole Eversole, Powell, Lizarro, Fasci, Calderon Vaca & Surovic 2020 Langstroth 2005 Genus Norops (Brilliant Anoles)   Norops fuscoauratus Lichen-coloured Anole Avila-Pires 1995 Cortez-Fernandez 2005 Dirksen & Riva 1999 Dirksen 1995 Fugler 1989 Gomez-Murillo & Arellano-Martin 2021 Langstroth 2005 Moravec & Aparicio 2000 Peters & Donoso-Barros 1970 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Ribeiro-Junior & Amaral 2016 Ribeiro-Junior 2015 Sousa & Freire 2010   Norops meridionalis Paraguayan Anole D'Angiolella, Gamble, Avila-Pires, Colli, Noonan & Vitt 2011 Dirksen & Riva 1999 Dirksen 1995 Fugler 1989 Langstroth 2005 Peters & Donoso-Barros 1970 [as steinbachi] Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Ribeiro-Junior & Amaral 2016 Ribeiro-Junior 2015   Norops ortonii Amazon Bark Anole Avila-Pires 1995 Dirksen & Riva 1999 Dirksen 1995 Fugler 1989 Gomez-Murillo & Arellano-Martin 2021 Langstroth 2005 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Ribeiro-Junior & Amaral 2016 Ribeiro-Junior 2015   Norops scapularis Santa Cruz Anole Dirksen & Riva 1999 Dirksen 1995 Fugler 1989 Langstroth 2005 Peters & Donoso-Barros 1970 Pincheira-Donoso 2002   Norops tandai Brazilian Blue-throated Anole Langstroth 2005  Family Gekkonidae (Typical Geckos) Genus Lygodactylus (African-Neotropical Dwarf Geckos)   Lygodactylus wetzeli Paraguayan Dwarf Gecko Dirksen & Riva 1999 Dirksen 1995 Fugler 1989 Gonzales-A. 1998 Langstroth 2005 Pincheira-Donoso 2002  Family Gymnophthalmidae (Scaly-tongued Spectacled Tejus) Genus Arthrosaura (Creek Tejus)   Arthrosaura reticulata Western Creek Teju Langstroth 2005 Genus Bachia (Earless Tejus)   Bachia dorbignyi Bolivian Earless Teju Avila-Pires 1995 Cortez-Fernandez 2005 Dirksen & Riva 1999 Dirksen 1995 Fugler 1989 Gonzales-A. 1998 Langstroth 2005 Peters & Donoso-Barros 1970 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Ribeiro-Junior & Amaral 2016 Ribeiro-Junior & Amaral 2017   Bachia trisanale Striped Earless Teju Langstroth 2005 Genus Cercosaura (Eastern Shade Tejus)   Cercosaura argulus White-lipped Shade Teju Avila-Pires 1995 Dirksen & Riva 1999 Dirksen 1995 Doan & Lamar 2012 Fugler 1989 Langstroth 2005 Peters & Donoso-Barros 1970 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Ribeiro-Junior & Amaral 2017   Cercosaura bassleri Black-striped Shade Teju Avila-Pires 1995 Langstroth 2005 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Ribeiro-Junior & Amaral 2016 Ribeiro-Junior & Amaral 2017   Cercosaura eigenmanni Sara Shade Teju Avila-Pires 1995 Dirksen & Riva 1999 Dirksen 1995 Doan & Lamar 2012 Fugler 1989 Langstroth 2005 Peters & Donoso-Barros 1970 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Ribeiro-Junior & Amaral 2016 Ribeiro-Junior & Amaral 2017   Cercosaura manicata Slender Shade Teju Dirksen & Riva 1999 Dirksen 1995 Doan & Lamar 2012 Fugler 1989 Langstroth 2005 Mamani, Chaparro, Correa, Alarcon, Salas & Catenazzi 2020 Peters & Donoso-Barros 1970 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Uzzell 1973   Cercosaura olivacea East Brazilian Shade Teju Dirksen 1995 [as C. ocellata petersi] Langstroth 2005 Peters & Donoso-Barros 1970 Sturaro, Rodrigues, Colli, Knowles & Avila-Pires 2018   Cercosaura parkeri Santa Cruz Shade Teju Avila-Pires 1995 Dirksen 1995 [as Pantodactylus schreibersi parkeri] Doan & Lamar 2012 Fugler 1989 Langstroth 2005 Peters & Donoso-Barros 1970 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Ribeiro-Junior & Amaral 2016 Ribeiro-Junior & Amaral 2017   Cercosaura schreibersii South Brazilian Shade Teju Dirksen & Riva 1999 Doan & Lamar 2012 Ribeiro-Junior & Amaral 2016 Ribeiro-Junior & Amaral 2017 Genus Iphisa (Glossy Shade Teju)   Iphisa elegans Glossy Shade Teju Andrade, Santos, Kawashita-Ribeiro & Vaz-Silva 2013 Avila-Pires 1995 Dirksen & Riva 1999 Dirksen 1995 Fugler 1989 Langstroth 2005 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Ribeiro-Junior & Amaral 2017 Genus Loxopholis (Western Root Tejus)   Loxopholis percarinata Striped Root Teju Ribeiro-Junior & Amaral 2017 Genus Micrablepharus (Snake-eyed Glossy Tejus)   Micrablepharus maximiliani Blue-tailed Snake-eyed Glossy Teju Dirksen & Riva 1999 Gonzales-A. 1998 Langstroth 2005 Moura, Dayrell & Avelar Sao Pedro 2010 Ribeiro-Junior & Amaral 2017 Genus Potamites (Western Water Tejus)   Potamites ecpleopus Common Water Teju Cortez-Fernandez 2005 Dirksen & Riva 1999 Dirksen 1995 Langstroth 2005 Montero, Scrocchi, Montano-C. & Fernandez-S. 1995 Peters & Donoso-Barros 1970 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Ribeiro-Junior & Amaral 2016 Ribeiro-Junior & Amaral 2017 Vanzolini 1995   * Potamites ocellatus Bolivian Water Teju Chavez, Malqui & Catenazzi 2021 Dirksen & Riva 1999 Doan & Castoe 2005 Langstroth 2005 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Vanzolini 1995 Genus Proctoporus (Lightbulb Tejus)   Proctoporus bolivianus Bolivian Lightbulb Teju Dirksen & Riva 1999 Dirksen 1995 Doan & Castoe 2003 Doan & Castoe 2005 Fugler 1989 Langstroth 2005 Peters & Donoso-Barros 1970 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Reichle & Cortez-Fernandez 2018 Torres-Carvajal, Lobos, Venegas, Chavez, Aguirre-Penafiel, Zurita & Echevarria 2016   Proctoporus guentheri Sorata Lightbulb Teju Dirksen & Riva 1999 Dirksen 1995 Doan & Castoe 2003 Doan & Castoe 2005 Kizirian 1996 Langstroth 2005 Peters & Donoso-Barros 1970 Pincheira-Donoso 2002   Proctoporus xestus Incachaca Lightbulb Teju Dirksen & Riva 1999 Dirksen 1995 Fugler 1989 Langstroth 2005 Marques-Souza, Prates, Fouquet, Camacho, Kok, Nunes, Vechio, Recoder, Mejia, Teixeira-Junior, Barrio-Amoros, Cassimiro, Lima, Sena & Rodrigues 2018 Peters & Donoso-Barros 1970 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Torres-Carvajal, Lobos, Venegas, Chavez, Aguirre-Penafiel, Zurita & Echevarria 2016 Genus Vanzosaura (Red-tailed Spectacled Tejus)   Vanzosaura rubricauda Southern Red-tailed Spectacled Teju Dirksen & Riva 1999 Dirksen 1995 Fugler 1989 Gonzales-A. 1998 Langstroth 2005 Peters & Donoso-Barros 1970 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Recoder, Ribeiro & Rodrigues 2013 Recoder, Werneck, Teixeira, Colli, Sites & Rodrigues 2014  Family Hoplocercidae (Club-tailed Iguanas) Genus Enyalioides (Wood Lizards)   Enyalioides palpebralis Horned Wood Lizard Avila-Pires 1995 Cortez-Fernandez 2005 Dirksen & Riva 1999 Langstroth 2005 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Torres-Carvajal, Etheridge & Queiroz 2011 Genus Hoplocercus (Eastern Club-tailed Iguana)   Hoplocercus spinosus Eastern Club-tailed Iguana Dirksen & Riva 1999 Langstroth 2005 Ribeiro-Junior 2015 Torres-Carvajal, Etheridge & Queiroz 2011  Family Iguanidae (Greater Iguanas) Genus Iguana (Green Iguanas)   Iguana iguana South American Green Iguana Dirksen & Riva 1999 Dirksen 1995 Fugler 1989 Langstroth 2005 Moravec & Aparicio 2000 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Ribeiro-Junior 2015  Family Leiosauridae (Smooth Iguanas) Genus Urostrophus (Steppe Iguanas)   Urostrophus gallardoi Argentine Steppe Iguana Dirksen & Riva 1999 Etheridge & Williams 1991 Langstroth 2005  Family Liolaemidae (South American Lesser Iguanas) Genus Liolaemus (Smooth-throated Lizards)   Liolaemus alticolor Brilliant Smooth-throated Lizard Aguilar-Kirigin, Aparicio, Langstroth, Valladares Faundez & Abdala 2021 Dirksen & Riva 1999 Dirksen 1995 Fugler 1989 Langstroth 2005 Lobo & Espinoza 1999 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Pincheira-Donoso, Scolaro & Sura 2008 Quinteros 2012   * Liolaemus aparicioi Jupapina Smooth-throated Lizard Aguilar-Kirigin, Aparicio, Langstroth, Valladares Faundez & Abdala 2021 Ocampo, Aguilar-Kirigin & Quinteros 2012   Liolaemus chacoensis Chaco Smooth-throated Lizard Aguilar-Kirigin, Aparicio, Langstroth, Valladares Faundez & Abdala 2021 Pincheira-Donoso, Scolaro & Sura 2008   Liolaemus chaltin Cochinoca Smooth-throated Lizard Aguilar-Kirigin, Aparicio, Langstroth, Valladares Faundez & Abdala 2021   Liolaemus chlorostictus Green-spotted Smooth-throated Lizard Abdala, Aguilar-Kirigin, Semhan, Bulacios Arroyo, Valdes, Paz, Gutierrez Poblete, Valladares Faundez, Langstroth & Aparicio 2019 Aguilar-Kirigin, Aparicio, Langstroth, Valladares Faundez & Abdala 2021 Langstroth 2005 Laurent 1995 Pincheira-Donoso, Scolaro & Sura 2008   * Liolaemus cranwelli Nueva Moka Smooth-throated Lizard Aguilar-Kirigin, Aparicio, Langstroth, Valladares Faundez & Abdala 2021 Dirksen & Riva 1999 Dirksen 1995 Fugler 1989 Langstroth 2005 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Pincheira-Donoso, Scolaro & Sura 2008   Liolaemus erroneus San Pedro Smooth-throated Lizard Abdala, Aguilar-Kirigin, Semhan, Bulacios Arroyo, Valdes, Paz, Gutierrez Poblete, Valladares Faundez, Langstroth & Aparicio 2019 [as L. erguetae] Aguilar-Kirigin, Aparicio, Langstroth, Valladares Faundez & Abdala 2021 Langstroth 2005 [as L. erguetae] Laurent 1995 [as L. erguetae] Pincheira-Donoso, Scolaro & Sura 2008 [as L. erguetae]   * Liolaemus fittkaui Cochabamba Smooth-throated Lizard Abdala, Aguilar-Kirigin, Semhan, Bulacios Arroyo, Valdes, Paz, Gutierrez Poblete, Valladares Faundez, Langstroth & Aparicio 2019 Aguilar-Kirigin, Aparicio, Langstroth, Valladares Faundez & Abdala 2021 Dirksen & Riva 1999 Dirksen 1995 Jimenez-Robles, Butron-Galvez, Carpio & Riva 2016 Langstroth 2005 Laurent 1986 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Pincheira-Donoso, Scolaro & Sura 2008   * Liolaemus forsteri Chacaltaya Smooth-throated Lizard Abdala, Aguilar-Kirigin, Semhan, Bulacios Arroyo, Valdes, Paz, Gutierrez Poblete, Valladares Faundez, Langstroth & Aparicio 2019 Aguilar-Kirigin, Aparicio, Langstroth, Valladares Faundez & Abdala 2021 Dirksen & Riva 1999 Dirksen 1995 Fugler 1989 Langstroth 2005 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Pincheira-Donoso, Scolaro & Sura 2008   Liolaemus jamesi Tarapaca Smooth-throated Lizard Abdala, Aguilar-Kirigin, Semhan, Bulacios Arroyo, Valdes, Paz, Gutierrez Poblete, Valladares Faundez, Langstroth & Aparicio 2019 Aguilar-Kirigin, Aparicio, Langstroth, Valladares Faundez & Abdala 2021   Liolaemus lenzi Titicaca Smooth-throated Lizard Aguilar-Kirigin, Aparicio, Langstroth, Valladares Faundez & Abdala 2021 Boettger 1891 Langstroth Plotkin 2021   Liolaemus multiformis Zodiac Smooth-throated Lizard Abdala, Aguilar-Kirigin, Semhan, Bulacios Arroyo, Valdes, Paz, Gutierrez Poblete, Valladares Faundez, Langstroth & Aparicio 2019 [as L. signifer] Abdala, Paz & Semhan 2013 [as L. signifer] Aguilar-Kirigin, Aparicio, Langstroth, Valladares Faundez & Abdala 2021 Dirksen & Riva 1999 [as L. signifer] Dirksen 1995 [as L. signifer] Fugler 1989 [as L. signifer] Gutierrez, Chaparro, Vasquez, Quiroz, Kirigin & Abdala 2018 [as L. signifer] Langstroth 2005 [as L. signifer] Pincheira-Donoso 2002 [as L. signifer] Pincheira-Donoso, Scolaro & Sura 2008 [as L. signifer] Troncoso-Palacios 2014 [as L. signifer]   Liolaemus ornatus Ornate Smooth-throated Lizard Aguilar-Kirigin, Aparicio, Langstroth, Valladares Faundez & Abdala 2021 Dirksen & Riva 1999 Dirksen 1995 Etheridge 1993 Fugler 1989 Langstroth 2005 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Pincheira-Donoso, Scolaro & Sura 2008   Liolaemus pachecoi Bolivian Salt Pan Smooth-throated Lizard Abdala, Aguilar-Kirigin, Semhan, Bulacios Arroyo, Valdes, Paz, Gutierrez Poblete, Valladares Faundez, Langstroth & Aparicio 2019 Abdala, Paz & Semhan 2013 Aguilar-Kirigin, Aparicio, Langstroth, Valladares Faundez & Abdala 2021 Dirksen & Riva 1999 [as jamesi] Langstroth 2005 Langstroth 2011 Laurent 1995 Pincheira-Donoso, Scolaro & Sura 2008   Liolaemus pantherinus Panther Smooth-throated Lizard Aguilar-Kirigin, Aparicio, Langstroth, Valladares Faundez & Abdala 2021 Dirksen & Riva 1999 Dirksen 1995 [as L. orientalis] Fugler 1989 [as L. orientalis] Gutierrez, Chaparro, Vasquez, Quiroz, Kirigin & Abdala 2018 Langstroth 2005 [as L. orientalis] Pincheira-Donoso 2002 [as L. orientalis] Pincheira-Donoso, Scolaro & Sura 2008 [as L. orientalis]   Liolaemus pleopholis Parinacota Smooth-throated Lizard Abdala, Aguilar-Kirigin, Semhan, Bulacios Arroyo, Valdes, Paz, Gutierrez Poblete, Valladares Faundez, Langstroth & Aparicio 2019 Aguilar-Kirigin, Aparicio, Langstroth, Valladares Faundez & Abdala 2021   Liolaemus puna Argentine Puna Smooth-throated Lizard Aguilar-Kirigin, Aparicio, Langstroth, Valladares Faundez & Abdala 2021   Liolaemus puritamensis Puritama Smooth-throated Lizard Abdala, Aguilar-Kirigin, Semhan, Bulacios Arroyo, Valdes, Paz, Gutierrez Poblete, Valladares Faundez, Langstroth & Aparicio 2019 Aguilar-Kirigin, Aparicio, Langstroth, Valladares Faundez & Abdala 2021   Liolaemus schmidti Atacama Tree Lizard Abdala, Aguilar-Kirigin, Semhan, Bulacios Arroyo, Valdes, Paz, Gutierrez Poblete, Valladares Faundez, Langstroth & Aparicio 2019 [as L. islugensis] Abdala, Paz & Semhan 2013 [as L. islugensis] Aguilar-Kirigin, Aparicio, Langstroth, Valladares Faundez & Abdala 2021 Dirksen & Riva 1999 [as L. islugensis] Langstroth 2005 Ortiz & Marquet 1987 [as L. islugensis] Pincheira-Donoso 2002   * Liolaemus tajzara Tarija Smooth-throated Lizard Abdala, Aguilar-Kirigin, Semhan, Bulacios Arroyo, Valdes, Paz, Gutierrez Poblete, Valladares Faundez, Langstroth & Aparicio 2019 Aguilar-Kirigin, Aparicio, Langstroth, Valladares Faundez & Abdala 2021   * Liolaemus variegatus Variegated Smooth-throated Lizard Aguilar-Kirigin, Aparicio, Langstroth, Valladares Faundez & Abdala 2021 Dirksen & Riva 1999 Dirksen 1995 Fugler 1989 Langstroth 2005 Lobo & Espinoza 1999 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Pincheira-Donoso, Scolaro & Sura 2008 Quinteros 2012  Family Phyllodactylidae (Leaf-toed Geckos) Genus Homonota (Broad-headed Geckos)   Homonota gaudichaudii Chilean Broad-headed Gecko Dirksen & Riva 1999 [as dorbignyi] Dirksen 1995 [as H. dorbignyi] Fugler 1989 [as dorbignyi] Kluge 1964 [as dorbignii] Langstroth 2005 [as dorbignyi] Peters & Donoso-Barros 1970 [as dorbignii] Pincheira-Donoso 2002 [as dorbignyi]   Homonota septentrionalis Northern Broad-headed Gecko Cacciali, Morando, Medina, Koehler, Motte & Avila 2017 Dirksen & Riva 1999 [as fasciata] Dirksen 1995 [as H. horrida] Fugler 1989 [as horrida] Gonzales-A. 1998 [as fasciata] Kluge 1964 [as horrida] Langstroth 2005 [as fasciata] Montero, Scrocchi, Montano-C. & Fernandez-S. 1995 [as fasciata] Peters & Donoso-Barros 1970 [as horrida] Pincheira-Donoso 2002 [as fasciata] Rivas, Mendoza-Miranda & Munoz-Saravia 2018 [as fasciata] Genus Phyllopezus (South American Robust Geckos)   Phyllopezus przewalskii Chaco Robust Gecko Cacciali, Lotzkat, Gamble & Koehler 2018 Condez, Tonini, Pereira-Ribeiro & Dubeux 2021 Dirksen & Riva 1999 [as pollicaris] Dirksen 1995 Fugler 1989 [as pollicaris] Gamble, Colli, Rodrigues, Werneck & Simons 2012 Gonzales-A. 1998 [as P. pollicaris] Langstroth 2005 Peters & Donoso-Barros 1970 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 [as p. pollicaris] Ribeiro-Junior 2015 [as pollicaris] Genus Thecadactylus (Turnip-tailed Geckos)   Thecadactylus solimoensis Southern Turnip-tailed Gecko Avila-Pires 1995 [as rapicauda] Bergmann & Russell 2007 Cortez-Fernandez 2005 [as rapicauda] Dirksen & Riva 1999 [as rapicauda] Dirksen 1995 [as T. 'rapicaudatus' [sic]] Fugler 1989 [as rapicauda] Langstroth 2005 [as rapicauda] Pincheira-Donoso 2002 [as rapicauda] Ribeiro-Junior & Amaral 2016 Ribeiro-Junior 2015  Family Polychrotidae (Monkey Lizards) Genus Polychrus (Monkey Lizards)   Polychrus acutirostris Sharp-nosed Monkey Lizard Avila-Pires 1995 Dirksen & Riva 1999 Dirksen 1995 Fugler 1989 Langstroth 2005 Montero, Scrocchi, Montano-C. & Fernandez-S. 1995 Peters & Donoso-Barros 1970 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Ribeiro-Junior & Amaral 2016 Ribeiro-Junior 2015 Torres-Carvajal, Koch, Venegas & Poe 2017   Polychrus liogaster Southern Monkey Lizard Avila-Pires 1995 Dirksen & Riva 1999 Dirksen 1995 Fugler 1989 Langstroth 2005 Peters & Donoso-Barros 1970 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Ribeiro-Junior & Amaral 2016 Ribeiro-Junior 2015 Torres-Carvajal, Koch, Venegas & Poe 2017   Polychrus marmoratus Marbled Monkey Lizard Ribeiro-Junior & Amaral 2016 Ribeiro-Junior 2015  Family Scincidae (Skinks) Genus Aspronema (South American White-striped Skinks)   Aspronema cochabambae Bolivian White-striped Skink Dirksen & Riva 1999 Dirksen 1995 Harvey, Aguayo & Miralles 2008 Hedges & Conn 2012 Langstroth 2005 Mausfeld & Loetters 2001 Miralles & Carranza 2010 Pincheira-Donoso 2002   Aspronema dorsivittatum South American White-striped Skink Dirksen & Riva 1999 Hedges & Conn 2012 Langstroth 2005 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Genus Copeoglossum (Neotropical Spotted Skinks)   Copeoglossum nigropunctatum Black-spotted Skink Cortez-Fernandez 2005 Dirksen & Riva 1999 Harvey, Aguayo & Miralles 2008 Hedges & Conn 2012 Langstroth 2005 Moravec & Aparicio 2000 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Ribeiro-Junior & Amaral 2016 Genus Exila (Amazonian Gracile Skink)   Exila nigropalmata Amazonian Gracile Skink Dirksen & Riva 1999 Dirksen 1995 Fugler 1989 Harvey, Aguayo & Miralles 2008 Hedges & Conn 2012 Langstroth 2005 Miralles, Chaparro & Harvey 2009 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Genus Manciola (South American Small-handed Skink)   Manciola guaporicola South American Small-handed Skink Dirksen & Riva 1999 Dirksen 1995 Fugler 1989 Harvey, Aguayo & Miralles 2008 Hedges & Conn 2012 Langstroth 2005 Miralles & Carranza 2010 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Ribeiro-Junior & Amaral 2016 Genus Notomabuya (Southern Neotropical Skink)   Notomabuya frenata Southern Neotropical Skink Dirksen & Riva 1999 Dirksen 1995 Fugler 1989 Gonzales-A. 1998 Harvey, Aguayo & Miralles 2008 Hedges & Conn 2012 Langstroth 2005 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Ribeiro-Junior & Amaral 2016 Genus Varzea (Amazonian Floodplain Skinks)   Varzea altamazonica Upper Amazon Floodplain Skink Harvey, Aguayo & Miralles 2008 Hedges & Conn 2012 Ribeiro-Junior & Amaral 2016   Varzea bistriata Lower Amazon Floodplain Skink Dirksen & Riva 1999 Dirksen 1995 Fugler 1989 Harvey, Aguayo & Miralles 2008 Langstroth 2005 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Ribeiro-Junior & Amaral 2016  Family Sphaerodactylidae (Least Geckos, etc.) Genus Chatogekko (Pug-nosed Dwarf Gecko)   Chatogekko amazonicus Pug-nosed Dwarf Gecko Gamble, Daza, Colli, Vitt & Bauer 2011 Gonzales Alvarez & Munoz Saravia 2007 Langstroth 2005 Ribeiro-Junior 2015 Genus Gonatodes (American Padless Geckos)   Gonatodes hasemani Brown-headed Padless Lizard Avila-Pires 1995 Dirksen & Riva 1999 Dirksen 1995 Fugler 1989 Langstroth 2005 Peters & Donoso-Barros 1970 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Ribeiro-Junior & Amaral 2016 Ribeiro-Junior 2015   Gonatodes humeralis Bridled Forest Gecko Avila-Pires 1995 Cortez-Fernandez 2005 Dirksen & Riva 1999 Dirksen 1995 Fugler 1989 Langstroth 2005 Montero, Scrocchi, Montano-C. & Fernandez-S. 1995 Moravec & Aparicio 2000 Peters & Donoso-Barros 1970 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Ribeiro-Junior & Amaral 2016 Ribeiro-Junior 2015  Family Teiidae (Greater Tejus) Genus Ameiva (South American Ameivas)   Ameiva ameiva South American Giant Ameiva Avila-Pires 1995 Cortez-Fernandez 2005 Dirksen & Riva 1999 Dirksen 1995 Fugler 1989 Gomez-Murillo & Arellano-Martin 2021 Gonzales-A. 1998 Harvey, Ugueto & Gutberlet 2012 Langstroth 2005 Moravec & Aparicio 2000 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Ribeiro-Junior & Amaral 2016 Ugueto & Harvey 2011 Genus Ameivula (Eastern South American Whiptails)   Ameivula abalosi Formosa Whiptail Arias, Recoder, Alvarez, Etchepare, Quipildor, Lobo & Rodrigues 2018 Dirksen & Riva 1999 [as ocellifera] Dirksen 1995 [as Cnemidophorus ocellifer] Fugler 1989 [as ocellifera] Gonzales-A. 1998 [as Cnemidophorus ocellifer] Harvey, Ugueto & Gutberlet 2012 [as ocellifera] Maslin & Secoy 1986 [as ocellifera] Peters & Donoso-Barros 1970 [as ocellifera] Pincheira-Donoso 2002 [as ocellifera] Genus Contomastix (Short-tailed Whiptails)   * Contomastix vittata Bolivian Striped Whiptail Dirksen & Riva 1999 Dirksen 1995 Fugler 1989 Harvey, Ugueto & Gutberlet 2012 Langstroth 2005 Maslin & Secoy 1986 Peters & Donoso-Barros 1970 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Rivas, Mendoza-Miranda & Munoz-Saravia 2018 Genus Dracaena (Caiman Lizards)   Dracaena paraguayensis Paraguay Caiman Lizard Dirksen & Riva 1999 Langstroth 2005 Genus Kentropyx (Spurred Whiptails)   Kentropyx altamazonica Cocha Whiptail Avila-Pires 1995 Cortez-Fernandez 2005 Dirksen & Riva 1999 Gallagher & Dixon 1992 Harvey, Ugueto & Gutberlet 2012 Langstroth 2005 Montero, Scrocchi, Montano-C. & Fernandez-S. 1995 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Ribeiro-Junior & Amaral 2016   Kentropyx calcarata Striped Forest Whiptail Dirksen & Riva 1999 Gallagher & Dixon 1992 Langstroth 2005 Montero, Scrocchi, Montano-C. & Fernandez-S. 1995 Pincheira-Donoso 2002   Kentropyx paulensis Sao Paulo Whiptail Embert 2005 Langstroth 2005   Kentropyx pelviceps Amazon Forest Whiptail Cortez-Fernandez 2005 Dirksen & Riva 1999 Langstroth 2005 Ribeiro-Junior & Amaral 2016   Kentropyx vanzoi Mato Grosso Whiptail Dirksen & Riva 1999 Harvey, Ugueto & Gutberlet 2012 Langstroth 2005 Montero, Scrocchi, Montano-C. & Fernandez-S. 1995 Pincheira-Donoso 2002   Kentropyx viridistriga Green Whiptail Dirksen & Riva 1999 Gallagher & Dixon 1992 Langstroth 2005 Montero, Scrocchi, Montano-C. & Fernandez-S. 1995 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Genus Salvator (Southern Tejus)   Salvator merianae Southern Black-and-White Teju Dirksen & Riva 1999 Fugler 1989 Gonzales-A. 1998 Harvey, Ugueto & Gutberlet 2012 Langstroth 2005 Ribeiro-Junior & Amaral 2016   Salvator rufescens Red Teju Dirksen & Riva 1999 Dirksen 1995 Fugler 1989 Gonzales-A. 1998 Koehler & Langerwerf 2000 Langstroth 2005 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Genus Teius (Typical Tejus)   Teius teyou Paraguayan Teju Cacciali, Morando, Koehler & Avila 2016 Dirksen & Riva 1999 Dirksen 1995 Fugler 1989 Gonzales-A. 1998 Harvey, Ugueto & Gutberlet 2012 Langstroth 2005 Peters & Donoso-Barros 1970 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Genus Tupinambis (Northern Tejus)   Tupinambis cuzcoensis Western Black-and-White Teju Avila-Pires 1995 [as teguixin] Dirksen & Riva 1999 [as teguixin] Dirksen 1995 [as teguixin] Koehler & Langerwerf 2000 [as teguixin] Langstroth 2005 [as teguixin] Moravec & Aparicio 2000 [as teguixin] Murphy, Jowers, Lehtinen, Charles, Colli, Peres, Hendry & Pyron 2016 [based on map] Pincheira-Donoso 2002 [as teguixin] Ribeiro-Junior & Amaral 2016 [as teguixin]   Tupinambis palustris Swamp Teju Harvey, Ugueto & Gutberlet 2012   Tupinambis teguixin Amazonian Black-and-White Teju Silva, Ribeiro-Junior & Avila-Pires 2018  Family Tropiduridae (Rough-tailed Iguanas) Genus Plica (Tree Runners)   Plica plica Collared Tree Runner Avila-Pires 1995 Dirksen & Riva 1999 Dirksen 1995 Fugler 1989 Harvey & Gutberlet 1998 Langstroth 2005 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Ribeiro-Junior & Amaral 2016 Ribeiro-Junior 2015   Plica umbra Smooth-necked Tree Runner Avila-Pires 1995 Cortez-Fernandez 2005 Dirksen & Riva 1999 Dirksen 1995 Fugler 1989 Harvey & Gutberlet 1998 Langstroth 2005 Moravec & Aparicio 2000 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Ribeiro-Junior & Amaral 2016 Ribeiro-Junior 2015 Genus Stenocercus (Whorl-tailed Iguanas)   Stenocercus caducus Paraguayan Whorl-tailed Iguana Cadle 2001 Dirksen & Riva 1999 Dirksen 1995 Fugler 1989 Gonzales-A. 1998 Langstroth 2005 Moravec & Aparicio 2000 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Torres-Carvajal 2005 Torres-Carvajal 2007   Stenocercus marmoratus Spotted Whorl-tailed Iguana Dirksen & Riva 1999 Dirksen 1995 Fugler 1989 Langstroth 2005 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Rivas, Mendoza-Miranda & Munoz-Saravia 2018 Torres-Carvajal 2007   Stenocercus prionotus Huanuco Whorl-tailed Iguana Cadle 2001 Gomez-Murillo & Arellano-Martin 2021 Langstroth 2005 Torres-Carvajal 2007   Stenocercus roseiventris Pink-bellied Whorl-tailed Iguana Avila-Pires 1995 Dirksen & Riva 1999 Dirksen 1995 Fugler 1989 Gomez-Murillo & Arellano-Martin 2021 Langstroth 2005 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Ribeiro-Junior & Amaral 2016 Ribeiro-Junior 2015 Torres-Carvajal 2007 Genus Tropidurus (Eastern Keel-tailed Iguanas)   * Tropidurus azurduyae Torotoro Keel-tailed Iguana Carvalho, Rivas, Cespedes & Rodrigues 2018   Tropidurus callathelys Huanchaca Keel-tailed Iguana Carvalho 2013 Dirksen & Riva 1999 Harvey & Gutberlet 1998 Langstroth 2005   Tropidurus chromatops Colour-faced Keel-tailed Iguana Carvalho 2013 Dirksen & Riva 1999 Harvey & Gutberlet 1998 Langstroth 2005   Tropidurus etheridgei Cordoba Keel-tailed Iguana Cacciali & Koehler 2018 Carvalho 2013 Dirksen & Riva 1999 Dirksen 1995 Fugler 1989 Gonzales-A. 1998 Harvey & Gutberlet 1998 Langstroth 2005 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Rivas, Mendoza-Miranda & Munoz-Saravia 2018 [as "cf. etheridgei"]   Tropidurus melanopleurus Black Keel-tailed Iguana Carvalho 2013 Carvalho 2016 Dirksen & Riva 1999 Dirksen 1995 Fugler 1989 Langstroth 2005 Peters & Donoso-Barros 1970 Pincheira-Donoso 2002   Tropidurus spinulosus Spiny Keel-tailed Iguana Cacciali & Koehler 2018 Carvalho 2013 Carvalho 2016 Dirksen & Riva 1999 Dirksen 1995 Fugler 1989 Gonzales-A. 1998 Langstroth 2005 Peters & Donoso-Barros 1970 Pincheira-Donoso 2002   * Tropidurus xanthochilus Yellow-lipped Keel-tailed Iguana Carvalho 2013 Carvalho 2016 Dirksen & Riva 1999 Harvey & Gutberlet 1998 Langstroth 2005 Genus Uranoscodon (Mop-headed Iguana)   Uranoscodon superciliosus Mop-headed Iguana Dirksen & Riva 1999 Langstroth 2005 Ribeiro-Junior & Amaral 2016 Ribeiro-Junior 2015

	Snakes (Serpentes)
	= endemicEX = extinct or assumed extinct Species References  Family Aniliidae (South American Pipe Snake) Genus Anilius (South American Pipe Snake)   Anilius scytale South American Pipe Snake Dirksen 1995 Pincheira-Donoso 2002  Family Boidae (Typical Boas) Genus Boa (Red-tailed Boas)   Boa constrictor South American Red-tailed Boa Dirksen 1995 Gonzales-A. 1998 Moravec & Aparicio 2000 Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Stimson 1969 Genus Corallus (Tree Boas)   Corallus batesii Southern Emerald Tree Boa Dirksen 1995 [as C. caninus] Henderson, Passos & Feitosa 2009   Corallus hortulana Amazon Tree Boa Cortez-Fernandez 2005 Gonzales-A. 1998 Henderson 1997 Henderson 2002 McDiarmid, Campbell & Toure 1999 Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970 [as enydris] Pincheira-Donoso 2002 [as enydris] Genus Epicrates (Rainbow Boas)   Epicrates alvarezi Argentinian Rainbow Boa Dirksen 1995 Passos & Fernandes 2008 Waller & Buongermini-P. 1998   Epicrates cenchria Common Rainbow Boa Cortez-Fernandez 2005 Dirksen 1995 Gonzales-A. 1998 McDiarmid, Campbell & Toure 1999 Passos & Fernandes 2008 Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Stimson 1969   Epicrates crassus Paraguayan Rainbow Boa Passos & Fernandes 2008 Genus Eunectes (Anacondas)   * Eunectes beniensis Bolivian Anaconda Dirksen 2002   Eunectes murinus Green Anaconda Cortez-Fernandez 2005 Dirksen 1995 Dirksen 2000 Dirksen 2002 Moravec & Aparicio 2000 Pincheira-Donoso 2002   Eunectes notaeus Yellow Anaconda Dirksen 1995 Dirksen 2001 Dirksen 2002 Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Stimson 1969  Family Colubridae (Typical Snakes or Colubrids) Genus Adelphostigma (Twin-spotted Leaf-litter Snakes)   Adelphostigma occipitalis Bahia Leaf-litter Snake Dirksen 1995 Myers 1974 Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Genus Apographon (Bolivian Pampas Snake)   Apographon orestes Bolivian Pampas Snake Harvey & Munoz 2004 Genus Apostolepis (Black-tailed Blackheads)   Apostolepis borellii Urucum Blackhead Wallach, Williams & Boundy 2014   * Apostolepis breviceps Chacoan Blackhead Harvey, Gonzales-A. & Scrocchi 2001 Lema 2001   Apostolepis christineae Sierra das Araras Blackhead Entiauspe-Neto & Lema 2015 Entiauspe-Neto, Koch, Guedes & Tiutenko 2020   * Apostolepis dorbignyi Western Blackhead Dirksen 1995 Harvey 1999 Lema 2001 Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Wallach, Williams & Boundy 2014   Apostolepis multicincta Many-banded Blackhead Entiauspe-Neto, Koch, Guedes & Tiutenko 2020 Gallardo, Baldo, Vilte & Scrocchi 2017 Harvey 1999 Lema 2001 Lema 2002 Mendoza-Miranda, Callapa & Munoz-S. 2017 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Wallach, Williams & Boundy 2014   Apostolepis nigroterminata Peruvian Blackhead Dirksen 1995 Harvey 1999 Lema 2001 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Wallach, Williams & Boundy 2014   Apostolepis phillipsae Velasco Blackhead Harvey 1999 Lema 2001 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Wallach, Williams & Boundy 2014   Apostolepis tenuis Bolivian Blackhead Dirksen 1995 Entiauspe-Neto, Koch, Guedes & Tiutenko 2020 Harvey 1999 Lema & Renner 2004 Lema 2001 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Wallach, Williams & Boundy 2014   * Apostolepis underwoodi Santa Cruz Blackhead Lema & Campbell 2017   Apostolepis vittata Beaked Blackhead Harvey 1999 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Wallach, Williams & Boundy 2014 Genus Atractus (Spindle Snakes)   Atractus albuquerquei Guama River Spindle Snake Powell, Eversole, Lizarro, Crocker, Surovic & Vaca 2020   Atractus bocki Cochabamba Spindle Snake Dirksen 1995 Passos, Aguayo & Scrocchi 2009 Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970 Pincheira-Donoso 2002   Atractus elaps Black Spindle Snake Dirksen 1995 Pincheira-Donoso 2002   Atractus emmeli Bolivian Spindle Snake Dirksen 1995 [as A. balzani] Gomez-Murillo & Arellano-Martin 2021 Koehler & Kieckbusch 2014 Passos & Fernandes 2008 [as A. boettgeri] Passos, Azevedo, Nogueira, Fernandes & Sawaya 2019 Passos, Chiesse, Torres-Carvajal & Savage 2009 [as A. boettgeri] Passos, Sudre, Doria & Campbell 2018 Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970 [as A. boettgeri] Pincheira-Donoso 2002 [as A. boettgeri] Salazar-Bravo, Vargas, Jimenez-Ruiz & Savage 2010 [as A. boettgeri] Silva, Silva, Ribeiro, Souza & Souza 2005 [as A. boettgeri] Zaher, Souza, Gower, Hingst-Zaher & Silva 2005 [as A. boettgeri]   Atractus latifrons Wedge-tailed Spindle Snake Almeida, Feitosa, Passos & Prudente 2014 Embert, Gonzales & Montano 2006 Moravec & Aparicio 2006 Passos & Fernandes 2008   Atractus major Brown Spindle Snake Passos & Fernandes 2008 Passos, Sudre, Doria & Campbell 2018   Atractus snethlageae Gurupi River Spindle Snake Gonzales & Embert 2008 Melo-Sampaio, Passos, Prudente, Venegas & Torres-Carvajal 2021 Passos & Fernandes 2008 Schargel, Lamar, Passos, Valencia, Cisneros-Heredia & Campbell 2013 Genus Baliodryas (Santa Cruz Smooth Snake)   Baliodryas steinbachi Santa Cruz Smooth Snake Boulenger 1905 Myers & McDowell 2014 Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970 Zaher & Prudente 2020 Genus Boiruna (Southern Snake Eaters)   Boiruna maculata South American Spotted Snake Eater Giraudo & Scrocchi 2002 Zaher 1996 Genus Chironius (Sipos)   * Chironius barrioi Bolivian Sipo Pincheira-Donoso 2002   Chironius carinatus Yellow-lipped Sipo Pincheira-Donoso 2002   Chironius dixoni Beni Sipo Dirksen 1995 [as laurenti] Dixon, Wiest & Cei 1993 [as laurenti] Gonzales-A. 1998 [as laurenti]   Chironius exoletus Green Sipo Dirksen 1995 Dixon, Wiest & Cei 1993 Gomez-Murillo & Arellano-Martin 2021 Pincheira-Donoso 2002   Chironius flavolineatus Yellow-striped Sipo Albuquerque & Freitas 2011 Dirksen 1995 Dixon, Wiest & Cei 1993 Hamdan & Fernandes 2015 Hamdan, Scali & Fernandes 2014 Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970 Pincheira-Donoso 2002   Chironius fuscus Brown Sipo Cortez-Fernandez 2005 Dirksen 1995 Dixon, Wiest & Cei 1993 Pincheira-Donoso 2002   Chironius grandisquamis Large-scaled Sipo Pincheira-Donoso 2002   Chironius maculoventris Spot-bellied Sipo Embert 2002   Chironius monticola Mountain Sipo Dixon, Wiest & Cei 1993 Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970 Pincheira-Donoso 2002   Chironius multiventris Peruvian Sipo Embert 2002   Chironius quadricarinatus Paraguayan Sipo Dirksen 1995 Dixon, Wiest & Cei 1993 Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970 Pincheira-Donoso 2002   Chironius scurrulus Rusty Sipo Cortez-Fernandez 2005 Dirksen 1995 Dixon, Wiest & Cei 1993 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Reichle & Cortez-Fernandez 2018 Genus Chlorosoma (Green Bush Racers)   Chlorosoma laticeps Bolivian Green Bush Racer Dirksen 1995 Thomas 1976 Zaher, Scrocchi & Masiero 2008   Chlorosoma viridissimum Emerald Bush Racer Dirksen 1995 Freitas, Franca & Bernarde 2012 Gonzales-A. 1998 [as "Philodryas cf. viridissimus"] Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Thomas 1976 Genus Clelia (Northern Snake Eaters)   Clelia clelia Common Snake Eater Cortez-Fernandez 2005 Dirksen 1995 Gonzales-A. 1998 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Reichle & Cortez-Fernandez 2018 Zaher 1996   * Clelia langeri Bolivian Snake Eater Reichle & Embert 2005 Genus Dendrophidion (Forest Racers)   Dendrophidion dendrophis Tawny Forest Racer Cortez-Fernandez 2005 [as "D. cf. dendrophis"] Dirksen 1995 Gomez-Murillo & Arellano-Martin 2021 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Genus Dipsas (Neotropical Snail Eaters)   Dipsas bucephala Bull Snail Eater Dirksen 1995 [as D. indica cisticeps] Harvey & Embert 2008 Harvey 2008 Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970 Peters 1960 Peters 1965 Pincheira-Donoso 2002   Dipsas catesbyi Ornate Snail Eater Dirksen 1995 Harvey & Embert 2008 Harvey 2008 Lima & Prudente 2009 Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970 Peters 1960 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Reichle & Cortez-Fernandez 2018 [cf.] Sanchez-Martinez, Franca & Trevine 2022   * Dipsas chaparensis Chapare Snail Eater Dirksen 1995 Harvey & Embert 2008 Harvey 2008 Reynolds & Foster 1992   Dipsas indica Big-headed Snail Eater Harvey & Embert 2008 Harvey 2008   Dipsas lavillai Argentine Snail Eater Ferreira & Avila 2009 Harvey 2008 Montero, Scrocchi, Montano-C. & Fernandez-S. 1995 Pincheira-Donoso 2002   Dipsas pavonina Northern Snail Eater Dirksen 1995 Harvey & Embert 2008 Harvey 2008 Lima & Prudente 2009 Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970 Peters 1960 Pincheira-Donoso 2002   Dipsas peruana Peruvian Snail Eater Dirksen 1995 [as D. boettgeri] Harvey & Embert 2008 Harvey 2008 Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970 [as boettgeri] Pincheira-Donoso 2002 [as boettgeri]   Dipsas turgida Bolivian Snail Eater Dirksen 1995 Gonzales-A. 1998 Harvey 2008 Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970 Peters 1960 Pincheira-Donoso 2002   Dipsas variegata Many-banded Snail Eater Dirksen 1995 Harvey & Embert 2008 Harvey 2008 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Genus Drepanoides (Amazon Egg Eater)   Drepanoides anomalus Amazon Egg Eater Cortez-Fernandez 2005 Dirksen 1995 Guedes, Queiroz, Sousa & Hamdan 2020 Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Genus Drymarchon (Indigo Snakes and Cribos)   Drymarchon corais Yellow-tailed Cribo Dirksen 1995 Gonzales-A. 1998 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Wuster, Yrausquin & Mijares-Urrutia 2001 Genus Drymobius (Central American Racers)   Drymobius rhombifer Diamondback Racer Dirksen 1995 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Vaeth & Rossman 1984 Genus Drymoluber (Glossy Racers)   Drymoluber dichrous Northern Glossy Racer Caldeira-Costa, Ribeiro-Moura & Neves-Feio 2013 Dirksen 1995 Montero, Scrocchi, Montano-C. & Fernandez-S. 1995 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Genus Dryophylax (Northern Mock Vipers)   Dryophylax chaquensis Chaco Mock Viper Jansen 2008 Trevine, Caicedo-Portilla, Hoogmoed, Thomas, Franco, Montingelli, Osorno-Munoz & Zaher 2021 Genus Erythrolamprus (Neotropical Smooth Snakes)   Erythrolamprus aesculapii Southern Mock Coral Snake Curcio, Scali & Rodrigues 2015 Dirksen 1995 Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970 Pincheira-Donoso 2002   Erythrolamprus albertguentheri Bolivian Green Smooth Snake Dirksen 1995 [as Liophis guentheri] Dixon 1987 [as guentheri] Dixon 1989 [as guentheri] Pincheira-Donoso 2002 [as guentheri]   Erythrolamprus almadensis Almada Smooth Snake Dirksen 1995 Dixon 1989 Dixon 1991 Pincheira-Donoso 2002   * Erythrolamprus andinus Andean Smooth Snake Dirksen 1995 Dixon 1989 Entiauspe-Neto, Abegg, Koch, Nunez, Azevedo, Moraes, Tiutenko, Bialves & Loebmann 2021 Pincheira-Donoso 2002   Erythrolamprus breviceps Short-headed Smooth Snake Dirksen 1995 Dixon 1989 Pincheira-Donoso 2002   Erythrolamprus ceii Tucuman Smooth Snake Dixon 1991 Giraudo & Scrocchi 2002   Erythrolamprus dorsocorallinus Barinas Smooth Snake Ascenso, Costa & Prudente 2019 Eversole, Powell, Lizarro & Bravo 2016   Erythrolamprus jaegeri Southern Green Smooth Snake Dirksen 1995 Nogueira, Argolo, Arzamendia, Azevedo, Barbo, Bernils, Bolochio, Borges-Martins, Brasil-Godinho, Braz, Buononato, Cisneros-Heredia & Colli 2019   Erythrolamprus miliaris Military Smooth Snake Dirksen 1995 Dixon 1983 Dixon 1989 Pincheira-Donoso 2002   Erythrolamprus poecilogyrus Yellow-bellied Smooth Snake Cortez-Fernandez 2005 Dirksen 1995 Dixon 1989 Entiauspe-Neto, Abegg, Koch, Nunez, Azevedo, Moraes, Tiutenko, Bialves & Loebmann 2021 Gonzales-A. 1998 Montero, Scrocchi, Montano-C. & Fernandez-S. 1995 Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970 Pincheira-Donoso 2002   Erythrolamprus reginae Northern Royal Smooth Snake Dirksen 1995 Dixon 1989 Pincheira-Donoso 2002   Erythrolamprus sagittifer Spotted Smooth Snake Dirksen 1995 Dixon 1989 Montero, Scrocchi, Montano-C. & Fernandez-S. 1995 Pincheira-Donoso 2002   Erythrolamprus taeniogaster Banded Smooth Snake Dirksen 1995 [as Liophis cobella dyticus] Dixon 1989 [as cobellus dyticus] Pincheira-Donoso 2002 [as cobella dyticus]   Erythrolamprus taeniurus Thin Smooth Snake Dirksen 1995 Dixon 1989 Dixon 2000 Pincheira-Donoso 2002   Erythrolamprus typhlus Velvety Smooth Snake Dirksen 1995 Dixon 1987 Dixon 1989 Entiauspe-Neto, Abegg, Koch, Nunez, Azevedo, Moraes, Tiutenko, Bialves & Loebmann 2021 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Genus Galvarinus (Galvarino Scrub Snakes)   Galvarinus attenuatus Madre de Dios Scrub Snake Dirksen 1995 Golay, Smith, Broadley, Dixon, McCarthy, Rage, Schatti & Toriba 1993 Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Genus Helicops (South American Keelbacks)   Helicops angulatus Brown-banded Keelback Dirksen 1995 Gomez-Murillo & Arellano-Martin 2021 Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Roberto, Ribeiro, Sousa-Delfino & Oliveira-Almeida 2009   Helicops leopardinus Leopard Keelback Dirksen 1995 Pincheira-Donoso 2002   Helicops polylepis South American Many-scaled Keelback Cortez-Fernandez 2005 Dirksen 1995 Gonzales-A. 1998 Moraes-da-Silva, Amaro, Sales Nunes, Rodrigues & Curcio 2021 Moraes-da-Silva, Amaro, Sales Nunes, Strussmann, Teixeira, Andrade, Sudre, Recoder, Rodrigues & Curcio 2019 Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Genus Hydrodynastes (False Water Cobras)   Hydrodynastes gigas Giant False Water Cobra Dirksen 1995 Franco, Fernandes & Bentim 2007 Moravec & Aparicio 2000 Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Genus Hydrops (South American Mud Snakes)   Hydrops triangularis Red-sided Mud Snake Albuquerque & Lema 2008 Dirksen 1995 Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Roze 1957 Scrocchi, Ferreira, Giraudo, Avila & Motte 2005 Genus Imantodes (American Blunt-headed Tree Snakes)   Imantodes cenchoa Common Blunt-headed Tree Snake Cortez-Fernandez 2005 Dirksen 1995 Moravec & Aparicio 2000 Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970 Pincheira-Donoso 2002   Imantodes lentiferus Amazon Blunt-headed Tree Snake Dirksen 1995 Frota, Missassi, Santos-Costa & Prudente 2015 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Genus Leptodeira (Typical Cat-eyed Snakes)   Leptodeira annulata South American Banded Cat-eyed Snake Barrio-Amoros 2019 Cortez-Fernandez 2005 Dirksen 1995 Duellman 1958 Gonzales-A. 1998 Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970 Pincheira-Donoso 2002   Leptodeira pulchriceps Bodoquena Banded Cat-eyed Snake Duellman 1958 Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Genus Leptophis (Neotropical Parrot Snakes)   * Leptophis bolivianus Bolivian Green Parrot Snake Albuquerque & Fernandes 2022 Albuquerque, Santos, Borges-Nojosa & Avila 2022 Dirksen 1995 Moravec & Aparicio 2000 [as "L. cf. bolivianus"] Oliver 1942 Oliver 1948 Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970 Pincheira-Donoso 2002   Leptophis marginatus Paraguayan Parrot Snake Albuquerque & Fernandes 2022 Dirksen 1995 Oliver 1948 Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970 Pincheira-Donoso 2002   Leptophis nigromarginatus Black-skinned Green Parrot Snake Albuquerque & Fernandes 2022 Dirksen 1995 Oliver 1948 Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Genus Lygophis (South American Striped Ground Snakes)   Lygophis dilepis Northern Striped Ground Snake Dirksen 1995 Dixon 1989 Lema 1989 Michaud & Dixon 1987 Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970 Pincheira-Donoso 2002   Lygophis meridionalis Paraguayan Striped Ground Snake Dirksen 1995 Dixon 1989 Michaud & Dixon 1987 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Genus Mastigodryas (Neotropical Lizard Eaters)   Mastigodryas boddaerti Brown Lizard Eater Dirksen 1995 Gomez-Murillo & Arellano-Martin 2021 Montingelli 2009 Montingelli, Grazziotin, Battilana, Murphy, Zhang & Zaher 2019 Montingelli, Valencia, Benavides & Zaher 2011 Moravec & Aparicio 2000 Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Genus Mussurana (Brazilian Snake Eaters)   Mussurana bicolor Two-coloured Snake Eater Jansen 2008 Rivas, Callapa, Eversole, Powell & Wallace 2023 Genus Oxybelis (Neotropical Vine Snakes)   Oxybelis aeneus Brown Vine Snake Dirksen 1995 Keiser 1974 Keiser 1982 Pincheira-Donoso 2002   Oxybelis fulgidus Green Vine Snake Dirksen 1995 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Genus Oxyrhopus (Calico Snakes)   * Oxyrhopus emberti Bolivian Calico Snake Gonzales, Reichle & Entiauspe-Neto 2020   Oxyrhopus guibei Parana Calico Snake Dirksen 1995 Giraudo & Scrocchi 2002 Zaher & Caramaschi 1992   Oxyrhopus melanogenys Black-headed Calico Snake Dirksen 1995 Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970 Pincheira-Donoso 2002   Oxyrhopus petolarius Banded Calico Snake Dirksen 1995 Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Reichle & Cortez-Fernandez 2018   Oxyrhopus rhombifer Rhombic Calico Snake Dirksen 1995 Gonzales-A. 1998 Montero, Scrocchi, Montano-C. & Fernandez-S. 1995 Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970 Pincheira-Donoso 2002   Oxyrhopus trigeminus Northern Brazilian Calico Snake Dirksen 1995 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Genus Palusophis (Eastern Lizard Eater)   Palusophis bifossatus Eastern Lizard Eater Dirksen 1995 Montingelli 2009 Montingelli, Grazziotin, Battilana, Murphy, Zhang & Zaher 2019 Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Genus Phalotris (South American Collared Snakes)   Phalotris lemniscatus Southern Black-sided Collared Snake Dirksen 1995 Golay, Smith, Broadley, Dixon, McCarthy, Rage, Schatti & Toriba 1993 Pincheira-Donoso 2002   Phalotris nasutus Snouted Collared Snake Jansen 2008   Phalotris sansebastiani Bolivian Collared Snake Jansen & Koehler 2008   Phalotris tricolor Tri-coloured Collared Snake Dirksen 1995 Gonzales-A. 1998 Lema, D'Agostini & Cappellari 2005 Martins & Lema 2017 Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Genus Philodryas (South American Bush Racers)   Philodryas aestiva Eastern Brazilian Green Bush Racer Dirksen 1995 Gomez-Murillo & Arellano-Martin 2021 Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Thomas 1976   Philodryas baroni Long-nosed Bush Racer Gonzales-A. 1998   * Philodryas boliviana Bolivian Striped Bush Racer Dirksen 1995 Rivas, Mendoza-Miranda & Munoz-Saravia 2018 Thomas 1976   Philodryas erlandi Chaco Bush Racer Cacciali, Cabral, Ferreira & Koehler 2016 Dirksen 1995 [as P. mattogrossensis] Gonzales-A. 1998 [as P. mattogrossensis] Loennberg 1902 Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970 [as mattogrossensis] Pincheira-Donoso 2002 [as mattogrossensis] Thomas 1976 [as mattogrossensis]   Philodryas nattereri Paraguay Bush Racer Navarro-Cornejo & Gonzales Alvarez 2020   Philodryas olfersii Common Green Bush Racer Cortez-Fernandez 2005 Dirksen 1995 Gonzales-A. 1998 Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Thomas 1976   Philodryas psammophidea South American Striped Racer Dirksen 1995 Gonzales-A. 1998 Montero, Scrocchi, Montano-C. & Fernandez-S. 1995 Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Rivas, Mendoza-Miranda & Munoz-Saravia 2018 Thomas 1976   Philodryas varia Variegated Bush Racer Dirksen 1995 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Thomas 1976 [as borellii] Genus Phimophis (South American Shovel-nosed Snakes)   Phimophis vittatus Striped Shovel-nosed Snake Dirksen 1995 Montero, Scrocchi, Montano-C. & Fernandez-S. 1995 Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Genus Phrynonax (Neotropical Bird Snakes)   Phrynonax sexcarinatus Southern Bird Snake Dirksen 1995 [as polylepis] Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970 [as polylepis] Pincheira-Donoso 2002 [as polylepis] Genus Pseudablabes (Reticulated Bush Racers)   Pseudablabes patagoniensis Patagonian Bush Racer Dirksen 1995 Gouveia, Novelli, Vieira & Sousa 2017 Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Thomas 1976 Genus Pseudoboa (Neotropical Scarlet Snakes)   Pseudoboa coronata Black-headed Scarlet Snake Caldeira Costa, Cotta & MacCulloch 2015 Dirksen 1995 Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970 Pincheira-Donoso 2002   Pseudoboa nigra Blackish Scarlet Snake Dirksen 1995 Gonzales-A. 1998 Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Genus Pseudoeryx (Dusky Mud Snakes)   Pseudoeryx plicatilis Dusky Mud Snake Dirksen 1995 Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Scartozzoni, Trevine & Germano 2010 Genus Psomophis (Smooth Ground Snakes)   Psomophis genimaculatus Spirit Ground Snake Giraudo & Scrocchi 2002 Myers & Cadle 1994 Ziegler, Lehr & Unger 2001 Genus Rhinobothryum (Ringed Snakes)   Rhinobothryum lentiginosum Amazon Ringed Snake Dirksen 1995 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Genus Siphlophis (Liana Snakes)   Siphlophis cervinus Common Liana Snake Dirksen 1995 Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970 Pincheira-Donoso 2002   Siphlophis compressus Red-headed Liana Snake Abegg, Santos, Ortiz, Moraes & Freitas 2017 Cortez-Fernandez 2005 Dirksen 1995 Gomez-Murillo & Arellano-Martin 2021 Guedes, Nunes, Prudente & Marques 2011 Montero, Scrocchi, Montano-C. & Fernandez-S. 1995 Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970 Pincheira-Donoso 2002   Siphlophis worontzowi Amazon Liana Snake Costa, Sao-Pedro & Feio 2010 Moravec, Aparicio, Guerrero-Reinhard & Calderon 2009 Prudente, Silva, Santos Meireles & Puorto 2017 Vechio, Teixeira-Junior, Neto & Rodrigues 2015 Genus Spilotes (Chicken Snakes)   Spilotes pullatus Chicken Snake Dirksen 1995 Pincheira-Donoso 2002   Spilotes sulphureus Yellow-bellied Puffing Snake Dirksen 1995 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Vina, Castroviejo-Bolibar & Cabot-Nieves 1992 Genus Tachymenis (South American Scrub Snakes)   Tachymenis peruviana Peruvian Scrub Snake Dirksen 1995 Golay, Smith, Broadley, Dixon, McCarthy, Rage, Schatti & Toriba 1993 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Genus Taeniophallus (Lowland Dwarf Leaf-litter Snakes)   Taeniophallus brevirostris Short-nosed Leaf-litter Snake Dirksen 1995 Myers 1974 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Genus Tantilla (American Centipede Snakes)   Tantilla melanocephala South American Black-headed Centipede Snake Dirksen 1995 Gonzales-A. 1998 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Wilson & Mata-Silva 2015 Wilson & Mena 1980 Wilson 1992 Genus Thamnodynastes (South American Mock Vipers)   Thamnodynastes pallidus Common South American Mock Viper Bailey, Thomas & Silva 2005 Dirksen 1995 Moravec & Aparicio 2000 [as "cf. strigilis"] Trevine, Caicedo-Portilla, Hoogmoed, Thomas, Franco, Montingelli, Osorno-Munoz & Zaher 2021 Genus Xenodon (Northern Mock Lanceheads and South American Hognose Snakes)   Xenodon matogrossensis Mato Grosso Hognose Snake Giraudo 1997 Jansen 2008   Xenodon merremii Toad-eating Mock Lancehead Dirksen 1995 Gonzales-A. 1998 Montero, Scrocchi, Montano-C. & Fernandez-S. 1995 Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Rivas, Mendoza-Miranda & Munoz-Saravia 2018   Xenodon pulcher Bolivian Hognose Snake Gonzales-A. 1998 Jansen 2008 Montero, Scrocchi, Montano-C. & Fernandez-S. 1995 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Scrocchi & Cruz 1993   Xenodon rabdocephalus Common Mock Lancehead Dirksen 1995 Jansen 2008 Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Reichle & Cortez-Fernandez 2018   Xenodon semicinctus Ringed Hognose Snake Dirksen 1995 Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Scrocchi & Cruz 1993   Xenodon severus Giant Mock Lancehead Cortez-Fernandez 2005 Dirksen 1995 Gomez-Murillo & Arellano-Martin 2021 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Genus Xenopholis (South American Flat-headed Snakes)   Xenopholis scalaris Northern Flat-headed Snake Dirksen 1995 Hamdan, Machado & Citeli 2015 Jansen, Alvarez & Koehler 2009 Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970   Xenopholis werdingorum Bolivian Flat-headed Snake Jansen, Alvarez & Koehler 2009 Powell, Eversole, Crocker, Lizarro & Bravo 2016 Genus Xenoxybelis (South American Vine Snakes)   Xenoxybelis argenteus Green-striped Vine Snake Dirksen 1995 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Prudente, Silva, Rocha & Franco 2008 Genus Zonateres (Pantanal Mock Viper)   Zonateres lanei Pantanal Mock Viper Bailey, Thomas & Silva 2005 Trevine, Caicedo-Portilla, Hoogmoed, Thomas, Franco, Montingelli, Osorno-Munoz & Zaher 2021  Family Elapidae [part 1: terrestrial species] (Cobras, Mambas, etc.) Genus Leptomicrurus (Black-backed Coral Snakes)   Leptomicrurus narduccii Andean Black-backed Coral Snake Campbell & Lamar 2004 David, Dobiey & Vogel 2018 Dirksen 1995 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Rios & Miranda 2020 Roze 1996 Genus Micrurus (American Coral Snakes)   Micrurus annellatus Peruvian Annellated Coral Snake Campbell & Lamar 2004 Dirksen 1995 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Roze 1996   Micrurus bolivianus Bolivian Annellated Coral Snake David, Dobiey & Vogel 2018 Dirksen 1995 Feitosa, Silva, Pires, Zaher & Prudente 2015 Roze 1967 Roze 1996 Silva Junior, Buononato, Pires & Feitosa 2021   Micrurus diana Santa Cruz Coral Snake Campbell & Lamar 2004 David, Dobiey & Vogel 2018 Nascimento, Silva, Feitosa & Prudente 2019 Pires, Feitosa, Prudente & Silva 2013 Roze 1996 Silva & Sites 1999   Micrurus frontalis Cerrado Coral Snake Campbell & Lamar 1989 Jansen 2008 Pincheira-Donoso 2002   Micrurus frontifasciatus Bolivian Ribbon Coral Snake David & Ineich 1999 Dirksen 1995 Golay, Smith, Broadley, Dixon, McCarthy, Rage, Schatti & Toriba 1993 Roze 1996   Micrurus helleri Western Ribbon Coral Snake Campbell & Lamar 2004 Cortez-Fernandez 2005 [as M. lemniscatus] Dirksen 1995 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 [as M. lemniscatus] Roze 1996   Micrurus obscurus Western Amazonian Coral Snake Campbell & Lamar 2004 David, Dobiey & Vogel 2018 Harvey, Aparicio & Gonzales 2003 Nascimento, Silva, Feitosa & Prudente 2019   Micrurus ortoni Pebas Coral Snake Bernarde, Turci, Abegg & Franco 2018 Campbell & Lamar 2004 Dirksen 1995 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 [as M. hemprichii] Roze 1996   Micrurus pyrrhocryptus Argentine Coral Snake Campbell & Lamar 2004 David, Dobiey & Vogel 2018 Dirksen 1995 Gonzales-A. 1998 Roze 1996 Silva & Sites 1999 [as M. tricolor]   * Micrurus serranus Bolivian Mountain Coral Snake Campbell & Lamar 2004 David, Dobiey & Vogel 2018 Harvey, Aparicio & Gonzales 2003 Munoz-Saravia, Rivas-Torrico, Gonzales & Quispe 2009 Rivas, Mendoza-Miranda & Munoz-Saravia 2018   Micrurus spixii Central Amazonian Coral Snake Campbell & Lamar 1989 Dirksen 1995 Harvey, Aparicio & Gonzales 2003 Nascimento, Silva, Feitosa & Prudente 2019 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Roze 1996 [as M. spixii princeps]   Micrurus surinamensis Amazonian Aquatic Coral Snake Campbell & Lamar 2004 Dirksen 1995 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Roze 1996  Family Leptotyphlopidae (Thread Snakes) Genus Epictia (Neotropical Thread Snakes)   Epictia albipuncta White-spotted Thread Snake McDiarmid, Campbell & Toure 1999 Montero, Scrocchi, Montano-C. & Fernandez-S. 1995 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Wallach 2016   Epictia melanoterma Corrientes Thread Snake Dirksen 1995 Gonzales-A. 1998 Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970 Wallach 2016   Epictia striatula Yungas Thread Snake Dirksen 1995 Francisco, Pinto & Fernandes 2012 McDiarmid, Campbell & Toure 1999 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Wallach 2016   Epictia tenella Guyana Thread Snake Dirksen 1995 [as Leptotyphlops albifrons] Pincheira-Donoso 2002 [as albifrons] Wallach 2016   * Epictia undecimstriata Eleven-striped Thread Snake Dirksen 1995 McDiarmid, Campbell & Toure 1999 Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Genus Siagonodon (Mandible-toothed Thread Snakes)   Siagonodon septemstriatus Eastern Seven-lined Thread Snake Dirksen 1995 Pincheira-Donoso 2002   Siagonodon unguirostris Cordoba Thread Snake Gonzales-A. 1998  Family Typhlopidae (Typical Blind Snakes) Genus Amerotyphlops (American Blind Snakes)   Amerotyphlops brongersmianus Bahia Blind Snake Dirksen 1995 Dixon & Hendricks 1979 Gonzales-A. 1998 Graboski, Arredondo, Grazziotin, Silva, Prudente, Rodrigues, Bonatto & Zaher 2019 McDiarmid, Campbell & Toure 1999 Pincheira-Donoso 2002   Amerotyphlops reticulatus Reticulated Blind Snake Dirksen 1995 Dixon & Hendricks 1979 McDiarmid, Campbell & Toure 1999 Pincheira-Donoso 2002  Family Viperidae (Vipers) Genus Bothrocophias (Toad-headed Pitvipers)   Bothrocophias andianus Andean Toad-headed Pitviper Campbell & Lamar 2004 David, Dobiey & Vogel 2018 Harvey, Aparicio & Gonzales 2005   Bothrocophias microphthalmus Small-eyed Toad-headed Pitviper Campbell & Lamar 2004 Dirksen 1995 Harvey, Aparicio & Gonzales 2005 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Genus Bothrops (American Lanceheads)   Bothrops atrox Common Lancehead Campbell & Lamar 2004 Carrasco, Grazziotin, Farfan, Koch, Ochoa, Scrocchi, Leynaud & Chaparro 2019 Cortez-Fernandez 2005 Dirksen 1995 Harvey, Aparicio & Gonzales 2005 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Reichle & Cortez-Fernandez 2018   Bothrops bilineatus Two-striped Forest Pitviper Campbell & Lamar 2004 Carrasco, Grazziotin, Farfan, Koch, Ochoa, Scrocchi, Leynaud & Chaparro 2019 David, Dobiey & Vogel 2018 Dirksen 1995 Harvey, Aparicio & Gonzales 2005 Pincheira-Donoso 2002   Bothrops diporus Chaco Lancehead Carrasco, Grazziotin, Farfan, Koch, Ochoa, Scrocchi, Leynaud & Chaparro 2019 Montero, Scrocchi, Montano-C. & Fernandez-S. 1995 Ocampo & Fernandez 2014 Pincheira-Donoso 2002   Bothrops jonathani Cochabamba Lancehead Campbell & Lamar 2004 Carrasco, Grazziotin, Farfan, Koch, Ochoa, Scrocchi, Leynaud & Chaparro 2019 Dirksen 1995 Harvey 1994 Harvey, Aparicio & Gonzales 2005   Bothrops mattogrossensis Mato Grosso Lancehead Campbell & Lamar 2004 Dirksen 1995 [as B. neuwiedi bolivianus] Gonzales-A. 1998 [as B. neuwiedi] Harvey, Aparicio & Gonzales 2005 [as neuwiedi] Rivas, Mendoza-Miranda & Munoz-Saravia 2018 Silva & Rodrigues 2008   Bothrops monsignifer Los Volcanes Lancehead Timms, Chaparro, Venegas, Salazar-Valenzuela, Scrocchi, Cuevas, Leynaud & Carrasco 2019   Bothrops moojeni Brazilian Lancehead Campbell & Lamar 2004 Carrasco, Grazziotin, Farfan, Koch, Ochoa, Scrocchi, Leynaud & Chaparro 2019 Harvey, Aparicio & Gonzales 2005   Bothrops oligolepis Peruvian Forest Pitviper Campbell & Lamar 2004 Dirksen 1995 Harvey, Aparicio & Gonzales 2005 Pincheira-Donoso 2002   Bothrops pauloensis Black-faced Lancehead Jansen 2006   * Bothrops sanctaecrucis Bolivian Lancehead Campbell & Lamar 2004 Carrasco, Grazziotin, Farfan, Koch, Ochoa, Scrocchi, Leynaud & Chaparro 2019 David, Dobiey & Vogel 2018 Dirksen 1995 Harvey, Aparicio & Gonzales 2005 Pincheira-Donoso 2002   Bothrops taeniatus Speckled Forest Pitviper Campbell & Lamar 2004 Dirksen 1995 Harvey, Aparicio & Gonzales 2005 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Powell, Eversole, Lizarro, Crocker, Calderon Vaca & Surovic 2020 Souza, Venancio, Freitas, Souza & Verissimo 2013 Genus Crotalus (Typical Rattlesnakes)   Crotalus durissus South American Rattlesnake Campbell & Lamar 2004 David, Dobiey & Vogel 2018 Dirksen 1995 Gonzales-A. 1998 Harvey, Aparicio & Gonzales 2005 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Rivas, Mendoza-Miranda & Munoz-Saravia 2018 Genus Lachesis (Bushmasters)   Lachesis muta South American Bushmaster Barrio-Amoros, Corrales, Rodriguez, Culebras, Dwyer & Flores 2020 Campbell & Lamar 2004 Cortez-Fernandez 2005 David, Dobiey & Vogel 2018 Dirksen 1995 Gomez-Murillo & Arellano-Martin 2021 Harvey, Aparicio & Gonzales 2005 Montero, Scrocchi, Montano-C. & Fernandez-S. 1995 Pincheira-Donoso 2002

	Turtles (Testudines)
	= endemicEX = extinct or assumed extinct Species References  Family Chelidae (Austro-American Side-necked Turtles) Genus Acanthochelys (South American Side-necked Swamp Turtles)   Acanthochelys macrocephala Large-headed Pantanal Swamp Turtle Dirksen 1995 Oliveira-Ferronato & Barros-Molina 2009 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Rhodin, Iverson, Bour, Fritz, Georges, Shaffer & Dijk 2021 Rhodin, Metrailler, Vinke, Vinke, Artner & Mittermeier 2009 Rhodin, Mittermeier & McMorris 1984 Genus Chelus (Matamatas)   Chelus fimbriata Southern Matamata Dirksen 1995 Lima Silveira 2011 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Pritchard 2008 Rhodin, Iverson, Bour, Fritz, Georges, Shaffer & Dijk 2021 Vargas-Ramirez, Caballero, Morales-Betancourt, Lasso, Amaya, Martinez, Silva Viana, Vogt, Pires Farias, Hrbek, Campbell & Fritz 2020 Genus Mesoclemmys (Hump-backed Toad-headed Turtles)   Mesoclemmys gibba Gibba Toad-headed Turtle McCord & Joseph-Ouni 2002 Rhodin, Iverson, Bour, Fritz, Georges, Shaffer & Dijk 2021   Mesoclemmys raniceps Amazon Toad-headed Turtle Balensiefer & Vogt 2012 Cortez-Fernandez 2005 [as Phrynops nasutus] McCord & Joseph-Ouni 2002 Rhodin, Iverson, Bour, Fritz, Georges, Shaffer & Dijk 2021   Mesoclemmys vanderhaegei Tobati Toad-headed Turtle Marques, Boehm, Brito, Cabrera & Verdade 2014 Rhodin, Iverson, Bour, Fritz, Georges, Shaffer & Dijk 2021   Mesoclemmys wermuthi Black-striped Toad-headed Turtle Dirksen 1995 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Rhodin, Iverson, Bour, Fritz, Georges, Shaffer & Dijk 2021 Genus Phrynops (Lesser Toad-headed Turtles)   Phrynops geoffroanus Brazilian Toad-headed Turtle Cortez-Fernandez 2005 Dirksen 1995 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Rhodin, Iverson, Bour, Fritz, Georges, Shaffer & Dijk 2021   Phrynops hilarii Spotted-bellied Toad-headed Turtle Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Genus Platemys (Twist-necked Turtle)   Platemys platycephala Twist-necked Turtle Cortez-Fernandez 2005 Dirksen 1995 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Rhodin, Iverson, Bour, Fritz, Georges, Shaffer & Dijk 2021  Family Kinosternidae (American Mud and Musk Turtles) Genus Kinosternon (American Mud Turtles)   Kinosternon scorpioides Scorpion Mud Turtle Berry & Iverson 2011 Dirksen 1995 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Rhodin, Iverson, Bour, Fritz, Georges, Shaffer & Dijk 2021 Wermuth & Mertens 1977  Family Podocnemididae (Giant Side-necked Turtles) Genus Podocnemis (South American Side-necked River Turtles)   Podocnemis expansa Giant South American River Turtle Dirksen 1995 Miranda, Domic, Caceres & Lizarro 2020 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Rhodin, Iverson, Bour, Fritz, Georges, Shaffer & Dijk 2021   Podocnemis sextuberculata Six-tubercled Amazon River Turtle Rhodin, Iverson, Bour, Fritz, Georges, Shaffer & Dijk 2021   Podocnemis unifilis Yellow-spotted Amazon River Turtle Dirksen 1995 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Rhodin, Iverson, Bour, Fritz, Georges, Shaffer & Dijk 2021  Family Testudinidae (Tortoises) Genus Chelonoidis (South American Tortoises)   Chelonoidis carbonarius South American Red-footed Tortoise Dirksen 1995 Gonzales-A. 1998 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Rhodin, Iverson, Bour, Fritz, Georges, Shaffer & Dijk 2021   Chelonoidis chilensis Argentine Tortoise Gonzales-A. 1998 McCord & Joseph-Ouni 2004 [as petersi] Rhodin, Iverson, Bour, Fritz, Georges, Shaffer & Dijk 2021   Chelonoidis denticulatus South American Yellow-footed Tortoise Cortez-Fernandez 2005 Dirksen 1995 Gomez-Murillo & Arellano-Martin 2021 Moravec & Aparicio 2000 Pincheira-Donoso 2002 Rhodin, Iverson, Bour, Fritz, Georges, Shaffer & Dijk 2021