Reptiles of
Timor [East Timor / Indonesia]

Related checklists:  East Timor - West Timor [Indonesia]

Bibliography of the reptiles of Timor Taxonomic history of the reptiles of Timor Introduced species
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Citation: Midtgaard, Rune. RepFocus - A Survey of the Reptiles of the World. www.repfocus.dk (Compilation date: 14th April, 2023).


Checklist
General remarks: The list includes only formally described species. Newly discovered, but still unnamed species are excluded. However, unnamed species or species unassigned to species level are included, if they are the only representatives of their genus in the region. Species counts exclude extinct and introduced species. Doubtful records, typically older voucher specimens of uncertain origin, have been excluded if considered questionable, as are records based on sources considered unreliable or controversial.
Note: Your comments to the checklist (omissions, errors, etc.) are welcomed, preferably if they are provided with reliable references. If possible, please attach a pdf file of the relevant reference to an email addressed to:
Crocodilians (Crocodylia)
= endemicEX = extinct or assumed extinct

Species
References
 Family Crocodylidae (Crocodiles)
Genus Crocodylus (Typical Crocodiles)
 
Crocodylus porosus

Saltwater Crocodile

Auffenberg 1980 Kaiser, Carvalho, Ceballos, Freed, Heacox, Lester, Richards, Trainor, Sanchez & O'Shea 2011 McCoy 1980 Mertens 1930 O'Shea, Sanchez, Kathriner, Mecke, Carvalho, Ribeiro, Soares, Araujo & Kaiser 2015 Rooij 1915 Wermuth & Mertens 1977

Lizards (Sauria)
= endemicEX = extinct or assumed extinct

Species
References
 Family Agamidae (Agamas and Dragons)
Genus Draco (Gliding Dragons)
 
Draco timoriensis

Timor Gliding Dragon

Inger 1983 [as volans] Kaiser, Carvalho, Ceballos, Freed, Heacox, Lester, Richards, Trainor, Sanchez & O'Shea 2011 Manthey 2008 McGuire & Kiew 2001 Musters 1983 O'Shea, Sanchez, Heacox, Kathriner, Carvalho, Varela-Ribeiro, Afrianio-Soares, Araujo & Kaiser 2012 O'Shea, Sanchez, Kathriner, Mecke, Carvalho, Ribeiro, Soares, Araujo & Kaiser 2015 Rooij 1915 [as walkeri] Sanchez, Carvalho, Kathriner, O'Shea & Kaiser 2012 Wermuth 1967
 Family Gekkonidae (Typical Geckos)
Genus Cyrtodactylus (Australasian Bent-toed Geckos)
  *
Cyrtodactylus celatus

Timor Bent-toed Gecko

Kathriner, Bauer, O'Shea, Sanchez & Kaiser 2014 Mecke, Kieckbusch, Hartmann & Kaiser 2016
  *
Cyrtodactylus darmandvillei

Flores Bent-toed Gecko

Youmans & Grismer 2006
  *
Cyrtodactylus santana

Napana Wei Bent-toed Gecko

Chan, Grismer, Santana, Pinto, Loke & Conaboy 2023
Genus Gehyra (Four-clawed Geckos)
 
Gehyra mutilata

Common Four-clawed Gecko

Kaiser, Carvalho, Ceballos, Freed, Heacox, Lester, Richards, Trainor, Sanchez & O'Shea 2011 [as "cf. mutilata"] Kaiser, Sanchez, Heacox, Kathriner, Ribeiro, Soares, Araujo, Mecke & O'Shea 2013 Mertens 1930 O'Shea, Sanchez, Kathriner, Mecke, Carvalho, Ribeiro, Soares, Araujo & Kaiser 2015 Rooij 1915 Smith 1927
Genus Gekko (Tokays)
 
Gekko gecko

Tokay

Kaiser, Carvalho, Ceballos, Freed, Heacox, Lester, Richards, Trainor, Sanchez & O'Shea 2011 Kaiser, Sanchez, Heacox, Kathriner, Ribeiro, Soares, Araujo, Mecke & O'Shea 2013 Mertens 1930 O'Shea, Sanchez, Heacox, Kathriner, Carvalho, Varela-Ribeiro, Afrianio-Soares, Araujo & Kaiser 2012 O'Shea, Sanchez, Kathriner, Mecke, Carvalho, Ribeiro, Soares, Araujo & Kaiser 2015 Reilly, Stubbs, Karin, Arida, Iskandar & McGuire 2019 Roesler, Bauer, Heinicke, Greenbaum, Jackman, Nguyen & Ziegler 2011 Rooij 1915 [as verticillatus] Sanchez, Carvalho, Kathriner, O'Shea & Kaiser 2012
 
Gekko vittatus

White-striped Gecko

Rooij 1915
Genus Hemidactylus (Half-toed Geckos)
 
Hemidactylus frenatus

Asian House Gecko

Kaiser, Carvalho, Ceballos, Freed, Heacox, Lester, Richards, Trainor, Sanchez & O'Shea 2011 Kaiser, Sanchez, Heacox, Kathriner, Ribeiro, Soares, Araujo, Mecke & O'Shea 2013 O'Shea, Sanchez, Heacox, Kathriner, Carvalho, Varela-Ribeiro, Afrianio-Soares, Araujo & Kaiser 2012 O'Shea, Sanchez, Kathriner, Mecke, Carvalho, Ribeiro, Soares, Araujo & Kaiser 2015 Rooij 1915 Sanchez, Carvalho, Kathriner, O'Shea & Kaiser 2012
 
Hemidactylus garnotii

Fox Gecko

O'Shea, Sanchez, Kathriner, Mecke, Carvalho, Ribeiro, Soares, Araujo & Kaiser 2015 [as "cf. garnotii"]
 
Hemidactylus murrayi

Pimpri Half-toed Gecko

Chaitanya, Agarwal, Lajmi & Khandekar 2019
 
Hemidactylus platyurus

Flat-tailed Gecko

Kaiser, Carvalho, Ceballos, Freed, Heacox, Lester, Richards, Trainor, Sanchez & O'Shea 2011 O'Shea, Sanchez, Heacox, Kathriner, Carvalho, Varela-Ribeiro, Afrianio-Soares, Araujo & Kaiser 2012 O'Shea, Sanchez, Kathriner, Mecke, Carvalho, Ribeiro, Soares, Araujo & Kaiser 2015 Sanchez, Carvalho, Kathriner, O'Shea & Kaiser 2012
 
Hemidactylus tenkatei

Rote Half-toed Gecko

Kathriner, O'Shea & Kaiser 2014 Mahony 2011 Mertens 1930 [as brookii] O'Shea, Sanchez, Heacox, Kathriner, Carvalho, Varela-Ribeiro, Afrianio-Soares, Araujo & Kaiser 2012 [as "cf. tenkatei"] O'Shea, Sanchez, Kathriner, Mecke, Carvalho, Ribeiro, Soares, Araujo & Kaiser 2015 Sanchez, Carvalho, Kathriner, O'Shea & Kaiser 2012 [as "cf. tenkatei"]
Genus Hemiphyllodactylus (Slender Geckos)
 
Hemiphyllodactylus typus

Indo-Pacific Slender Gecko

O'Shea, Sanchez, Kathriner, Mecke, Carvalho, Ribeiro, Soares, Araujo & Kaiser 2015 [as "cf. typus"]
 Family Scincidae (Skinks)
Genus Carlia (Australian-Pacific Rainbow Skinks)
 
Carlia peronii

Timor Rainbow Skink

Kaiser, Carvalho, Ceballos, Freed, Heacox, Lester, Richards, Trainor, Sanchez & O'Shea 2011 Zug 2010
  *
Carlia spinauris

Lelogama Rainbow Skink

Brongersma 1942 Kaiser, Carvalho, Ceballos, Freed, Heacox, Lester, Richards, Trainor, Sanchez & O'Shea 2011 Smith 1927 Zug 2010
Genus Cryptoblepharus (Indo-Pacific Snake-eyed Skinks)
 
Cryptoblepharus leschenault

East Indonesian Snake-eyed Skink

Brongersma 1942 Horner 2007 Kaiser, Carvalho, Ceballos, Freed, Heacox, Lester, Richards, Trainor, Sanchez & O'Shea 2011 Kaiser, Sanchez, Heacox, Kathriner, Ribeiro, Soares, Araujo, Mecke & O'Shea 2013 Mertens 1964 O'Shea, Sanchez, Kathriner, Mecke, Carvalho, Ribeiro, Soares, Araujo & Kaiser 2015
Genus Emoia (Emo Skinks)
 
Emoia cyanura

White-bellied Copper-striped Skink

Rooij 1915
Genus Eremiascincus (Glossy Night Skinks and Sand Swimmers)
  *
Eremiascincus antoniorum

Lelogama Glossy Night Skink

Kaiser, Carvalho, Ceballos, Freed, Heacox, Lester, Richards, Trainor, Sanchez & O'Shea 2011 Mecke, Doughty & Donnellan 2009 Smith 1927
  *
Eremiascincus timorensis

Timor Glossy Night Skink

Greer 1990 Kaiser, Carvalho, Ceballos, Freed, Heacox, Lester, Richards, Trainor, Sanchez & O'Shea 2011 Mecke, Doughty & Donnellan 2009 O'Shea, Sanchez, Kathriner, Mecke, Carvalho, Ribeiro, Soares, Araujo & Kaiser 2015 [as "cf. timorensis"]
Genus Eutropis (South Asian Sun Skinks)
 
Eutropis multifasciata

Many-lined Sun Skink

Kaiser, Carvalho, Ceballos, Freed, Heacox, Lester, Richards, Trainor, Sanchez & O'Shea 2011 [as "cf. multifasciata"] Kaiser, Sanchez, Heacox, Kathriner, Ribeiro, Soares, Araujo, Mecke & O'Shea 2013 [as "cf. multifasciata"] Mertens 1930 O'Shea, Kusuma & Kaiser 2018 O'Shea, Sanchez, Heacox, Kathriner, Carvalho, Varela-Ribeiro, Afrianio-Soares, Araujo & Kaiser 2012 [as "cf. multifasciata"] O'Shea, Sanchez, Kathriner, Mecke, Carvalho, Ribeiro, Soares, Araujo & Kaiser 2015 [as "cf. multifasciata"] Reilly, Stubbs, Karin, Arida, Iskandar & McGuire 2019 Rooij 1915 Sanchez, Carvalho, Kathriner, O'Shea & Kaiser 2012 [as "cf. multifasciata"] Schmitt, How, Hisheh, Goldberg & Maryanto 2000
Genus Lamprolepis (Malay Archipelago Tree Skinks)
 
Lamprolepis smaragdina

Emerald Tree Skink

Kaiser, Carvalho, Ceballos, Freed, Heacox, Lester, Richards, Trainor, Sanchez & O'Shea 2011 [as "cf. smaragdina"] Kaiser, Sanchez, Heacox, Kathriner, Ribeiro, Soares, Araujo, Mecke & O'Shea 2013 [as "cf. smaragdina"] Mertens 1929 Mertens 1930 O'Shea, Sanchez, Heacox, Kathriner, Carvalho, Varela-Ribeiro, Afrianio-Soares, Araujo & Kaiser 2012 [as "cf. smaragdina"] O'Shea, Sanchez, Kathriner, Mecke, Carvalho, Ribeiro, Soares, Araujo & Kaiser 2015 [as "cf. smaragdina elberti"] Rooij 1915 Sanchez, Carvalho, Kathriner, O'Shea & Kaiser 2012 [as "cf. smaragdina"] Schmitt, How, Hisheh, Goldberg & Maryanto 2000
Genus Sphenomorphus (Indo-Pacific Forest Skinks)
 
Sphenomorphus melanopogon

Black-bearded Forest Skink

Auffenberg 1980 [as florense] Brongersma 1942 [as barbouri] Mertens 1930 [as florense] O'Shea, Sanchez, Kathriner, Mecke, Carvalho, Ribeiro, Soares, Araujo & Kaiser 2015 [as melanopogon] Rooij 1915 [as florense] Shea 2012 Smith 1927 [as florense]
Genus Tytthoscincus (Dwarf Leaf-litter Skinks)
 
Tytthoscincus temminckii

Sunda Leaf-litter Skink

Mertens 1930
 Family Varanidae (Monitor Lizards)
Genus Varanus (Monitor Lizards)
 
Varanus salvator

Asian Water Monitor

O'Shea, Sanchez, Kathriner, Mecke, Carvalho, Ribeiro, Soares, Araujo & Kaiser 2015 [as "cf. salvator"]
  *
Varanus timorensis

Timor Spotted Tree Monitor

Mertens 1963 O'Shea, Sanchez, Heacox, Kathriner, Carvalho, Varela-Ribeiro, Afrianio-Soares, Araujo & Kaiser 2012 O'Shea, Sanchez, Kathriner, Mecke, Carvalho, Ribeiro, Soares, Araujo & Kaiser 2015 Rooij 1915 Smith 1927

Snakes (Serpentes)
= endemicEX = extinct or assumed extinct

Species
References
 Family Acrochordidae (Australasian File Snakes)
Genus Acrochordus (Australasian File Snakes)
 
Acrochordus granulatus

Lesser File Snake

Haas 1950 Iskandar & Colijn 2001 Lang 2011 McDiarmid, Campbell & Toure 1999 Mertens 1930 O'Shea, Sanchez, Kathriner, Mecke, Carvalho, Ribeiro, Soares, Araujo & Kaiser 2015 Rooij 1917 Wallach, Williams & Boundy 2014
 Family Colubridae (Typical Snakes or Colubrids)
Genus Coelognathus (Oriental Rat Snakes)
 
Coelognathus subradiatus

Lesser Sundas Rat Snake

Auffenberg 1980 Brongersma 1933 Haas 1950 Iskandar & Colijn 2001 Kaiser, Carvalho, Ceballos, Freed, Heacox, Lester, Richards, Trainor, Sanchez & O'Shea 2011 Kaiser, Sanchez, Heacox, Kathriner, Ribeiro, Soares, Araujo, Mecke & O'Shea 2013 Lang 2011 Mertens 1930 O'Shea, Sanchez, Heacox, Kathriner, Carvalho, Varela-Ribeiro, Afrianio-Soares, Araujo & Kaiser 2012 O'Shea, Sanchez, Kathriner, Mecke, Carvalho, Ribeiro, Soares, Araujo & Kaiser 2015 Rooij 1917 Schulz 1996 Smith 1927
Genus Dendrelaphis (Bronzebacks)
 
Dendrelaphis inornatus

Lesser Sundas Painted Bronzeback

Auffenberg 1980 [as pictus] Haas 1950 Iskandar & Colijn 2001 Kaiser, Carvalho, Ceballos, Freed, Heacox, Lester, Richards, Trainor, Sanchez & O'Shea 2011 Lang 2011 Mertens 1930 [as pictus] O'Shea, Sanchez, Kathriner, Mecke, Carvalho, Ribeiro, Soares, Araujo & Kaiser 2015 Rooij 1917 [as pictus] Smith 1927
Genus Lycodon (Oriental Wolf Snakes)
 
Lycodon capucinus

Island Wolf Snake

Haas 1950 Iskandar & Colijn 2001 Kaiser, Carvalho, Ceballos, Freed, Heacox, Lester, Richards, Trainor, Sanchez & O'Shea 2011 Kaiser, Sanchez, Heacox, Kathriner, Ribeiro, Soares, Araujo, Mecke & O'Shea 2013 Lang 2011 Mertens 1930 O'Shea, Kusuma & Kaiser 2018 O'Shea, Sanchez, Kathriner, Mecke, Carvalho, Ribeiro, Soares, Araujo & Kaiser 2015 Reilly, Stubbs, Karin, Arida, Iskandar & McGuire 2019 Rooij 1917 [as aulicus] Smith 1927 [as L. aulicus] Vogel & Harikrishnan 2013
 
Lycodon subcinctus

Malayan Banded Wolf Snake

Kaiser, Carvalho, Ceballos, Freed, Heacox, Lester, Richards, Trainor, Sanchez & O'Shea 2011 Lang 2011 O'Shea, Sanchez, Kathriner, Mecke, Carvalho, Ribeiro, Soares, Araujo & Kaiser 2015
Genus Stegonotus (Indo-Australian Ground Snakes)
  *
Stegonotus nancuro

Timor Ground Snake

Kaiser, Kaiser, Mecke & O'Shea 2021
 Family Cylindrophiidae (Asian Pipe Snakes)
Genus Cylindrophis (Oriental Pipe Snakes)
 
Cylindrophis boulengeri

Wetar Pipe Snake

Bernstein, Bauer, McGuire, Arida, Kaiser, Kieckbusch & Mecke 2020 Lang 2011 Lang 2013 McDiarmid, Campbell & Toure 1999 O'Shea, Sanchez, Kathriner, Mecke, Carvalho, Ribeiro, Soares, Araujo & Kaiser 2015
 Family Elapidae [part 2: marine species] (Sea Snakes)
Genus Hydrophis (Typical Sea Snakes)
 
Hydrophis atriceps

Black-headed Sea Snake

Iskandar & Colijn 2001
Genus Laticauda (Sea Kraits)
 
Laticauda colubrina

Yellow-lipped Sea Krait

Heatwole, Busack & Cogger 2005 Haas 1950 Kharin, Roedel & Hallermann 2010 Mertens 1930 O'Shea, Sanchez, Kathriner, Mecke, Carvalho, Ribeiro, Soares, Araujo & Kaiser 2015 Rooij 1917 Sanchez, Carvalho, Kathriner, O'Shea & Kaiser 2012
 
Laticauda laticaudata

Blue-lipped Sea Krait

Haas 1950 Kharin, Roedel & Hallermann 2010 Mertens 1930 Rooij 1917
 Family Homalopsidae (Australasian Mud Snakes)
Genus Cantoria (Yellow-banded Mangrove Snake)
 
Cantoria violacea

Yellow-banded Mangrove Snake

Gyi 1970 Lang 2011 O'Shea, Sanchez, Kathriner, Mecke, Carvalho, Ribeiro, Soares, Araujo & Kaiser 2015 Rooij 1917
Genus Cerberus (Dog-faced Water Snakes)
 
Cerberus schneiderii

South East Asian Dog-faced Water Snake

Iskandar & Colijn 2001 [as C. rynchops] Kaiser, Carvalho, Ceballos, Freed, Heacox, Lester, Richards, Trainor, Sanchez & O'Shea 2011 [as C. rynchops] Lang 2011 [as C. rynchops] Mertens 1930 [as C. rynchops] Murphy & Voris 2014 Murphy, Voris & Karns 2012 O'Shea, Sanchez, Heacox, Kathriner, Carvalho, Varela-Ribeiro, Afrianio-Soares, Araujo & Kaiser 2012 [as C. rynchops] O'Shea, Sanchez, Kathriner, Mecke, Carvalho, Ribeiro, Soares, Araujo & Kaiser 2015 [as C. rynchops] Rooij 1917 [as C. rynchops]
Genus Fordonia (White-bellied Mangrove Snake)
 
Fordonia leucobalia

White-bellied Mangrove Snake

Gyi 1970 Iskandar & Colijn 2001 Lang 2011 Lang 2013 O'Shea, Sanchez, Kathriner, Mecke, Carvalho, Ribeiro, Soares, Araujo & Kaiser 2015 Rooij 1917
 Family Pythonidae (Pythons)
Genus Liasis (Water Pythons and Australian Olive Python)
 
Liasis mackloti

Timor Water Python

Iskandar & Colijn 2001 Lang 2011 McDiarmid, Campbell & Toure 1999 O'Shea, Sanchez, Heacox, Kathriner, Carvalho, Varela-Ribeiro, Afrianio-Soares, Araujo & Kaiser 2012 O'Shea, Sanchez, Kathriner, Mecke, Carvalho, Ribeiro, Soares, Araujo & Kaiser 2015 Rooij 1917 Stimson 1969
Genus Malayopython (Malayan Pythons)
 
Malayopython reticulatus

Reticulated Python

Iskandar & Colijn 2001 Lang 2011 McDiarmid, Campbell & Toure 1999 Mertens 1930 O'Shea, Sanchez, Heacox, Kathriner, Carvalho, Varela-Ribeiro, Afrianio-Soares, Araujo & Kaiser 2012 O'Shea, Sanchez, Kathriner, Mecke, Carvalho, Ribeiro, Soares, Araujo & Kaiser 2015 Rooij 1917 Sanchez, Carvalho, Kathriner, O'Shea & Kaiser 2012 Stimson 1969
 Family Typhlopidae (Typical Blind Snakes)
Genus Sundatyphlops (Lesser Sunda Blind Snakes)
 
Sundatyphlops polygrammicus

Many-lined Blind Snake

Hahn 1980 Iskandar & Colijn 2001 Lang 2011 McDiarmid, Campbell & Toure 1999 McDowell 1974 O'Shea, Sanchez, Kathriner, Mecke, Carvalho, Ribeiro, Soares, Araujo & Kaiser 2015 Rooij 1917 Smith 1927 Wallach, Williams & Boundy 2014
Genus Virgotyphlops (Brahminy Blind Snake)
 
Virgotyphlops braminus

Brahminy Blind Snake

Hahn 1980 Iskandar & Colijn 2001 Kaiser, Carvalho, Ceballos, Freed, Heacox, Lester, Richards, Trainor, Sanchez & O'Shea 2011 Kramer 1977 Lang 2011 McDiarmid, Campbell & Toure 1999 Mertens 1930 O'Shea, Sanchez, Kathriner, Mecke, Carvalho, Ribeiro, Soares, Araujo & Kaiser 2015 Rooij 1917 Wallach 2009 Wallach 2020
 Family Viperidae (Vipers)
Genus Trimeresurus (Oriental Pitvipers)
 
Trimeresurus insularis

Lesser Sundas White-lipped Pitviper

Auffenberg 1980 [as albolabris] Golay, Smith, Broadley, Dixon, McCarthy, Rage, Schatti & Toriba 1993 Gumprecht, Tillack, Orlov, Captain & Ryabov 2004 Haas 1950 [as albolabris] Iskandar & Colijn 2001 Kaiser, Carvalho, Ceballos, Freed, Heacox, Lester, Richards, Trainor, Sanchez & O'Shea 2011 Kaiser, Sanchez, Heacox, Kathriner, Ribeiro, Soares, Araujo, Mecke & O'Shea 2013 Kramer 1977 Lang 2011 O'Shea, Sanchez, Heacox, Kathriner, Carvalho, Varela-Ribeiro, Afrianio-Soares, Araujo & Kaiser 2012 O'Shea, Sanchez, Kathriner, Mecke, Carvalho, Ribeiro, Soares, Araujo & Kaiser 2015 Regenass & Kramer 1981 Reilly, Stubbs, Karin, Arida, Iskandar & McGuire 2019 Smith 1943 [as albolabris]

Turtles (Testudines)
= endemicEX = extinct or assumed extinct

Species
References
 Family Chelidae (Austro-American Side-necked Turtles)
Genus Chelodina (Indo-Australian Snake-necked or Long-necked Turtles)
 
Chelodina mccordi

Rote Island Snake-necked Turtle

Georges & Thomson 2010 Kaiser, Carvalho, Ceballos, Freed, Heacox, Lester, Richards, Trainor, Sanchez & O'Shea 2011 Kuchling, Rhodin, Ibarrondo & Trainor 2007 McCord, Joseph-Ouni & Hagen 2007 O'Shea, Sanchez, Kathriner, Mecke, Carvalho, Ribeiro, Soares, Araujo & Kaiser 2015 Rhodin, Iverson, Bour, Fritz, Georges, Shaffer & Dijk 2021
 Family Cheloniidae (Hard-shelled Sea Turtles)
Genus Chelonia (Green Sea Turtle)
 
Chelonia mydas

Green Sea Turtle

O'Shea, Sanchez, Kathriner, Mecke, Carvalho, Ribeiro, Soares, Araujo & Kaiser 2015 Rhodin, Iverson, Bour, Fritz, Georges, Shaffer & Dijk 2021
Genus Eretmochelys (Hawksbill Sea Turtle)
 
Eretmochelys imbricata

Hawksbill Sea Turtle

O'Shea, Sanchez, Kathriner, Mecke, Carvalho, Ribeiro, Soares, Araujo & Kaiser 2015
Genus Lepidochelys (Ridley Sea Turtles)
 
Lepidochelys olivacea

Olive Ridley Sea Turtle

Rhodin, Iverson, Bour, Fritz, Georges, Shaffer & Dijk 2021
Genus Natator (Flatback Sea Turtle)
 
Natator depressus

Flatback Sea Turtle

Rhodin, Iverson, Bour, Fritz, Georges, Shaffer & Dijk 2021
 Family Geoemydidae (Eastern Pond Turtles)
Genus Cuora (Asian Box Turtles)
 
Cuora amboinensis

Southeast Asian Box Turtle

Iverson 1992 Rhodin, Iverson, Bour, Fritz, Georges, Shaffer & Dijk 2021 Schoppe & Das 2011