Citation: Midtgaard, Rune. RepFocus - A Survey of the Reptiles of the World. (www.repfocus.dk).
Latest update:
October 9th, 2024.
 
|
Genus
Hydrophis
 |
Typical Sea Snakes, (Banded Sea Snakes)
|
 |
Ruderschlangen, (Plump-Seeschlangen [syn. Lapemis])
|
 |
Egentlige Havslanger
|
|
1801 |  |
Hydrophis Latreille (type species: Hydrus fasciatus Schneider 1799; International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 1982: Opinion 1201) |
|
1803 | |
Pelamis Daudin [not Pelamis Lacepede 1802 (Pisces); conservation needed, according to Campbell & Lamar (2004), but see Smith, Williams, Wallach & Chiszar (1990)] (type species: Anguis platura Linnaeus 1766; syn. Sanders, Lee, Mumpuni, Bertozzi & Rasmussen 2013) |
|
1804 | |
Disteira Lacepede (type species: Disteira doliata Lacepede 1804; syn. Rasmussen, Ineich, Elmberg & McCarthy 2011) |
|
1804 | |
Leioselasma Lacepede (type species: Leioselasma striata Lacepede 1804; syn. Williams & Wallach 1989; David & Ineich 1999) |
|
1817 | |
Ophinectes Rafinesque (type species: Ophinectes luteus Rafinesque 1817; syn. Sanders, Lee, Mumpuni, Bertozzi & Rasmussen 2013 [by implication]) |
|
1820 | |
Enhydris Wagler [not Enhydris Latreille in Sonnini & Latreille 1801 (Serpentes)] (type species: Hydrophis cyanocinctus Daudin 1803) |
|
1820 | |
Enhydris Merrem [not Enhydris Latreille in Sonnini & Latreille 1801 (Serpentes)] (type species: Hydrus curtus Shaw 1802; syn. Sanders, Lee, Mumpuni, Bertozzi & Rasmussen 2013 [by implication]) |
|
1834 | |
Polyodontes Lesson in Bélanger [not Polyodontes Blainville 1829 (Polychaeta)] (type species: Polyodontes annulatus Lesson 1834; syn. Williams & Wallach 1989) |
|
1835 | |
Lapemis Gray (type species: Lapemis hardwickii Gray 1835; syn. Sanders, Lee, Mumpuni, Bertozzi & Rasmussen 2013) |
|
1842 | |
Aturia Gray (type species: Aturia ornata Gray 1842; Williams & Wallach 1989) |
|
1842 | |
Hydrus Gray (type species: Hydrus major Shaw 1802; syn. Rasmussen, Ineich, Elmberg & McCarthy 2011) |
|
1849 | |
Chitulia Gray (type species: Chitulia inornata Gray 1849) |
|
1849 | |
Enhydrina Gray (type species: Enhydris valakadyen Rafinesque 1817; syn. Pyron, Burbrink & Wiens 2013) |
|
1849 | |
Kerilia Gray (type species: Kerilia jerdonii Gray 1849; syn. Sanders, Lee, Mumpuni, Bertozzi & Rasmussen 2013) |
|
1852 | |
Thalassophis Schmidt (type species: Thalassophis anomala Schmidt 1852; syn. Leviton, Brown & Siler 2014) |
|
1853 | |
Acalyptus Dumeril [not Acalyptus Schoenherr 1836 (Insecta)] (type species: Acalyptus peronii Dumeril 1853; syn. Sanders, Lee, Mumpuni, Bertozzi & Rasmussen 2013 [by implication]) |
|
1855 | |
Astrotia Fischer (type species: Hydrophis schizopholis Schmidt 1846; syn. Sanders, Lee, Mumpuni, Bertozzi & Rasmussen 2013) |
|
1861 | |
Pelamydoidis Fitzinger (type species: Hydrophis pelamidoides Schlegel 1837; syn. Sanders, Lee, Mumpuni, Bertozzi & Rasmussen 2013 [by implication]) |
|
1896 | |
Acalyptophis Boulenger [substitute name for Acalyptus Dumeril 1853] |
|
1910 | |
Pelamydrus Stejneger [substitute name for Pelamis Daudin 1803] |
|
1921 | |
Dolichodira Wall (type species: Hydrophis diadema Günther 1864) |
|
1921 | |
Melanomystax Wall (type species: Hydrophis nigrocinctus Daudin 1803; syn. Rasmussen, Ineich, Elmberg & McCarthy 2011) |
|
1921 | |
Polyodontognathus Wall (type species: Hydrus cærulescens Shaw 1802) |
|
1921 | |
Polypholophis Wall (type species: Hydrophis neglectus Wall 1906) |
|
1921 | |
Porrecticollis Wall (type species: Hydrophis obscura Daudin 1803) |
|
1921 | |
Praescutata Wall (type species: Thalassophis viperinus Schmidt 1852; syn. Sanders, Lee, Mumpuni, Bertozzi & Rasmussen 2013 [by implication]) |
|
1926 | |
Kolpophis Smith (type species: Disteira annandalei Laidlaw 1901; syn. Leviton, Brown & Siler 2014) |
|
1926 | |
Pseudodistira Kinghorn (type species: Pseudodistira horrida Kinghorn 1926; syn. Sanders, Lee, Mumpuni, Bertozzi & Rasmussen 2013 [by implication]) |
|
1926 | |
Thalassophina Smith (type species: Thalassophis viperinus Schmidt 1852; syn. Sanders, Lee, Mumpuni, Bertozzi & Rasmussen 2013) |
|
2004 | |
Mediohydrophis Kharin (type species: Hydrophis klossi) Boulenger 1912; Kharin 2004) |
Contents:
46 species, of which 9 (19.6%) are endemic.
Endemism: 0%  100%
Other common names:
Disteira: Australo-Papuan Sea Snakes
Enhydrina: Beaked Sea Snakes
Remarks:
The validity of several nominal genera in the synonymy above has been disputed.
Sanders, Lee, Mumpuni, Bertozzi & Rasmussen (2013) synonymized several nominal genera (Astrotia, Kerilia, Lapemis, Pelamis, Thalassophina)
until then regarded as valid.
Subsequently, Leviton, Brown & Siler (2014) added Kolpophis and Thalassophis to the synonymy.
Although followed by many, others have retained them as valid (e.g., Wallach, Williams & Boundy 2014).
Moreover, other nominal genera have been considered valid by various authors: Aturia (e.g., Kharin 1984; Stuebing 1991, 1994), Chitulia (e.g., Kharin 2005; Kharin & Dotsenko 2012; Wallach, Williams & Boundy 2014), Disteira (e.g., McDowell 1972; Aplin & Smith 2001; David, Cox, Pauwels, Chanhome & Thirakhupt 2004; Wallach, Williams & Boundy 2014), Leioselasma (e.g., Kharin 1984; Stuebing 1991, 1994; Wallach, Williams & Boundy 2014), Mediohydrophis (e.g., Wallach, Williams & Boundy 2014), and Polyodontognathus (e.g., Wallach, Williams & Boundy 2014).
Lanza & Boscherini (2000) pointed out that the gramatical gender of Pelamis is feminine.
Distribution:
Indian Ocean, Pacific Ocean.
Reported from:
American Samoa,
Australia,
(Ashmore & Cartier Islands,
Lord Howe Island,
New South Wales,
Northern Territory,
Queensland
[incl.
Fraser Island,
Torres Strait Islands],
Tasmania,
Victoria,
Western Australia),
Bahrain,
Bangladesh,
Brunei,
Cambodia,
China
(Fujian,
Guangdong,
Guangxi,
Hainan,
Hong Kong,
Jiangsu,
Liaoning,
Shandong,
Zhejiang),
Clipperton,
Cocos (Keeling) Islands,
Colombia
(incl.
Gorgona Island),
Cook Islands,
Costa Rica
(incl.
Isla del Coco),
Djibouti,
Easter Island,
Ecuador
(incl.
Galapagos Islands),
El Salvador,
Fiji,
French Polynesia,
Guatemala,
Honduras,
India
(Andaman & Nicobar Islands
[Andaman Islands,
Nicobar Islands],
Andhra Pradesh,
Goa,
Gujarat,
Karnataka,
Kerala,
Lakshadweep,
Maharashtra,
Odisha,
Tamil Nadu,
West Bengal),
Indonesia
(Ambon,
Aru Islands,
Bacan,
Bangka,
Flores,
Halmahera,
Java,
Kalimantan,
Lingga Islands,
Madura,
Mios Num,
Numfoor,
Paternoster Islands,
Riau Islands,
Salawati,
Sudarso Island,
Sulawesi,
Sumatra,
Sumba,
Supiori,
Ternate,
Waigeo,
Weh,
Western New Guinea,
Yapen),
Iran,
Iraq,
Japan
(Honshu,
Bonin Islands,
Izu Islands,
Ryukyu Islands
[Okinawa Islands,
Sakishima Islands,
Satsunan Islands],
Volcano Islands),
Kenya,
Kermadec Islands,
Kiribati,
Kuwait,
Madagascar,
Malaysia
(Sabah,
Sarawak,
West Malaysia),
Maldives,
Marshall Islands,
Mauritius,
Mexico
(Baja California Norte,
Baja California Sur,
Chiapas,
Colima,
Guerrero,
Jalisco,
Michoacan,
Nayarit
[incl.
Islas Marias
(Maria Magdalena)],
Oaxaca,
Sinaloa,
Sonora),
Micronesia
(incl.
Pohnpei),
Mozambique,
Myanmar,
Namibia,
Nauru,
New Caledonia
(incl.
Grande Terre,
Loyalty Islands),
New Zealand,
Nicaragua,
North Korea,
Northern Mariana Islands,
Oman,
Pakistan,
Palau,
Panama,
Papua New Guinea
(Bismarck Archipelago
[Admiralty Islands
(Manus),
New Britain],
Eastern New Guinea),
Peru,
Philippines
(Cebu,
Gigante Islands
[Gigante Sur],
Luzon,
Marinduque,
Mindanao,
Mindoro,
Negros,
Panay,
Samar,
Sulu Islands),
Qatar,
Russia,
Saudi Arabia,
Seychelles,
Singapore,
Solomon Islands
(incl.
Guadalcanal),
Somalia,
South Africa
(Eastern Cape,
KwaZulu-Natal,
Western Cape),
South Korea
(incl.
Jejudo Island),
Sri Lanka,
Taiwan
(incl.
Pescadore Islands),
Tanzania,
Thailand,
Tonga,
Tuvalu,
United Arab Emirates,
USA
(California,
Hawaii),
Vanuatu,
Vietnam,
Western Samoa,
Yemen.
| |
|
Hydrophis annandalei
|
Granular Sea Snake, Big-headed Sea Snake, (Annandale's Sea Snake)
|
|
Grosskopf-Seeschlange
|
|
Pattani-havslange
|
|
1901 | |
Disteira annandalei Laidlaw |
|
| |
Thalassophis annandalei Boulenger 1903 |
|
| |
Kolpophis annandalei Smith 1926 |
|
| |
Lapemis annandalei McDowell 1972 |
|
| |
Hydrophis annandalei Leviton, Brown & Siler 2014 |
Distribution:
Brunei,
Cambodia,
Indonesia
(Java),
Malaysia
(Sarawak,
West Malaysia),
Thailand,
Vietnam.
|
|
|
Hydrophis anomalus
|
Scale-snouted Sea Snake, Anomalous Sea Snake
|
|
Schuppenschnäuzige Seeschlange
|
|
Skælsnudet Havslange
|
|
1852 | |
Thalassophis anomala Schmidt |
|
| |
Hydrophis anomala Fischer 1856 |
|
| |
Kolpophis anomalus Suvatti 1950 |
Distribution:
Cambodia,
Indonesia
(Halmahera,
Java,
Kalimantan,
Sumatra),
Malaysia
(Sabah,
Sarawak,
West Malaysia),
Thailand,
Vietnam.
|
|
|
Hydrophis atriceps
|
Black-headed Sea Snake, Black-headed Banded Sea Snake, Blunt-banded Sea Snake, (Southeast Asian Sea Snake)
|
|
Schwarzkopf-Ruderschlange
|
|
Sorthovedet Båndhavslange
|
|
1864 | |
Hydrophis atriceps Günther |
|
| |
Hydrophis fasciatus atriceps Smith 1920 |
|
| |
Disteira fasciata atriceps Cochran 1930 |
|
1906 | |
Hydrophis alcocki Wall (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1908 | |
Disteira cincinatti Van Denburgh & Thomson (Golay & al. 1993) |
Remarks:
All specimens of fasciatus from east of the Malacca Strait, and from Thailand and southern China south to Australia refer to atriceps
(David & Ineich 1999).
References to atriceps from the Bay of Bengal most probably refer to fasciatus, of which atriceps was formerly regarded as a subspecies
(Leviton, Wogan, Koo, Zug, Lucas & Vindum 2003).
Leviton, Siler, Weinell & Brown (2018) did not include Marinduque in the distribution of the species.
Distribution:
Australia
(Northern Territory),
China
(Fujian,
Hainan),
Indonesia
(Ambon,
Aru Islands,
Bacan,
Bangka,
Java,
Kalimantan,
Riau Islands,
Sulawesi,
Sumatra,
Weh,
Western New Guinea),
Malaysia
(Sabah,
Sarawak,
West Malaysia),
Papua New Guinea
(Eastern New Guinea),
Philippines
(Luzon,
Marinduque,
Mindanao,
Samar,
Sulu Islands),
Thailand,
Vietnam.
|
|
|
Hydrophis belcheri
|
Western Faint-banded Sea Snake, (Faint-banded Sea Snake, Captain Belcher's Sea Snake)
|
|
Westliche Hell-gebänderte Ruderschlange
|
|
Vestlig Lysbåndet Havslange
|
|
1849 | |
Aturia belcheri Gray |
|
| |
Hydrophis belcheri Günther 1864 |
|
| |
Distira belcheri Boulenger 1896 |
|
| |
Chitulia belcheri Kharin 2012 |
Remarks:
Previously reported from New Guinea (e.g., Whitaker, Whitaker & Mills 1982), but presence there is doubtful (McCarthy & Warrell 1991).
Some older records of belcheri (e.g., Smith 1926) refer to coggeri, czeblukovi, pachycercos, and pacificus
(Rasmussen, Sanders, Guinea & Amey 2014).
Presence in Micronesia is doubtful and most likely based on misidentifications or mislabelled voucher specimens (Zug 2013).
Leviton, Siler, Weinell & Brown (2018) did not include Panay in the distribution of the species.
Distribution:
Australia,
Indonesia
(Java,
Sulawesi,
Ternate,
Waigeo),
Philippines
(Gigante Islands
[Gigante Sur],
Panay),
Solomon Islands,
Thailand,
Vietnam.
|
|
|
Hydrophis bituberculatus
|
Bitubercled Sea Snake, Two-wattled Sea Snake, (Peters' Sea Snake)
|
|
Tuberkel-Ruderschlange
|
|
Tuberkel-havslange
|
|
1873 | |
Hydrophis bituberculatus Peters |
|
| |
Distira bituberculata Boulenger 1890 |
|
| |
Lioselasma bituberculatus Wall 1921 |
|
| |
Aturia bituberculata Welch 1994 |
|
| |
Chitulia bituberculata Kharin 2005 |
Remarks:
Previously included pachycercos (e.g., Golay & al. 1993).
Distribution:
Sri Lanka,
Thailand.
|
|
|
Hydrophis brookii
|
Bornean Slender-necked Sea Snake, (Brook's Slender-necked Sea Snake, Brook's Small-headed Sea Snake, Brooke’s Sea Snake, Rajah Brooke’s Sea Snake)
|
|
Borneo-Dünnnacken-Ruderschlange
|
|
Borneo-tyndhalshavslange
|
|
1872 | |
Hydrophis brookii Günther |
Distribution:
Indonesia
(Java,
Kalimantan,
Sumatra),
Malaysia
(Sabah,
Sarawak,
West Malaysia),
Thailand,
Vietnam.
|
|
|
Hydrophis caerulescens
|
Bluish Slender-necked Sea Snake, Dark Blue-banded Sea Snake, Many-toothed Sea Snake, Malacca Sea Snake, Dwarf Sea Snake, Blue Sea Snake, Blue-grey Sea Snake, Blue-green Sea Snake
|
|
Blauband-Ruderschlange
|
|
Blå Havslange
|
|
1802 | |
Hydrus Cærulescens Shaw |
|
| |
Enhydris caerulescens Merrem 1820 |
|
| |
Hydrophis caerulescens Gray 1842 |
|
| |
Polyodontognathus caerulescens Wall 1921 |
|
| |
Polyodontophis caerulescens Prater 1924 |
|
1837 | |
Hydrophis hybrida Schlegel (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1859 | |
Hydrophis protervus Jan (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1863 | |
Hydrophis frontalis Jan (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1863 | |
Hydrophis polydonta Jan (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1920 | |
Hydrophis caerulescens thai Smith (Golay & al. 1993) |
Remarks:
Not mentioned for Kerala by Palot (2015).
Distribution:
Australia
(Northern Territory,
Queensland),
Bangladesh,
China
(Guangdong,
Shandong),
India
(Goa,
Gujarat,
Karnataka,
Kerala,
Maharashtra,
Odisha,
Tamil Nadu,
West Bengal),
Indonesia
(Java,
Kalimantan,
Sumatra),
Malaysia
(Sabah,
Sarawak,
West Malaysia),
Myanmar,
Pakistan,
Thailand,
Vietnam.
|
|
|
Hydrophis coggeri
|
Pacific Yellow-banded Sea Snake, (Slender-necked Sea Snake, Black-headed Snake, Cogger's Sea Snake, Banded Sea Snake)
|
|
Pazifische Gelbgebänderte Ruderschlange
|
|
Pacifisk Gulbåndet Havslange
|
|
1984 | |
Leioselasma coggeri Kharin |
|
| |
Hydrophis coggeri Cogger 1986 |
Remarks:
Presence in the Philippines is doubtful (Leviton, Brown & Siler 2014).
Distribution:
Australia
(Ashmore & Cartier Islands,
Northern Territory,
Western Australia),
Fiji,
Indonesia,
New Caledonia
(Grande Terre),
Vanuatu.
|
|
|
Hydrophis curtus
|
Short Sea Snake, Malabar Sea Snake, Spine-bellied Sea Snake, Pygmy Sea Snake, (Shaw's Sea Snake)
|
|
Kurz-Ruderschlange
|
|
Dværghavslange
|
|
1802 | |
Hydrus Curtus Shaw |
|
| |
Enhydris curtus Merrem 1820 |
|
| |
Lapemis curtus Gray 1842 |
|
| |
Hydrophis curta Günther 1864 |
|
1835 | |
Lapemis hardwickii Gray (Gritis & Voris 1990) |
|
| |
Hydrophis hardwickii Günther 1864 |
|
| |
Enhydris hardwickii Boulenger 1890 |
|
| |
Lapemis curtus hardwicki Golay & al. 1993 |
|
1827 | |
Hydrophis flaviventris Siebold (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1835 | |
Lapemis hardwickii Gray (Gritis & Voris 1990) |
|
1837 | |
Hydrophis pelamidoides Schlegel [part] (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1843 | |
Lapemis loreatus Gray (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
| |
Hydrophis loreata Günther 1864 |
|
| |
Thalassophis loreatus Boettger 1888 |
|
1856 | |
Hydrophis pelamidoides var. annulata Fischer (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1859 | |
Hydrophis problematicus Jan (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1859 | |
Hydrophis propinquus Jan (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1863 | |
Hydrophis abbreviatus Jan (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1863 | |
Hydrophis brevis Jan (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1871 | |
Hydrophis fayeri Fayer (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1871 | |
Hydrophis fayeriana Anderson (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1876 | |
Hydrophis pelamidoides var. unimaculatus Peters in Martens (Golay & al. 1993) |
Other common names:
hardwickii: Hardwicke’s Sea Snake
Remarks:
Gritis & Voris (1990) concluded on the basis of variability of parietal and ventral scales that there is not support for a species distinction between hardwickii and curtus. As a consequence, they placed curtus in the synonymy of hardwickii, although curtus is a senior synonym of hardwickii. Herein, their synonymization is reversed, regarding curtus as the valid name for this species. Nevertheless, some authors still regard hardwickii as a valid species (e.g., Nguyen, Ho & Nguyen 2009).
Distribution:
Australia
(Northern Territory,
Queensland
[incl.
Torres Strait Islands],
Western Australia),
Bahrain,
Bangladesh,
Brunei,
China
(Fujian,
Guangdong,
Guangxi,
Hainan,
Hong Kong,
Shandong),
India
(Andhra Pradesh,
Goa,
Gujarat,
Karnataka,
Kerala,
Maharashtra,
Odisha,
Tamil Nadu,
West Bengal),
Indonesia
(Flores,
Java,
Lingga Islands,
Sudarso Island,
Sulawesi,
Sumatra,
Sumba,
Western New Guinea),
Iran,
Japan,
Malaysia
(Sabah,
Sarawak,
West Malaysia),
Myanmar,
New Caledonia,
Oman,
Pakistan,
Papua New Guinea
(Bismarck Archipelago
[Admiralty Islands
(Manus)],
Eastern New Guinea),
Philippines
(Gigante Islands,
Luzon,
Negros,
Panay),
Singapore,
Sri Lanka,
Taiwan,
Thailand,
United Arab Emirates,
Vietnam.
|
Hydrophis curtus
© Rune Midtgaard
|
|
Hydrophis cyanocinctus
|
Blue-banded Sea Snake, Banded Sea Snake, Many-banded Sea Snake, Ringed Sea Snake, Annulated Sea Snake, Dusky-chinned Sea Snake, Chittul
|
|
Blaugebänderte Ruderschlange, Streifenruderschlange
|
|
Blåbåndet Havslange
|
|
1803 | |
Hydrophis cyanocinctus Daudin |
|
| |
Enhydris cyanocinctus Merrem 1820 |
|
| |
Leioselasma cyanocincta Boie 1826 |
|
| |
Hydrus cyanocinctus Boie 1827 |
|
| |
Distira cyanocincta Werner 1895 |
|
| |
Disteira cyanocincta Rogers 1903 |
|
| |
Lioselasma cyanocincta Wall 1921 |
|
1804 | |
Leioselasma striata Lacepede (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
| |
Enhydris striatus Merrem 1820 |
|
1817 | |
Hydrophis chittul Rafinesque (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
| |
Hydrus chittul Owen 1859 |
|
1804 | |
Leioselasma striata Lacepede (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
| |
Enhydris striatus Merrem 1820 |
|
| |
Hydrophis striata Schlegel 1837 |
|
1849 | |
Hydrophis aspera Gray (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1849 | |
Hydrophis subannulatus Gray (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1859 | |
Hydrophis westermani Jan (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1868 | |
Hydrophis trachyceps Theobald (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1871 | |
Hydrophis crassicollis Anderson (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1871 | |
Hydrophis tuberculata Anderson (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
| |
Distira tuberculata Boulenger 1890 |
|
1872 | |
Hydrophis dayanus Stoliczka (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1872 | |
Hydrophis tenuicollis Peters (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1886 | |
Hydrophis asperrimus Murray (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1887 | |
Hydrophis phipsoni Murray (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1887 | |
Hydrophis taprobanica Haly (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1900 | |
Distira saravacensis Boulenger (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
| |
Hydrophis saravacensis Rooij 1917 |
|
1905 | |
Distira longissima Rosén (Golay & al. 1993) |
Remarks:
Records from the Solomon Islands may refer to melanocephalus (McCoy 1980).
Records from New Guinea and the Aru Islands refer to elegans (Iskandar & Colijn 2001).
Leviton, Siler, Weinell & Brown (2018) did not include Marinduque and Panay in the distribution of the species.
Distribution:
Bahrain,
Bangladesh,
Brunei,
China
(Fujian,
Guangdong,
Guangxi,
Hainan,
Hong Kong,
Jiangsu,
Liaoning,
Shandong,
Zhejiang),
India
(Goa,
Gujarat,
Kerala,
Maharashtra,
Odisha,
Tamil Nadu,
West Bengal),
Indonesia
(Java,
Kalimantan,
Sumatra),
Iran,
Iraq,
Japan
(Honshu,
Ryukyu Islands
[Okinawa Islands,
Sakishima Islands,
Satsunan Islands]),
Kiribati,
Kuwait,
Malaysia
(Sabah,
Sarawak,
West Malaysia),
Myanmar,
North Korea,
Oman,
Pakistan,
Philippines
(Cebu,
Gigante Islands,
Luzon,
Marinduque,
Panay,
Sulu Islands),
Qatar,
Saudi Arabia,
Solomon Islands
(incl.
Guadalcanal),
South Korea
(Jejudo Island),
Sri Lanka,
Taiwan,
Thailand,
United Arab Emirates,
Vietnam.
|
|
|
Hydrophis czeblukovi
|
Fine-spined Sea Snake, Geometrical Sea Snake
|
|
Dornige Ruderschlange
|
|
Tornet Havslange
|
|
1984 | |
Leioselasma czeblukovi Kharin |
|
| |
Hydrophis czeblukovi Cogger 1986 |
|
1986 | |
Hydrophis geometricus Smith (Rasmussen & Smith 1997) |
Other common names:
geometricus: Geometrical Sea Snake
Distribution:
Australia
(Northern Territory,
Western Australia),
Papua New Guinea
(Eastern New Guinea).
|
|
|
Hydrophis donaldi
|
Rough-scaled Sea Snake, (Donald's Sea Snake)
|
|
Rauhschuppen-Ruderschlange
|
|
Ruskællet Havslange
|
|
2012 | |
Hydrophis donaldi Ukuwela, Sanders & Fry |
Distribution:
Australia
(Queensland).
|
|
|
Hydrophis elegans
|
Bar-bellied Sea Snake, Elegant Banded Sea Snake, Elegant Sea Snake
|
|
Bauchgebänderte Ruderschlange
|
|
Bugbåndet Havslange
|
|
1842 | |
Aturia elegans Gray |
|
| |
Hydrophis elegans Günther 1864 |
|
| |
Disteira elegans Longman 1918 |
|
| |
Leioselasma elegans Wallach, Williams & Boundy 2014 |
|
1896 | |
Distira grandis Boulenger (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
| |
Hydrophis grandis Rooij 1917 |
Remarks:
Reported from Panay, Philippines, by Ferner, Brown, Sison & Kennedy (2001), but not included for the country by Leviton, Siler, Weinell & Brown (2018).
Also reported from Thailand (e.g., Tu 1974; McCarthy & Warrell 1991), but not included for the country by other works (e.g., Cox, Hoover, Chanhome & Thirakhupt 2012).
Distribution:
Australia
(New South Wales,
Northern Territory,
Queensland
[incl.
Fraser Island,
Torres Strait Islands],
Western Australia),
Indonesia
(Aru Islands,
Western New Guinea),
Papua New Guinea
(Eastern New Guinea).
|
|
|
Hydrophis fasciatus
|
Banded Slender-necked Sea Snake, Banded Small-headed Sea Snake, Striped Sea Snake, (Banded Sea Snake)
|
|
Gebänderte Ruderschlange
|
|
Båndet Tyndhalshavslange
|
|
1799 | |
Hydrus fasciatus Schneider |
|
| |
Disteira fasciata Fitzinger 1826 |
|
| |
Hydrophis fasciata Duméril 1853 |
|
| |
Microcephalophis fasciatus Boettger 1888 |
|
| |
Distira fasciata Wall 1909 |
|
| |
Aturia fasciata Wall 1921 |
|
| |
Micromastophis fasciatus Wall 1923 |
|
1801 | |
Hydrophis laticauda Latreille in Sonnini & Latreille (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1820 | |
Hydrus chlorus Merrem (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1831 | |
Pelamis lindsayi Gray (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
| |
Aturia lindsayi Gray 1842 |
|
1896 | |
Hydrophis leptodira Boulenger (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1900 | |
Distira rhombifer Boulenger (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
| |
Hydrophis rhombifer Boulenger 1912 |
Remarks:
Previously included atriceps (e.g., McCarthy & Warrell 1991). All specimens of fasciatus from east of the Malacca Strait, and from Thailand and southern China south to Australia refer to atriceps (David & Ineich 1999; Iskandar & Colijn 2001). Not mentioned for Kerala by Palot (2015).
Distribution:
Bangladesh,
India
(Goa,
Kerala,
Odisha,
Tamil Nadu,
West Bengal),
Malaysia
(West Malaysia),
Myanmar,
Pakistan,
Sri Lanka,
Thailand.
|
|
|
Hydrophis hendersoni
|
Rangoon Sea Snake
|
|
Rangoon-Ruderschlange
|
|
Rangoon-havslange
|
|
1903 | |
Distira hendersoni Boulenger |
|
| |
Hydrophis hendersoni Rasmussen, Ineich, Elmberg & McCarthy 2011 |
Remarks:
Previously regarded as a synonym of nigrocinctus (e.g., Golay & al. 1993). Revalidated by Rasmussen, Ineich, Elmberg & McCarthy (2011).
Distribution:
Myanmar.
|
|
|
Hydrophis inornatus
|
Plain Sea Snake, Inornate Sea Snake
|
|
Schmucklose Ruderschlange
|
|
Ensfarvet Havslange
|
|
1849 | |
Chitulia inornata Gray |
|
| |
Hydrophis inornatus Smith 1926 |
|
| |
Hydrophis ornatus inornatus Mittleman 1947 |
|
1849 | |
Chitulia fasciata Gray (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1852 | |
Thalassophis schlegelii Schmidt (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
| |
Hydrophis schlegelii Fischer 1856 |
|
1859 | |
Hydrophis manillae Owen (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1864 | |
Hydrophis longiceps Günther (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1913 | |
Distira cyanosoma Wall (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1929 | |
Hydrophis inornatus var. ocellus Kinghorn (Golay & al. 1993) |
Remarks:
Previously confused with or regarded as a synonym or subspecies of ornatus (Mittleman 1947).
According to Rasmussen (1989), only the type specimen of inornatus is referred to this taxon (and that specimen may only be an abberrant ornatus),
all other previous records of inornatus refer to ornatus or other species (Rasmussen 1989; Rasmussen, Sanders, Guinea & Amey 2014).
However, many authors have continued to report inornatus from various localities
(e.g., Ferner, Brown, Sison & Kennedy 2001; Kharin & Czeblukov 2005; Wilson 2005; Voris 2017).
Kharin & Dotsenko's (2012) record of inornatus from the Arabian Sea refers to viperinus (Rasmussen, Sanders, Guinea & Amey 2014).
The former authors also quoted other reports from other localities.
It seems, however, that there are currently no records with precise locality data (Rasmussen, Sanders, Guinea & Amey 2014).
Pending further studies, all records of inornatus, apart from the type specimen, are herein regarded as representing other species.
Distribution:
Indian Ocean (without any known specific localities).
|
|
|
Hydrophis jerdonii
|
Cone-nosed Sea Snake, Saddle-backed Sea Snake, (Jerdon's Sea Snake)
|
|
Kegelnasen-Ruderschlange
|
|
Keglesnudet Havslange
|
|
1849 | |
Kerilia jerdonii Gray |
|
| |
Hydrophis jerdonii Günther 1864 |
|
| |
Distira jerdonii Boulenger 1890 |
|
1854 | |
Hydrus cantori Jerdon (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1926 | |
Kerilia jerdoni siamensis Smith |
Remarks:
Not mentioned for Kerala by Palot (2015).
Distribution:
Brunei,
India
(Kerala,
Lakshadweep,
Odisha,
Tamil Nadu),
Indonesia
(Sumatra),
Malaysia
(Sabah,
West Malaysia),
Myanmar,
Sri Lanka,
Taiwan,
Thailand,
Vietnam.
|
|
|
Hydrophis kingii
|
Spectacled Sea Snake, (King's Sea Snake)
|
|
Brillen-Ruderschlange
|
|
Brille-havslange
|
|
1896 | |
Hydrophis kingii Boulenger |
|
| |
Disteira kingii Golay & al. 1993 |
Distribution:
Australia
(New South Wales,
Northern Territory,
Queensland
[incl.
Fraser Island,
Torres Strait Islands],
Western Australia),
Indonesia
(Aru Islands,
Western New Guinea),
Papua New Guinea
(Eastern New Guinea).
|
|
|
Hydrophis klossi
|
Selangor Sea Snake, Greater Dusky Sea Snake, (Kloss’ Sea Snake)
|
|
Selangor-Ruderschlange
|
|
Selangor-havslange
|
|
1912 | |
Hydrophis klossi Boulenger |
|
| |
Disteira klossi Werner 1924 |
|
| |
Mediohydrophis klossi Wallach, Williams & Boundy 2014 |
Distribution:
Indonesia
(Sumatra),
Malaysia
(Sabah,
West Malaysia),
Thailand,
Vietnam.
|
|
|
Hydrophis laboutei
|
New Caledonian Sea Snake, (Laboute’s Sea Snake)
|
|
Neukaledonische Ruderschlange
|
|
Nycaledonisk Havslange
|
|
2000 | |
Hydrophis laboutei Rasmussen & Ineich |
|
| |
Chitulia laboutei Kharin & Dotsenko 2012 |
Distribution:
New Caledonia.
|
|
|
Hydrophis lamberti
|
Siamese Sea Snake, (Lambert’s Sea Snake)
|
|
Siamesische Ruderschlange
|
|
Siamesisk Havslange
|
|
1917 | |
Hydrophis lamberti Smith |
|
| |
Disteira lamberti Oshima 1944 |
|
| |
Chitulia lamberti Kharin 2012 |
Remarks:
Previously regarded as a synonym of ornatus (e.g., Smith 1926).
Revalidated by Rasmussen (1989).
A record from Saudi Arabia (Aloufi, Amr, Baker & Hamidan 2019) is regarded as doubtful, considering the far distance to other known records of the species.
Distribution:
Philippines
(Gigante Islands,
Luzon),
Singapore,
Thailand,
Vietnam.
|
|
|
Hydrophis lapemoides
|
Persian Gulf Sea Snake, Arabian Gulf Sea Snake
|
|
Persische Ruderschlange
|
|
Persisk Havslange
|
|
1849 | |
Aturia lapemoides Gray |
|
| |
Hydrophis lapemoides Günther 1864 |
|
| |
Distira lapemoides Wall 1909 |
|
| |
Lioselasma lapemidoides [sic] Wall 1921 |
|
| |
Disteira lapemoides Werner 1924 |
|
| |
Chitulia lapemoides Kharin 2005 |
|
1872 | |
Hydrophis holdsworthii Günther (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1872 | |
Hydrophis stewartii Anderson (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
| |
Chitulia stewartii Kharin 2012 |
Remarks:
Kharin (2012) regarded stewartii as a separate species.
Presence in Gujarat needs confirmation (Patel & Vyas 2019).
Distribution:
Bahrain,
Bangladesh,
India
(Odisha,
Tamil Nadu),
Iran,
Kuwait,
Malaysia
(West Malaysia),
Oman,
Pakistan,
Saudi Arabia,
Singapore,
Sri Lanka,
Thailand,
United Arab Emirates.
|
|
|
Hydrophis macdowelli
|
Small-headed Sea Snake, (McDowell's Sea Snake)
|
|
Kleinkopf-Ruderschlange
|
|
Australsk Småhovedet Havslange
|
|
1983 | |
Hydrophis macdowelli Kharin |
Distribution:
Australia
(Northern Territory,
Queensland
[incl.
Fraser Island,
Torres Strait Islands],
Western Australia),
New Caledonia
(Grande Terre),
Papua New Guinea
(Eastern New Guinea).
|
|
|
Hydrophis major
|
Olive-headed Sea Snake, Common Sea Snake, Greater Sea Snake
|
|
Grosser Ruderschlange
|
|
Stor Havslange
|
|
1802 | |
Hydrus major Shaw |
|
| |
Ophinectes major Rafinesque 1817 |
|
| |
Pelamis major Boie 1826 |
|
| |
Hydrophis major Günther 1864 |
|
| |
Distira major Boulenger 1890 |
|
| |
Disteira major Longman 1981 |
|
1804 | |
Disteira doliata Lacepede (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1820 | |
Pelamis shavii Merrem (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1842 | |
Hydrophis mentalis Gray (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1859 | |
Disteira dumerilii Jan (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1859 | |
Hydrophis lacepedei Jan (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1905 | |
Distira nasalis De Vis (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
| |
Disteira nasalis Wells & Wellington 1984 |
|
1909 | |
Hydrophis hardwickii Werner (Golay & al. 1993) |
Distribution:
Australia
(New South Wales,
Northern Territory,
Queensland
[incl.
Fraser Island],
Western Australia),
Indonesia
(Western New Guinea),
New Caledonia
(Grande Terre,
Loyalty Islands),
Papua New Guinea
(Eastern New Guinea).
|
|
|
Hydrophis mamillaris
|
Bombay Gulf Sea Snake, Bombay Broad-banded Sea Snake
|
|
Bombay-Ruderschlange
|
|
Bombay-havslange
|
|
1803 | |
Anguis mamillaris Daudin |
|
| |
Typhlops mamillaris Merrem 1820 |
|
| |
Hydrophis mamillaris Boulenger 1890 |
|
| |
Leioselasma mamillaris Wall 1921 |
|
| |
Distira mamillaris Wall 1909 |
|
| |
Aturia mamillaris Welch 1994 |
|
| |
Chitulia mamillaris Kharin 2005 |
Remarks:
Older records from Thailand (e.g., Taylor 1965; McCarthy & Warrell 1991) refer to torquatus. Presence in the country is questionable (Cox 1991; A.R. Rasmussen in David & Ineich 1999, p. 386).
Distribution:
India
(Goa,
Gujarat,
Maharashtra,
West Bengal),
Pakistan,
Sri Lanka.
|
|
|
Hydrophis melanocephalus
|
Black-headed Slender-necked Sea Snake, (Black-headed Sea Snake, Slender-necked Sea Snake)
|
|
Schwarzköpfige Dünnnacken-Ruderschlange
|
|
Sorthovedet Tyndhalshavslange
|
|
1849 | |
Hydrophis sublaevis var. melanocephala Gray |
|
| |
Hydrophis melanocephalus Boulenger 1896 |
|
| |
Microcephalophis melanocephalus Stejneger 1898 |
|
| |
Disteira melanocephala Stejneger 1907 |
|
| |
Disteira spiralis melanocephala Maki 1931 |
|
| |
Hydrophis spiralis melanocephalus Klemmer 1963 |
|
| |
Leioselasma melanocephala Kharin 1984 |
|
1901 | |
Disteira orientalis Stejneger (Golay & al. 1993) |
Remarks:
Previously regarded as a synonym or subspecies of spiralis (e.g., Maki 1931; Klemmer 1963; Gasparetti 1988; Golay & al. 1993).
Treated as a valid species in most recent works (e.g., Zhao & Adler 1993; Goris & Maeda 2004; Nguyen, Ho & Nguyen 2009; Rasmussen, Elmberg, Gravlund & Ineich 2011).
Recorded from the Philippines (David & Ineich 1999; Rasmussen 2011), but without locality details (Leviton, Brown & Siler 2014).
Presence in Thailand is unconfirmed (David & Ineich 1999), although reported by some authors (e.g., Tu & Stringer 1973; Tu 1974; McCarthy & Warrell 1991).
Records from Australia (e.g., Cogger in Dunson (ed.) 1975; Storr, Smith & Johnstone 1986) refer to coggeri
(Aplin & Smith 2001; Rasmussen, Sanders, Guinea & Amey 2014).
Distribution:
China
(Fujian,
Guangdong,
Guangxi,
Zhejiang),
Japan
(Honshu,
Ryukyu Islands
[Okinawa Islands,
Sakishima Islands,
Satsunan Islands]),
North Korea,
Philippines,
South Korea,
Taiwan
(incl.
Pescadore Islands),
Vietnam.
|
|
|
Hydrophis melanosoma
|
Black-banded Robust Sea Snake, Black Sea Snake, Black-bodied Sea Snake, Lesser Dusky Sea Snake
|
|
Schwarze Ruderschlange
|
|
Sort Havslange
|
|
1864 | |
Hydrophis melanosoma Günther |
|
| |
Distira melanosoma Boulenger 1896 |
|
| |
Disteira melanosoma Phisalix 1922 |
|
1898 | |
Hydrophis floweri Boulenger (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1900 | |
Distira wrayi Boulenger (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
| |
Hydrophis wrayi Boulenger 1912 |
Remarks:
Records from Australia are considered erroneous (Rasmussen, Sanders, Guinea & Amey 2014).
Distribution:
Brunei,
Indonesia
(Java,
Kalimantan,
Madura,
Sulawesi,
Sumatra),
Malaysia
(Sabah,
West Malaysia),
Papua New Guinea
(Eastern New Guinea),
Thailand.
|
|
|
Hydrophis nigrocinctus
|
Black-banded Sea Snake, Black-ringed Sea Snake
|
|
Schwarzband-Ruderschlange
|
|
Sortbåndet Havslange
|
|
1803 | |
Hydrophis nigrocinctus Daudin |
|
| |
Enhydris nigrocinctus Merrem 1820 |
|
| |
Hydrus nigrocinctus Boie 1827 |
|
| |
Disteira nigrocincta Wall 1909 |
|
| |
Melanomystax nigrocinctus Wall 1921 |
|
1989 | |
Disteira walli Kharin (Rasmussen, Ineich, Elmberg & McCarthy 2011) |
Other common names:
walli: Malay Archipelago Sea Snake, Wall's Sea Snake
Remarks:
Previously included hendersoni. A record from Patani, Thailand refer to klossi and records from Burma refer to hendersoni (Rasmussen, Ineich, Elmberg & McCarthy 2011). Wallach, Williams & Boundy (2014) listed walli as a valid species.
Distribution:
Bangladesh,
India
(Lakshadweep,
West Bengal),
Indonesia
(Ternate).
|
|
|
Hydrophis obscurus
|
Northern Estuarine Sea Snake, Obscure-patterned Sea Snake, (Daudin’s Sea Snake)
|
|
Nördliche Delta-Ruderschlange
|
|
Nordlig Deltahavslange
|
|
1803 | |
Hydrophis obscura Daudin |
|
| |
Hydrus obscurus Merrem 1820 |
|
| |
Pelamis obscurus Merrem 1820 |
|
| |
Leioselasma obscura Fitzinger 1827 |
|
| |
Distira obscura Wall 1909 |
|
| |
Porrecticollis obscurus Wall 1921 |
|
1803 | |
Hydrophis cloris Daudin (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1842 | |
Liopala fasciata Gray (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1864 | |
Hydrophis coronata Gray (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1864 | |
Hydrophis ellioti Gray [part] (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1864 | |
Hydrophis latifasciata Gray (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1864 | |
Hydrophis subcincta Gray (Golay & al. 1993) |
Remarks:
Restricted to S. Asia.
Records from Australia (e.g., Cogger, Cameron & Cogger 1983) and New Guinea (e.g., Cogger in Dunson (ed.) 1975; Whitaker, Whitaker & Mills 1982)
refer to vorisi (O'Shea 1996; Rasmussen, Sanders, Guinea & Amey 2014).
Distribution:
Bangladesh,
India
(Odisha,
Tamil Nadu,
West Bengal),
Myanmar,
Thailand.
|
|
|
Hydrophis ocellatus
|
Spotted Sea Snake
|
|
Gefleckte Ruderschlange
|
|
Plettet Havslange
|
|
1849 | |
Hydrophis ocellata Gray |
|
| |
Distira ocellata Wall 1909 |
|
| |
Hydrophis ornatus ocellatus Smith 1926 |
|
| |
Chitulia ocellata Kharin 2012 |
Remarks:
Previously regarded as a synonym of ornatus (e.g., Golay & al. 1993). Now recognized as a distinct species (e.g., Bush, Maryan, Browne-Cooper & Robinson 2000; Aplin & Smith 2001; Milton, Lukoschek & Courtney 2010; Kharin 2012).
Distribution:
Australia
(New South Wales,
Northern Territory,
Queensland,
Tasmania,
Western Australia).
|
|
|
Hydrophis ornatus
|
Reef Sea Snake, Ornate Sea Snake, Ornate Reef Sea Snake, Cochin Banded Sea Snake, (Spotted Sea Snake, Gray's Sea Snake)
|
|
Riff-Ruderschlange
|
|
Indo-pacifisk Rev-havslange
|
|
1842 | |
Aturia ornata Gray |
|
| |
Hydrophis ornata Günther 1864 |
|
| |
Thalassophis ornatus Boettger 1888 |
|
| |
Distira ornata Boulenger 1896 |
|
| |
Chitulia ornata Kharin 2005 |
|
1872 | |
Hydrophis godeffroyi Peters (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1872 | |
Hydrophis striatus Jan in Jan & Sordelli (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1884 | |
Hydrophis ocella Macleay (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1905 | |
Distira andamanica Annandale (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1913 | |
Distira mjobergi Lönnberg & Andersson (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
| |
Hydrophis mjobergi Wells & Wellington 1984 |
|
1952 | |
Hydrophis ornatus maresinensis Mittleman |
Other common names:
maresinensis: Ryukyu Ornate Sea Snake
Remarks:
Previously included ocellatus.
Australian records refer to ocellatus (Rasmussen, Sanders, Guinea & Amey 2014).
See also inornatus and lamberti.
Presence in Kiribati (Gilbert Islands) is doubtful and most likely based on misidentifications or mislabelled voucher specimens (Zug 2013).
Not mentioned for Saudi Arabia by Aloufi, Amr, Baker & Hamidan (2019).
Presence in Kuwait, although reported by Geniez (2018), is regarded as doubtful herein, following Amr, Alenezi, Al-Sayegh & Baker (2021),
who did not include the species for the country.
Distribution:
Bahrain,
Bangladesh,
Brunei,
China
(Guangdong,
Guangxi,
Hainan,
Hong Kong,
Shandong),
India
(Goa,
Karnataka,
Kerala,
Lakshadweep,
Maharashtra,
Tamil Nadu),
Indonesia
(Aru Islands,
Java,
Kalimantan,
Sumatra,
Western New Guinea),
Iran,
Iraq,
Japan
(Ryukyu Islands
[Okinawa Islands,
Sakishima Islands,
Satsunan Islands]),
Kiribati,
Malaysia
(Sabah,
West Malaysia),
Myanmar,
New Caledonia
(Grande Terre),
Oman,
Pakistan,
Papua New Guinea
(Bismarck Archipelago
[New Britain],
Eastern New Guinea),
Philippines
(Gigante Islands
[Gigante Sur],
Luzon),
Saudi Arabia,
Solomon Islands
(incl.
Guadalcanal),
Sri Lanka,
Taiwan,
Thailand,
United Arab Emirates,
Vietnam.
|
|
|
Hydrophis pachycercos
|
Broad-headed Sea Snake
|
|
Breitkopf-Ruderschlange
|
|
Bredbåndet Havslange
|
|
1856 | |
Hydrophis pachycercos Fischer |
|
| |
Distira pachycercus Boulenger 1896 |
|
| |
Chitulia pachycercos Kharin 2012 |
Remarks:
Previously regarded as a synonym of belcheri (e.g., Smith 1926; Haas 1950) or bituberculatus (e.g., Golay & al. 1993). Revalidated by Rasmussen, Gravlund, Nguyen & Chanhome (2008). Also recorded without exact locality from "E. Ind. Archipelago" (Rasmussen, Gravlund, Nguyen & Chanhome 2008).
Distribution:
Vietnam.
|
|
|
Hydrophis pacificus
|
Pacific Faint-banded Sea Snake, Pacific Sea Snake, (Large-headed Sea Snake)
|
|
Pazifische Hell-gebänderte Ruderschlange
|
|
Pacifisk Lysbåndet Havslange
|
|
1896 | |
Hydrophis pacificus Boulenger |
|
| |
Leioselasma pacifica Kharin 1984 |
|
1896 | |
Distira macfarlani Boulenger (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
| |
Hydrophis macfarlani Rooij 1917 |
Remarks:
Regarded as a synonym of belcheri by Smith (1926), and of elegans by McDowell (1972). Revalidated by Cogger (1975).
Distribution:
Australia
(Northern Territory,
Queensland),
Indonesia
(Western New Guinea),
Papua New Guinea
(Bismarck Archipelago
[New Britain],
Eastern New Guinea).
|
|
|
Hydrophis parviceps
|
Short-headed Sea Snake, (Smith's Slender-necked Sea Snake, Smith's Small-headed Sea Snake)
|
|
Kurzkopf-Ruderschlange
|
|
Korthovedet Havslange
|
|
1935 | |
Hydrophis parviceps Smith |
Distribution:
Vietnam.
|
|
|
Hydrophis peronii
|
Horned Sea Snake, (Spiny-headed Sea Snake, Peron's Sea Snake)
|
|
Horn-Ruderschlange
|
|
Horn-havslange
|
|
1854 | |
Acalyptus peronii Dumeril, Bibron & Dumeril |
|
| |
Acalyptophis peronii Boulenger 1896 |
|
| |
Hydrophis peronii Sanders, Lee, Mumpuni, Bertozzi & Rasmussen 2013 |
|
1863 | |
Acalyptus superciliosus Jan (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1926 | |
Pseudodistira horrida Kinghorn (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
| |
Acalyptophis horrida Wells & Wellington 1984 |
Distribution:
Australia
(New South Wales,
Northern Territory,
Queensland
[incl.
Fraser Island,
Torres Strait Islands],
Western Australia),
China
(Guangdong),
Indonesia
(Salawati,
Western New Guinea),
Malaysia
(West Malaysia),
New Caledonia
(Grande Terre),
Papua New Guinea
(Eastern New Guinea),
Taiwan,
Thailand,
Vietnam.
|
|
|
Hydrophis platurus
|
Yellow-bellied Sea Snake, Pelagic Sea Snake, Black-and-Yellow Sea Snake
|
|
Plättchen-Seeschlangen
|
|
Gulbuget Havslange, Sort-og-gul Havslange, Pelamide
|
|
1766 | |
Anguis platura Linnaeus |
|
| |
Hydrophis platura Latreille 1802 |
|
| |
Pelamis platurus Stolickzka 1872 |
|
| |
Hydrus platurus Boulenger 1896 |
|
| |
Pelamydrus platurus Stejneger 1910 |
|
1799 | |
Hydrus bicolor Schneider (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
| |
Pelamis bicolor Schneider 1799 |
|
| |
Hydrophis bicolor Fischer 1856 |
|
1817 | |
Ophinectes luteus Rafinesque |
|
1817 | |
Pelamis schneideri Rafinesque (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1837 | |
Hydrophis pelamis Schlegel (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1842 | |
Pelamis ornata Gray (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1854 | |
Pelamis bicolor sinuata Duméril, Bibron & Duméril (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
| |
Hydrophis bicolor sinuata Fischer 1855 |
|
1854 | |
Pelamis bicolor var. variegata Duméril, Bibron & Duméril (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1856 | |
Hydrophis bicolor var. alternans Fischer (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1859 | |
Pelamis bicolor var. chinensis Jan (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1862 | |
Pelamis tricolor Bennett (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1872 | |
Hydrophis bicolor var. maculata Jan in Jan & Sordelli (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1912 | |
Hydrus platurus ornatus Barbour (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1921 | |
Hydrus platurus var. pallidus Wall (Loveridge 1957) |
|
1921 | |
Hydrus platurus var. subobscurus Wall (Loveridge 1957) |
|
1955 | |
Pelamis platura var. brunnea Deraniyagala (Loveridge 1957) |
|
1955 | |
Pelamis platura var. fasciata Deraniyagala (Loveridge 1957) |
|
1955 | |
Pelamis platura var. leucostriata Deraniyagala (Loveridge 1957) |
|
1955 | |
Pelamis platura var. neuricatenata Deraniyagala (Loveridge 1957) |
|
1955 | |
Pelamis platura var. neurileucura Deraniyagala (Loveridge 1957) |
|
1955 | |
Pelamis platura var. tricolor Deraniyagala [not Pelamis tricolor Bennett 1862] |
|
2017 | |
Hydrophis platurus xanthos Bessesen & Galbreath 2017 |
Remarks:
According to Leviton, Anderson, Adler & Minton (1992), this species has not been found more than 300 km from land, in spite of statements of the contrary, at least not in any case where precise data are available.
A single record from Namibia of two specimen in 1996 (Branch 1998).
Leviton, Siler, Weinell & Brown (2018) did not include Marinduque and Mindoro in the distribution of the species.
Although reported to occur in Djibouti by some authors (Gasperetti 1988; Spawls & Branch 1995; David & Ineich 1999), the species was not listed for the country by Nistri & Vanni (2014).
Distribution:
American Samoa,
Australia
(Lord Howe Island,
New South Wales,
Northern Territory,
Queensland
[incl.
Fraser Island],
Tasmania,
Victoria,
Western Australia),
Bahrain,
Bangladesh,
Brunei,
China
(Fujian,
Guangdong,
Guangxi,
Hainan,
Hong Kong,
Zhejiang),
Clipperton,
Cocos (Keeling) Islands,
Colombia
(incl.
Gorgona Island),
Cook Islands,
Costa Rica
(incl.
Isla del Coco),
Djibouti,
Easter Island,
Ecuador
(incl.
Galapagos Islands),
El Salvador,
Fiji,
French Polynesia,
Guatemala,
Honduras,
India
(Andaman & Nicobar Islands
[Andaman Islands,
Nicobar Islands],
Goa,
Gujarat,
Karnataka,
Kerala,
Lakshadweep,
Maharashtra,
Odisha,
Tamil Nadu,
West Bengal),
Indonesia
(Ambon,
Bangka,
Flores,
Java,
Madura,
Mios Num,
Numfoor,
Paternoster Islands,
Sudarso Island,
Sulawesi,
Sumatra,
Sumba,
Supiori,
Ternate,
Weh,
Western New Guinea,
Yapen),
Iran,
Japan
(Honshu,
Bonin Islands,
Izu Islands,
Ryukyu Islands
[Okinawa Islands,
Sakishima Islands,
Satsunan Islands],
Volcano Islands),
Kenya,
Kermadec Islands,
Kuwait,
Madagascar,
Malaysia
(Sabah,
Sarawak,
West Malaysia),
Maldives,
Marshall Islands,
Mauritius,
Mexico
(Baja California Norte,
Baja California Sur,
Chiapas,
Colima,
Guerrero,
Jalisco,
Michoacan,
Nayarit
[incl.
Islas Marias
(Maria Magdalena)],
Oaxaca,
Sinaloa,
Sonora),
Micronesia
(incl.
Pohnpei),
Mozambique,
Myanmar,
Namibia,
Nauru,
New Caledonia
(Grande Terre,
Loyalty Islands),
New Zealand,
Nicaragua,
Northern Mariana Islands,
Oman,
Pakistan,
Palau,
Panama,
Papua New Guinea
(Bismarck Archipelago
[New Britain]),
Peru,
Philippines
(Gigante Islands,
Marinduque,
Mindoro,
Sulu Islands),
Qatar,
Russia,
Saudi Arabia,
Seychelles,
Singapore,
Solomon Islands,
Somalia,
South Africa
(Eastern Cape,
KwaZulu-Natal,
Western Cape),
South Korea,
Sri Lanka,
Taiwan,
Tanzania,
Thailand,
Tonga,
Tuvalu,
United Arab Emirates,
USA
(California,
Hawaii),
Vanuatu,
Vietnam,
Western Samoa,
Yemen.
|
|
|
Hydrophis schistosus
|
Beaked Sea Snake, Hook-nosed Sea Snake, Valakadiyan, (Common Sea Snake)
|
|
Gewöhnliche Schnabel-Seeschlange
|
|
Almindelig Næbhavslange
|
|
1803 | |
Hydrophis schistosus Daudin |
|
| |
Pelamis schistosus Merrem 1820 |
|
| |
Leioselasma schistosa Fitzinger 1827 |
|
| |
Hydrus schistosus Cantor 1847 |
|
| |
Enhydrina schistosa Stoliczka 1870 |
|
| |
Disteira schistosa McDowell 1972 |
|
1817 | |
Enhydris valakadin Rafinesque (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
| |
Hydrus valakadyn Boie 1827 |
|
| |
Enhydrina valakadyn Stejneger 1907 |
|
| |
Disteira valakadyn Mengden 1983 |
|
1827 | |
Disteira russellii Fitzinger (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1834 | |
Polyodontes annulatus Lesson in Bélanger (Williams & Walach 1989) |
|
1842 | |
Hydrophis bengalensis Gray (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1842 | |
Hydrophis subfasciata Gray (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1852 | |
Thalassophis werneri Schmidt (Golay & al. 1993) |
Remarks:
Australian populations are now considered part of zweifeli (Ukuwela, Silva, Mumpuni, Fry, Lee & Sanders 2012).
Polyodontes annulatus Lesson in Bélanger 1834 was previously considered a synonym of Hydrophis caerulescens (Smith 1926; Golay & al. 1993),
but more recently of Hydrophis schistosus (Williams & Wallach 1989; Iskandar & Colijn 2001).
Presence in Kuwait, although reported by Geniez (2018), is regarded as doubtful herein, following Amr, Alenezi, Al-Sayegh & Baker (2021),
who did not include the species for the country.
Distribution:
Bangladesh,
Cambodia,
India
(Andhra Pradesh,
Goa,
Gujarat,
Karnataka,
Kerala,
Lakshadweep,
Maharashtra,
Odisha,
Tamil Nadu,
West Bengal),
Indonesia
(Java,
Kalimantan,
Sulawesi,
Sumatra,
Western New Guinea),
Iran,
Iraq,
Madagascar,
Malaysia
(Sabah,
Sarawak,
West Malaysia),
Myanmar,
Oman,
Pakistan,
Papua New Guinea
(Eastern New Guinea),
Seychelles,
Singapore,
Sri Lanka,
Thailand,
United Arab Emirates,
Vietnam.
|
Hydrophis schistosus
© Henrik Bringsøe
|
|
Hydrophis semperi
|
Lake Taal Sea Snake, (Semper's Sea Snake)
|
|
Luzon-Ruderschlange
|
|
Luzon-havslange
|
|
1881 | |
Hydrophis semperi Garman |
|
| |
Thalassophis semperi Boettger 1888 |
|
| |
Distira semperi Boulenger 1896 |
|
| |
Disteira semperi Griffin 1911 |
|
| |
Leioselasma semperi Kharin 1984 |
Distribution:
Philippines
(Luzon).
|
|
|
Hydrophis sibauensis
|
Kapuas Sea Snake, Sibau River Sea Snake
|
|
Kapuas-Ruderschlange
|
|
Kapuas-havslange
|
|
2001 | |
Hydrophis sibauensis Rasmussen, Auliya & Böhme |
|
| |
Chitulia sibauensis Kharin & Dotsenko 2012 |
Distribution:
Indonesia
(Kalimantan).
|
|
|
Hydrophis spiralis
|
Narrow-banded Sea Snake, Spiral Sea Snake, Yellow Sea Snake, Blotched-backed Giant Sea Snake
|
|
Schmalgebänderte Ruderschlange
|
|
Smalbåndet Havslange
|
|
1802 | |
Hydrus spiralis Shaw |
|
| |
Enhydris spiralis Merrem 1820 |
|
| |
Leioselasma spiralis Boie 1826 |
|
| |
Hydrophis spiralis Gray 1849 |
|
| |
Hydrophis nigrocinctus spiralis Jan 1863 |
|
| |
Distira spiralis Wall 1909 |
|
| |
Disteira spiralis Griffin 1911 |
|
| |
Lioselasma spiralis Wall 1921 |
|
| |
Leiocephalus spiralis Das 1996 |
|
1826 | |
Hydrophis brugmannii Boie (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
| |
Hydrus brugmannii Boie 1826 |
|
1828 | |
Hydrophis melanurus Wagler (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
| |
Hydrus melanurus Gray 1831 |
|
| |
Pelamis melanurus Gray 1831 |
|
1842 | |
Hydrophis sublaevis Gray (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1863 | |
Hydrophis rappii Jan (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1864 | |
Hydrophis robusta Gray (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
| |
Distira robusta Boulenger 1890 |
|
1881 | |
Hydrophis temporalis Blanford (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1884 | |
Hydrophis bishopii Murray (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1886 | |
Hydrophis aurifasciata Murray (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1906 | |
Hydrophis melanocinctus Wall (Smith 1926) |
|
1926 | |
Distira spiralis typica Raj (Golay & al. 1993) |
Remarks:
Previously included melanocephalus.
Presence in the Philippines needs confirmation. It is known from a single specimen from "Mergusi" (Smith (1926), but Herre (1942) was unable to find any location
in the islands by that name, so he assumed it was a mislabelled specimen.
Adding to the confusion, Leviton, Brown & Siler (2014) mispelled the location as "Mergui", not to be confused the Mergui Archipelgo of Myanmar.
Not mentioned for Kerala by Palot (2015).
Distribution:
India
(Andhra Pradesh,
Goa,
Gujarat,
Kerala,
Lakshadweep,
Maharashtra,
Odisha,
Tamil Nadu),
Indonesia
(Java,
Kalimantan,
Madura,
Sulawesi,
Sumatra,
Sumba,
Waigeo),
Iran,
Malaysia
(Sabah,
Sarawak,
West Malaysia),
Myanmar,
New Caledonia
(Grande Terre),
Oman,
Pakistan,
Qatar,
Saudi Arabia,
Sri Lanka,
Thailand,
United Arab Emirates.
|
|
|
Hydrophis stokesii
|
Large-headed Sea Snake, Malayan Sea Snake, (Spiny-headed Sea Snake, Stokes' Sea Snake)
|
|
Grosskopf-Ruderschlange
|
|
Storhovedet Havslange
|
|
1846 | |
Hydrus Stokesii Gray |
|
| |
Hydrophis stokesii Günther 1864 |
|
| |
Distira stokesii Boulenger 1890 |
|
| |
Astrotia stokesii Wall 1909 |
|
1846 | |
Hydrophis schizopholis Schmidt (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
| |
Astrotia schizopholis Fischer 1856 |
|
1849 | |
Hydrus annulatus Gray (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1868 | |
Hydrophis güntheri Theobald (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1871 | |
Hydrophis granosa Anderson (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1887 | |
Hydrophis guttata Murray (Golay & al. 1993) |
Remarks:
Not mentioned for Kerala by Palot (2015).
Distribution:
Australia
(New South Wales,
Northern Territory,
Queensland
[incl.
Fraser Island,
Torres Strait Islands],
Western Australia),
India
(Kerala,
West Bengal),
Indonesia
(Aru Islands,
Java,
Western New Guinea),
Japan
(Ryukyu Islands:
Okinawa Islands:
Okinawajima Island),
Malaysia
(West Malaysia),
Pakistan,
Papua New Guinea
(Eastern New Guinea),
Philippines
(Gigante Islands),
Singapore,
Sri Lanka,
Taiwan,
Thailand,
Vietnam.
|
|
|
Hydrophis stricticollis
|
Bengal Sea Snake, Collared Sea Snake, Narrow-necked Sea Snake, (Günther's Sea Snake)
|
|
Bengal-Ruderschlange
|
|
Bengalsk Havslange
|
|
1864 | |
Hydrophis stricticollis Günther |
|
| |
Aturia stricticollis Welch 1994 |
|
| |
Chitulia stricticollis Kharin 2005 |
|
1906 | |
Hydrophis neglectus Wall (Golay & al. 1993) |
Distribution:
Bangladesh,
India
(Odisha,
West Bengal),
Myanmar,
Sri Lanka.
|
|
|
Hydrophis torquatus
|
Grey Sea Snake, Garlanded Sea Snake, West Coast Black-headed Sea Snake, Wreathed Sea Snake, (Black-headed Sea Snake)
|
|
Graue Ruderschlange
|
|
Grå Havslange
|
|
1864 | |
Hydrophis torquatus Günther |
|
| |
Distira torquata Wall 1909 |
|
| |
Disteira torquata Werner 1924 |
|
| |
Chitulia torquata Kharin 2012 |
|
1864 | |
Hydrophis diadema Günther |
|
| |
Hydrophis torquatus diadema Smith 1920 |
|
| |
Chitulia diadema Kharin 2012 |
|
1917 | |
Hydrophis siamensis Smith (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
| |
Hydrophis torquatus siamensis Smith 1920 |
|
1920 | |
Hydrophis torquatus aagaardi Smith |
|
| |
Hydrophis aagaardi Das 2006 |
Other common names:
aagaardi: Aagaard's Sea Snake
Remarks:
Das (2006, 2010) regarded aagaardi as a separate species.
Kharin (2012) regarded diadema as a separate species.
Records from China (e.g., Smith 1926), Singapore, and Vietnam (e.g., Dowling 1966; Nguyen, Ho & Nguyen 2009) need confirmation
(Lim & Lim 1992; Zhao & Adler 1993 [by implication]; Rasmussen, Elmberg, Gravlund & Ineich 2011).
Distribution:
Cambodia,
Indonesia
(Kalimantan,
Sumatra),
Malaysia
(West Malaysia),
Thailand.
|
|
|
Hydrophis viperinus
|
Viperine Sea Snake, Spotted Viperine Sea Snake, Viperine Ruddertail, (Grey Sea Snake, Schmidt's Sea Snake, Olive Sea Snake)
|
|
Vipern-Ruderschwanz
|
|
Hugorme-havslange
|
|
1852 | |
Thalassophis viperinus Schmidt |
|
| |
Hydrophis viperina Günther 1864 |
|
| |
Distira viperina Boulenger 1896 |
|
| |
Praescutata viperina Wall 1921 |
|
| |
Thalassophina viperina Smith 1926 |
|
| |
Lapemis viperinus McDowell 1972 |
|
1854 | |
Disteira praescutata Duméril, Bibron & Duméril (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1856 | |
Hydrophis doliata Fischer [not Disteira doliata Lacepede 1804] (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1872 | |
Hydrophis nigra Anderson (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1887 | |
Hydrophis jayakari Boulenger (Golay & al. 1993) |
|
1887 | |
Hydrophis plumbea Murray (Golay & al. 1993) |
Remarks:
Not mentioned for Kerala by Palot (2015).
Kharin (2013) placed this species in the genus Thalassophis.
Distribution:
China
(Fujian,
Guangdong,
Guangxi,
Hainan,
Hong Kong,
Liaoning),
India
(Karnataka,
Kerala,
Maharashtra,
Odisha,
Tamil Nadu,
West Bengal),
Indonesia
(Java,
Kalimantan,
Sumatra),
Iran,
Kuwait,
Malaysia
(Sarawak,
West Malaysia),
Myanmar,
Oman,
Pakistan,
Sri Lanka,
Taiwan,
Thailand,
United Arab Emirates,
Vietnam.
|
|
|
Hydrophis vorisi
|
Southern Estuarine Sea Snake, Plain-banded Sea Snake
|
|
Südliche Delta-Ruderschlange
|
|
Sydlig Deltahavslange
|
|
1984 | |
Hydrophis vorisi Kharin |
Remarks:
Previously confused with obscurus (e.g., McDowell 1972; Cogger 1975; Parker 1982), a species now restricted to S. Asia (O'Shea 1996).
Distribution:
Papua New Guinea
(Eastern New Guinea).
|
|
|
Hydrophis zweifeli
|
Sepik Beaked Sea Snake, Australian Beaked Sea Snake, (Zweifel's Beaked Sea Snake)
|
|
Papuanische Schnabel-Seeschlange
|
|
Papuansk Næbhavslange
|
|
1985 | |
Enhydrina zweifeli Kharin |
|
| |
Hydrophis zweifeli Rasmussen, Sanders, Guinea & Amey 2014 |
Remarks:
Includes what was previously considered the Australian populations of schistosus (Ukuwela, Silva, Mumpuni, Fry, Lee & Sanders 2012).
However, Rasmussen (2018) considered the species restricted to northern Papua New Guinea.
Distribution:
Australia
(Northern Territory,
Queensland
[incl.
Fraser Island],
Papua New Guinea
(Eastern New Guinea).
|
|
|