Home - Taxonomy - Geography - Biodiversity - Literature - Purchase RepFocus Recent updates Citation: Midtgaard, Rune. RepFocus - A Survey of the Reptiles of the World. (www.repfocus.dk). Latest update: March 2nd, 2024. Taxonomy of the family Viperidae Bibliography of the genus Bothrops Biodiversity of the family Viperidae Genus Bothrops American Lanceheads Amerikanische Lanzenottern, (Waldlanzenottern [syn. Bothriopsis]) Egentlige Lanseslanger 1824 Bothrops Wagler (type species: Bothrops megaera Wagler 1824; see comments regarding type species in David & Ineich 1999) 1861 Bothriopsis Peters (type species: Bothriopsis quadriscutatus Peters 1861; syn. Carrasco, Mattoni, Leynaud & Scrocchi 2012) 1881 Rhinocerophis Garman (type species: Rhinocerophis nasus Garman 1881; syn. Campbell & Lamar 2004; Carrasco, Mattoni, Leynaud & Scrocchi 2012) 2009 Bothropoides Fenwick, Gutberlet, Evans & Parkinson (type species: Bothrops neuwiedi Wagler 1824; syn. Carrasco, Mattoni, Leynaud & Scrocchi 2012) Contents: 51 species, of which 28 (54.9%) are endemic. Endemism: 0% 100% Other common names: Bothriopsis: Forest Pitvipers Remarks: Previously included Bothriechis, Cerrophidion, Ophryacus, Porthidium, and Bothrocophias andianus. Also Bothriopsis was considered a valid genus for some time. This division of Bothrops (sensu lato) has been questioned by some authors (e.g., Cadle in Campbell & Brodie 1992; Dewynter, Marty, Blanc, Gaucher, Vidal, Frétey, Massary & Fouquet 2008). Furthermore, Fenwick, Gutberlet, Evans & Parkinson (2009) described a new genus, Bothropoides, and revalidated Rhinocerophis as a separate genus, however, this arrangement was subsequently rejected (Carrasco, Leynaud & Scrocchi 2010; Carrasco, Mattoni, Leynaud & Scrocchi 2012). The latter authors synonymized Bothriopsis, Bothropoides, and Rhinocerophis again with Bothrops, and transferred andianus to the genus Bothrocophias. Distribution: Mexico, Central America, South America, West Indies. Reported from: Argentina, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil (Acre, Alagoas, Amapa, Amazonas, Bahia, Ceara, Distrito Federal, Espirito Santo [incl. Ilha dos Franceses], Goias, Maranhao, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Para [incl. Marajo Island], Paraiba, Parana, Pernambuco, Piaui, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Norte, Rio Grande do Sul, Rondonia, Roraima, Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo [incl. Ilha de Alcatrazes, Sao Sebastiao, Vitoria, Queimada Grande], Sergipe, Tocantins), Colombia (incl. Gorgona Island), Costa Rica, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Martinique, Mexico (Campeche, Chiapas, Hidalgo, Oaxaca, Puebla, Queretaro, Quintana Roo, San Luis Potosi, Tabasco, Tamaulipas, Veracruz, Yucatan), Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Saint Lucia, Surinam, Trinidad & Tobago (Trinidad), Uruguay, Venezuela. Bothrops alcatraz Alcatrazes Lancehead Alcatrazes-Lanzenotter Alcatrazes-lanseslange 2002 Bothrops alcatraz Marques, Martins & Sazima Bothropoides alcatraz Fenwick, Gutberlet, Evans & Parkinson 2009 Distribution: Brazil (Sao Paulo: Ilha de Alcatrazes). Bothrops alternatus Urutu, Halfmoon Lancehead Halbmond-Lanzenotter, Urutu Halvmåne-lanseslange 1849 Craspedocephalus brasiliensis Gray [not Coluber brasiliensis Lacepede 1789 (rejected)] (Campbell & Lamar 2004) 1854 Bothrops alternatus Duméril, Bibron & Duméril Trigonocephalus alternatus Jan 1859 Lachesis alternatus Boulenger 1896 Trimeresurus alternatus Pope 1944-45 Rhinocerophis alternatus Fenwick, Gutberlet, Evans & Parkinson 2009 1925 Lachesis inaequalis Magalhães (Campbell & Lamar 2004) Distribution: Argentina, Brazil (Distrito Federal, Goias, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Parana, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo), Paraguay, Uruguay. Bothrops ammodytoides Patagonian Lancehead, Yararanata Patagonien-Lanzenotter Patagonsik Lanseslange 1873 Bothrops ammodytoides Leybold Lachesis ammodytoides Boulenger 1896 Rhinocerophis ammodytoides Fenwick, Gutberlet, Evans & Parkinson 2009 1881 Rhinocerophis nasus Garman (Campbell & Lamar 2004) Bothrops nasus Berg 1884 1885 Bothrops patagonicus Müller (Campbell & Lamar 2004) 1895 Bothrops Burmeisteri Koslowsky (Campbell & Lamar 2004) Distribution: Argentina. Bothrops asper Central American Lancehead, Terciopelo Rauschuppige Lanzenotter, Terciopelo-Lanzenotter Nordlig Lanseslange 1845 Trigonocephalus colombiensis Hallowell (status uncertain; Campbell & Lamar 2004) Bothrops colombiensis Hoge 1966 1868 Trigonocephalus xanthogrammus Cope (Campbell & Lamar 2004; see remarks) Lachesis xanthogrammus Boulenger 1896 Bothrops xanthogramma Amaral 1930 Bothrops atrox xanthogramma Schätti & Kramer 1993 1883 Trigonocephalus asper Garman Bothrops asper Recinos 1913 Bothrops atrox asper Smith & Taylor 1945 Bothrops andianus asper Mehrtens 1987 Bothrops lanceolatus asper Sandner-Montilla 1990 1885 Bothrops atrox septentrionalis Müller (Campbell & Lamar 2004) 1889 Bothrops quadriscutatus Posada-Arango (Campbell & Lamar 2004) 1981 Bothrops lanceolatus aidae Sandner-Montilla (Rivas, Molina, Ugueto, Barros, Barrio-Amorós & Kok 2012) Bothrops atrox aidae Vanzolini 1986 1990 Bothrops lanceolatus nacaritae Sandner-Montilla (Rivas, Molina, Ugueto, Barros, Barrio-Amorós & Kok 2012) Other common names: nacaritae: Carabobo Lancehead Remarks: Previously confused with atrox (see Golay & al. 1993; David & Ineich 1999; Campbell & Lamar 2004). See remarks under atrox regarding the presence of asper in Trinidad. The taxa aidae and nacaritae were regarded as synonyms of atrox by Campbell & Lamar (2004), but probably in error for asper, since both aidae and nacaritae were described from within the range of asper (Rivas, Molina, Ugueto, Barros, Barrio-Amorós & Kok 2012). The latter authors moved the two taxa to the synonymy of asper. Some authors still use colombiensis as a valid taxon (e.g., Mumaw, González & Fernández 2015), but without justification (Rivas, Molina, Ugueto, Barros, Barrio-Amorós & Kok 2012). Although xanthogrammus has nomenclatural priority over asper, Campbell & Lamar (2004) suggested the continued use of asper, because of its widespread and frequent use. Distribution: Belize, Colombia (incl. Gorgona Island), Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico (Campeche, Chiapas, Hidalgo, Oaxaca, Puebla, Queretaro, Quintana Roo, San Luis Potosi, Tabasco, Tamaulipas, Veracruz, Yucatan), Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Venezuela. Bothrops asper © Henrik Bringsøe Bothrops atrox Common Lancehead, Amazonian Lancehead, South American Lancehead, Caicaca Gewöhnliche Lanzenotter Almindelig Lanseslange, Fer-de-lance 1758 Coluber atrox Linnaeus Trigonocephalus atrox Schinz 1822 Vipera atrox Schinz 1822 Craspedocephalus atrox Fitzinger 1826 Bothrops atrox Wagler 1830 1788 Coluber ambiguus Gmelin (Campbell & Lamar 2004) 1803 Vipera Weigeli Daudin (Campbell & Lamar 2004) Vipera atrox weigeli Schinz 1822 Craspedocephalus weigeli Fitzinger 1826 1821 Cophias holosericeus Wied-Neuwied (Campbell & Lamar 2004) Trigonocephalus holosericeus Schinz 1822 1824 Bothrops Furia Wagler (Campbell & Lamar 2004) 1824 Bothrops tessellatus Wagler (Campbell & Lamar 2004) Bothrops atrox tessellatus Jan & Sordelli 1875 1849 Bothrops affinis Gray (Campbell & Lamar 2004) 1934 Bothrops Amarali Briceño-Rossi (Campbell & Lamar 2004) 1979 Bothrops isabelae Sandner-Montilla (Markezich & Taphorn 1993; Campbell & Lamar 2004) Remarks: Previously confused with atrox (see Golay & al. 1993; David & Ineich 1999; Campbell & Lamar 2004). It seems there is uncertainty as to which of the species atrox or asper that occurs in Trinidad (Murphy 1997). The Trinidad population is herein assigned to atrox, following Emsley (1977), Boos (2001), and David, Dobiey & Vogel (2018), and also based on the distributions of the two species, of which Trinidad is is closer to other atrox populations than those of asper. Fenwick, Gutberlet, Evans & Parkinson (2009) showed that the taxon isabelae falls together with atrox, with a seemingly low genetic distance, but the authors nevertheless listed isabelae in their list of species, apparently regarding it as a valid species. Also Wallach, Williams & Boundy (2014) listed isabelae as a valid species. It was not regarded as a valid species by David, Dobiey & Vogel (2018). Distribution: Bolivia, Brazil (Acre, Amapa, Amazonas, Maranhao, Mato Grosso, Para [incl. Marajo Island], Rondonia, Roraima, Tocantins), Colombia (incl. Gorgona Island), Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Surinam, Trinidad & Tobago (Trinidad), Venezuela. Bothrops ayerbei Sotará Lancehead, (Ayerbe's Lancehead) Sotará-Lanzenotter Sotará-lanseslange 2010 Bothrops ayerbei Folleco-Fernandez Remarks: This species was not mentioned by Carrasco, Mattoni, Leynaud & Scrocchi (2012). Distribution: Colombia. Bothrops barnetti Northern Peruvian Lancehead, (Barnett's Lancehead) Nordperuvianische Lanzenotter Nordperuviansk Lanseslange 1938 Bothrops barnetti Parker Trimeresurus barnetti Schmidt & Walker 1943 Distribution: Peru. Bothrops bilineatus Two-striped Forest Pitviper Grüne Jararaca-Lanzenotter Tostribet Lanseslange 1825 Cophias bilineatus Wied Trigonocephalus bilineatus Schinz 1822 Bothrops bilineatus Wagler 1830 Craspedocephalus bilineatus Schlegel 1837 Lachesis bilineatus Boulenger 1896 Bothriopsis bilineatus Campbell & Lamar 1989 Bothriechis bilineata Schätti, Kramer & Touzet 1990 1870 Trigonocephalus arboreus Cope "1869" (Campbell & Lamar 2004) 1966 Bothrops bilineatus smaragdinus Hoge "1965" Bothriopsis bilineatus smaragdinus Campbell & Lamar 1989 Bothriechis bilineata smaragdina Schätti, Kramer & Touzet 1990 Other common names: bilineata: Eastern Two-striped Forest Pitviper smaragdinus: Western Two-striped Forest Pitviper, Emerald Two-striped Forest Pitviper Distribution: Bolivia, Brazil (Acre, Alagoas, Amapa, Amazonas, Bahia, Ceara, Espirito Santo, Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais, Para, Rio de Janeiro, Rondonia, Roraima), Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Surinam, Venezuela. Bothrops bilineatus © Henrik Bringsøe Bothrops brazili Southern Velvety Lancehead, (Brazil's Lancehead) Südliche Samt-Lanzenotter Sydlig Fløjls-lanseslange 1953 Bothrops brazili Hoge Remarks: Previously included the population now assigned to oligobalius. Reported from Bolivia (Campbell & Lamar 2004; Pincheira-Donoso 2002), however, it has not yet been collected in the country, although it may prove to be present (Harvey, Aparicio & Gonzales 2005). Distribution: Brazil (Acre, Amazonas, Mato Grosso, Para, Rondonia), Ecuador, Peru. Bothrops caribbaeus Saint Lucia Lancehead Saint Lucia-Lanzenotter Saint Lucia-lanseslange 1842 Bothrops Sabinii Gray [suppressed] (Wüster 2000; Campbell & Lamar 2004) 1842 Bothrops subscutatus Gray [suppressed] (Wüster 2000; Campbell & Lamar 2004) 1887 Trigonocephalus caribbaeus Garman Bothrops caribbaeus Lazell 1964 Bothrops lanceolatus caribbaeus Sandner-Montilla 1990 Introduced to: Martinique. Distribution: Saint Lucia. Bothrops chloromelas Inca Forest Pitviper Inka-Lanzenotter Inka-lanseslange 1912 Lachesis chloromelas Boulenger Bothrops chloromelas Meneses 1974 Bothriopsis chloromelas Campbell & Lamar 2004 Remarks: This species was previously treated as a brightly patterned form of oligolepis (e.g., Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970). Revalidated by Harvey, Aparicio & Gonzales (2005), although already Campbell & Lamar (2004) treated it as a valid species. Distribution: Peru. Bothrops cotiara Southeast Brazilian Lancehead, Cotiara Südostbrasilianische Lanzenotter Sydøstbrasiliansk Lanseslange 1913 Lachesis cotiara Gomes Bothrops cotiara Amaral 1925 Rhinocerophis cotiara Fenwick, Gutberlet, Evans & Parkinson 2009 Distribution: Argentina, Brazil (Parana, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo). Bothrops diporus Chaco Lancehead Chaco-Lanzenotter Chaco-lanseslange 1862 Bothrops diporus Cope Bothrops neuwiedi diporus Cochran 1961 Bothropoides diporus Fenwick, Gutberlet, Evans & Parkinson 2009 1930 Bothrops neuwiedii meridionalis Amaral [not Bothrops atrox meridionalis Müller] (Campbell & Lamar 2004) Remarks: Not mentioned for Mato Grosso do Sul by Ferreira, Terra, Piatti, Delatorre, Strüssmann, Béda, Kawashita-Ribeiro, Landgref-Filho, Aoki, Campos, Souza, Ávila, Duleba, Martins, Rita & Albuquerque (2017). Distribution: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil (Parana, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo), Paraguay. Bothrops erythromelas Caatinga Lancehead, Red and Black Pitviper Rotschwarze Lanzenotter Caatinga-lanseslange 1923 Bothrops erythromelas Amaral Bothropoides erythromelas Fenwick, Gutberlet, Evans & Parkinson 2009 Distribution: Brazil (Alagoas, Bahia, Ceara, Paraiba, Pernambuco, Piaui, Rio Grande do Norte, Sergipe). Bothrops fonsecai Rio de Janeiro Lancehead, (Fonseca's Lancehead) Rio de Janeiro-Lanzenotter Rio de Janeiro-lanseslange 1959 Bothrops fonsecai Hoge & Belluomini Rhinocerophis fonsecai Fenwick, Gutberlet, Evans & Parkinson 2009 Distribution: Brazil (Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo). Bothrops germanoi Moela Island Lancehead, Ilha da Moela Lancehead Moela-Lanzenotter Moela-lanseslange 2022 Bothrops germanoi Barbo, Booker, Duarte, Chaluppe, Portes-Junior, Franco & Grazziotin Distribution: Brazil (Sao Paulo: Ilha de Moela). Bothrops insularis Golden Lancehead, Island Lancehead, Queimada Grande Pitviper Insel-Lanzenotter, Queimada Grande-Lanzenotter Gylden Lanseslange 1922 Lachesis insularis Amaral Bothrops insularis Amaral 1930 Trimeresurus insularis Hoge 1930 Bothropoides insularis Fenwick, Gutberlet, Evans & Parkinson 2009 Remarks: Correct publication year of the original description is 1922, not 1921 (Vanzolini 1977; Costa & Bérnils 2015). Distribution: Brazil (Sao Paulo: Queimada Grande). Bothrops itapetiningae Itapetininga Lancehead, (São Paulo Lancehead) Itapetininga-Lanzenotter Itapetininga-lanseslange 1907 Lachesis itapetiningae Boulenger Lachesis neuwiedi itapetiningae Ihering 1910 Bothrops itapetiningae Amaral 1930 Rhinocerophis itapetiningae Fenwick, Gutberlet, Evans & Parkinson 2009 Remarks: Presence in Rio Grande do Sul needs confirmation (Campbell & Lamar 2004). Distribution: Brazil (Distrito Federal, Goias, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Parana, Sao Paulo). Bothrops jabrensis Jabre Lancehead, (Jabre's Lancehead) Jabre-Lanzenotter Jabre-lanseslange 2022 Bothrops jabrensis Barbo, Grazziotin, Pereira-Filho, Freitas, Abrantes & Kokubum Distribution: Brazil (Paraiba). Bothrops jararaca Jararaca Jararaca-Lanzenotter Jararaca-lanseslange 1824 Cophias jararaca Wied Trigonocephalus jararaca Schlegel 1837 Bothrops jararaca Golay & al. 1993 Bothropoides jararaca Fenwick, Gutberlet, Evans & Parkinson 2009 1824 Bothrops leucostigma Wagler (Campbell & Lamar 2004) 1858 Craspedocephalus brasiliensis Günther [not Coluber brasiliensis Lacepede 1789 (rejected)] (Campbell & Lamar 2004) Remarks: Hoogmoed & Gruber (1983) removed Bothrops leucostigma Wagler 1824 from the synonymy of jararaca. When Campbell & Lamar (2004) included Mato Grosso in the distribution of jararaca, they clearly confused Mato Grosso with Mato Grosso do Sul, which is confirmed by looking at their range map. However, the species is not included for the state herein, following Ferreira, Terra, Piatti, Delatorre, Strüssmann, Béda, Kawashita-Ribeiro, Landgref-Filho, Aoki, Campos, Souza, Ávila, Duleba, Martins, Rita & Albuquerque (2017), who did not mention it in their checklist. Distribution: Argentina, Brazil (Bahia, Espirito Santo, Goias, Minas Gerais, Parana, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo [incl. Sao Sebastiao]), Paraguay. Bothrops jararacussu Jararacussu Jararacussu-Lanzenotter Jararacussu-lanseslange 1884 Bothrops jararacussu Lacerda Lachesis atrox jararacussu Ihering 1911 Lachesis jararacucu Brazil 1914 [unjustified emendation] Remarks: Reported from Bolivia (Campbell & Lamar 2004; Pincheira-Donoso 2002), but Bolivian specimens are based on misidentified sanctaecrucis, however, it may prove to be present in the country (Harvey, Aparicio & Gonzales 2005). When Campbell & Lamar (2004) included Mato Grosso in the distribution of jararacussu, they clearly confused Mato Grosso with Mato Grosso do Sul, which is confirmed by looking at their range map. However, the species is not included for the state herein, following Ferreira, Terra, Piatti, Delatorre, Strüssmann, Béda, Kawashita-Ribeiro, Landgref-Filho, Aoki, Campos, Souza, Ávila, Duleba, Martins, Rita & Albuquerque (2017), who did not mention it in their checklist. Distribution: Argentina, Brazil (Bahia, Espirito Santo, Minas Gerais, Parana, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo [incl. Sao Sebastiao]), Paraguay. Bothrops jonathani Cochabamba Lancehead Cochabamba-Lanzenotter Cochabamba-lanseslange 1994 Bothrops jonathani Harvey Rhinocerophis jonathani Fenwick, Gutberlet, Evans & Parkinson 2009 Distribution: Argentina, Bolivia. Bothrops lanceolatus Martinique Lancehead Martinique-Lanzenotter Martinique-lanseslange 1790 Coluber lanceolatus Bonnaterre Vipera lanceolata Sonnini & Latreille 1801-02 Trigonocephalus lanceolatus Oppel 1811 Cophias lanceolatus Merrem 1820 Craspedocephalus lanceolatus Fitzinger 1826 Bothrops lanceolatus Wagler 1830 Lachesis lanceolatus Boulenger 1896 1798 Coluber hastatus Suckow (Campbell & Lamar 2004) 1802 Coluber megaera Shaw (David & Ineich 1999) 1842 Bothrops cinereus Gray (Campbell & Lamar 2004) Distribution: Martinique. Bothrops leucurus Bahia Lancehead, White-tailed Lancehead Bahia-Lanzenotter Bahia-lanseslange 1824 Bothrops leucurus Wagler 1824 Bothrops megaera Wagler [not Coluber megaera Shaw 1802] (Campbell & Lamar 2004) 1948 Trimeresurus pradoi Hoge (Puorto, Salomão, Theakston, Thorpe, Warrell & Wüster 2001; Campbell & Lamar 2004) Other common names: pradoi: Prado's Lancehead Remarks: A record from Rio de Janeiro (Campbell & Lamar 2004) is regarded as doubtful. The species was not listed for the state by neither Costa & Bérnils (2018), nor Oliveira, Gonzalez, Passos, Vrcibradic & Rocha (2020). Distribution: Brazil (Alagoas, Bahia, Ceara, Espirito Santo, Minas Gerais, Paraiba, Pernambuco, Rio Grande do Norte, Sao Paulo, Sergipe). Bothrops lojanus Lojan Lancehead Loja-Lanzenotter Loja-lanseslange 1930 Bothrops lojana Parker Distribution: Ecuador, Peru. Bothrops lutzi Cerrado Lancehead, (Lutz's Lancehead) Cerrado-Lanzenotter Cerrado-lanseslange 1915 Lachesis lutzi Miranda-Ribeiro Bothrops lutzi Amaral 1925 Bothrops neuwiedi lutzi Amaral 1930 Bothropoides lutzi Fenwick, Gutberlet, Evans & Parkinson 2009 1923 Bothrops iglesiasi Amaral (Campbell & Lamar 2004) 1925 Bothrops neuwiedii piauhyensis Amaral (Campbell & Lamar 2004) Other common names: iglesiasi: Sertão Lancehead Distribution: Brazil (Bahia, Ceara, Distrito Federal, Goias, Minas Gerais, Pernambuco, Piaui, Tocantins). Bothrops marajoensis Marajo Lancehead Marajo-Lanzenotter Marajo-lanseslange 1966 Bothrops marajoensis Hoge Remarks: Status uncertain, closely related to atrox (Wüster, Thorpe & Puorto 1996). Distribution: Brazil (Amapa, Maranhao, Para [incl. Marajo Island]). Bothrops marmoratus Marbled Lancehead Marmor-Lanzenotter Marmor-lanseslange 2008 Bothrops marmoratus Silva & Rodrigues Distribution: Brazil (Distrito Federal, Goias, Minas Gerais, Tocantins). Bothrops mattogrossensis Mato Grosso Lancehead Mato-Grosso-Lanzenotter Mato Grosso-lanseslange 1925 Bothrops neuwiedii mattogrossensis Amaral Bothrops mattogrossensis Campbell & Lamar 2004 Bothropoides mattogrossensis Fenwick, Gutberlet, Evans & Parkinson 2009 1927 Bothrops neuwiedii boliviana Amaral (Campbell & Lamar 2004) Remarks: Records from Peru (e.g., Campbell & Lamar 2004; Silva & Rodrigues 2008) refer to other, as yet undescribed species (David, Dobiey & Vogel 2018). Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith (2016) tentatively regarded mattogrossensis as a synonym of pauloensis, pending further studies. Distribution: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil (Amazonas, Goias, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Rondonia, Sao Paulo, Tocantins), Paraguay. Bothrops medusa Venezuelan Forest Pitviper Caracas-Wald-Lanzenotter Caracas-lanseslange 1920 Lachesis medusa Sternfeld Bothrops medusa Amaral 1930 Bothriopsis medusa Campbell & Lamar 1989 1976 Bothrops eneydae Sandner-Montilla (Campbell & Lamar 2004) Distribution: Venezuela. Bothrops monsignifer Los Volcanes Lancehead Los Volcanes-Lanzenotter Los Volcanes-lanseslange 2019 Bothrops monsignifer Timms, Chaparro, Venegas, Salazar-Valenzuela, Scrocchi, Cuevas, Leynaud & Carrasco Distribution: Bolivia, Peru. Bothrops moojeni Brazilian Lancehead Brasilianische Lanzenotter Brasiliansk Lanseslange 1966 Bothrops moojeni Hoge Bothrops atrox moojeni Itoh, Tanaka, Mihashi & Yamashima 1987 Distribution: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil (Bahia, Distrito Federal, Goias, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Parana, Piaui, Sao Paulo, Tocantins), Paraguay. Bothrops moojeni © Rune Midtgaard Bothrops muriciensis Murici Lancehead Murici-Lanzenotter Murici-lanseslange 2001 Bothrops muriciensis Ferrarezzi & Freire Distribution: Brazil (Alagoas). Bothrops neuwiedi Eastern Brazilian Lancehead, (Neuwied's Lancehead) Ostbrasilianische Lanzenotter Østbrasiliansk Lanseslange 1824 Bothrops neuwiedi Wagler Bothropoides neuwiedi Fenwick, Gutberlet, Evans & Parkinson 2009 1872 Crotalus urutu Liais (Campbell & Lamar 2004) Bothrops urutu Lacerda 1884 Bothrops neuwiedi urutu Amaral 1937 1885 Bothrops atrox meridionalis Müller (Campbell & Lamar 2004) Bothrops neuwiedi meridionalis Hoge 1966 1925 Bothrops neuwiedii bahiensis Amaral (Campbell & Lamar 2004) 1925 Bothrops neuwiedii goyazensis Amaral (Campbell & Lamar 2004) 1925 Bothrops neuwiedii minasensis Amaral (Campbell & Lamar 2004) 1925 Bothrops neuwiedii paranaensis Amaral (Campbell & Lamar 2004) 1933 Bothrops neuwiedii fluminensis Amaral "1932" (Campbell & Lamar 2004) Other common names: bolivianus: Bolivian Neuwied's Lancehead, (Bolivian Lancehead) goyasensis: Goias Lancehead meridionalis: Southern Neuwied's Lancehead paranaensis: Parana Lancehead piauhyensis: Northern Neuwied's Lancehead urutu: Painted Lancehead Remarks: Presence in Paraguay is regarded herein as erroneous, following Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith (2016), who did not include neuwiedii for the country, although reported by Trutnau, Monzel & Consul (2016), but without localities. Records from Mato Grosso do Sul need confirmation (Ferreira, Terra, Piatti, Delatorre, Strüssmann, Béda, Kawashita-Ribeiro, Landgref-Filho, Aoki, Campos, Souza, Ávila, Duleba, Martins, Rita & Albuquerque 2017). Distribution: Argentina, Brazil (Bahia, Distrito Federal, Goias, Minas Gerais, Parana, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo). Bothrops oligobalius Northern Velvety Lancehead Nördliche Samt-Lanzenotter Nordlig Fløjls-lanseslange 2021 Bothrops oligobalius Vechio, Prates, Grazziotin, Graboski & Rodrigues Remarks: Previously regarded as the population of brazili occurring north of the Amazon. Distribution: Brazil (Amapa, Amazonas, Para), Colombia, French Guiana, Guyana, Surinam, Venezuela. Bothrops oligolepis Peruvian Forest Pitviper, (Inca Forest Pitviper) Peruvianische Wald-Lanzenotter Peruviansk Skovlanseslange 1901 Lachesis bilineatus oligolepis Werner Bothrops oligolepis Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970 Bothriechis oligolepis Schätti & Kramer 1993 Bothriopsis oligolepis Carrillo de Espinoza & Icochea 1995 1903 Lachesis peruvianus Boulenger (Campbell & Lamar 2004; Harvey, Aparicio & Gonzales 2005) Bothrops peruviana Amaral 1930 Bothriopsis peruviana Campbell & Lamar 1989 Distribution: Bolivia, Peru. Bothrops osbornei Chimborazo Lancehead, (Osborne's Lancehead) Chimborazo-Lanzenotter Chimborazo-lanseslange 1991 Bothrops osbornei Freire-Lascano 1991 Bothriechis mahnerti Schätti & Kramer (Kuch 1997; Campbell & Lamar 2004) Bothriechis punctatus mahnerti Schätti & Kramer 1993 Remarks: Now restricted to Ecuador. Records from Peru refer to an undescribed species (David, Dobiey & Vogel 2018). Distribution: Ecuador. Bothrops osbornei © Henrik Bringsøe Bothrops otavioi Vitória Island Lancehead Vitória-Lanzenotter Vitória-lanseslange 2012 Bothrops otavioi Barbo, Grazziotin, Sazima, Martins & Sawaya Distribution: Brazil (Sao Paulo: Vitoria). Bothrops pauloensis Black-faced Lancehead, (São Paulo Lancehead) Schwarzmasken-Lanzenotter Sortmasket Lanseslange 1925 Bothrops neuwiedii pauloensis Amaral Bothrops pauloensis Campbell & Lamar 2004 Bothropoides pauloensis Fenwick, Gutberlet, Evans & Parkinson 2009 Remarks: Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith (2016) tentatively regarded mattogrossensis as a synonym of pauloensis, pending further studies. Included for Paraguay by Trutnau, Monzel & Consul (2016), but without localities. Cacciali, Scott, Aquino-Ortiz, Fitzgerald & Smith (2016) did not include neuwiedii for the country, so its presence in the country is herein provisionally regarded as in need of confirmation. Distribution: Bolivia, Brazil (Distrito Federal, Goias, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Parana, Sao Paulo). Bothrops pictus Desert Lancehead Wüsten-Lanzenotter Ørkenlanseslange 1845 Lachesis picta Tschudi Bothrops pictus Jan 1863 Trimeresurus pictus Schmidt & Walker 1943 1942 Bothrops roedingeri Mertens (Campbell & Lamar 1992). Distribution: Peru. Bothrops pirajai Ilhéus Lancehead, (Piraja's Lancehead) Ilhéus-Lanzenotter Ilhéus-lanseslange 1923 Bothrops pirajai Amaral 1923 Bothrops neglecta Amaral (Campbell & Lamar 2004) Remarks: Restricted to Bahia. Reports from other Brazilian states (Espirito Santo, Minas Gerais, Sergipe) are based on misidentifications (Freitas, Argôlo, Gonner & Veríssimo 2014). Distribution: Brazil (Bahia). Bothrops pubescens Pampas Lancehead Pampas-Lanzenotter Pampas-lanseslange 1869 Trigonocephalus pubescens Cope Bothrops neuwiedi pubescens Hoge 1959 Bothrops pubescens Campbell & Lamar 2004 Bothropoides pubescens Fenwick, Gutberlet, Evans & Parkinson 2009 1925 Bothrops neuwiedii riograndensis Amaral (Campbell & Lamar 2004) Distribution: Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina), Uruguay. Bothrops pulcher Andean Forest Pitviper, Dusky Lancehead Andes-Wald-Lanzenotter Andes Skovlanseslange 1863 Trigonocephalus pulcher Peters "1862" Lachesis pulcher Boulenger 1896 Bothrops pulcher Campbell & Lamar 1989 Bothriopsis pulchra McDiarmid, Campbell & Touré 1999 1934 Bothrops albocarinata Shreve (Campbell & Lamar 2004) Bothriopsis albocarinata Campbell & Lamar 1989 Bothriechis albocarinata Schätti, Kramer & Touzet 1990 Bothriechis oligolepis albocarinatus Golay & al. 1993 1934 Bothrops alticola Parker (Campbell & Lamar 2004) Bothriopsis alticola Campbell & Lamar 1989 Bothriechis alticolus Schätti & Kramer 1991 Other common names: albocarinata: Ecuadorian Forest Pitviper, White-keeled Pitviper Remarks: Previously regarded as a synonym of oligolepis (Schätti & Kramer 1993). Distribution: Colombia, Ecuador, Peru. Bothrops punctatus Chocoan Lancehead Chocó-Lanzenotter Chocó-lanseslange 1889 Thanatos montanus Posada Arango (Campbell & Lamar 2004) 1896 Lachesis punctata Garcia Bothrops punctatus Dunn 1844 Bothriopsis punctata Campbell & Lamar 1989 Bothriechis punctatus Schätti, Kramer & Touzet 1990 1910 Lachesis monticellii Peracca (Campbell & Lamar 2004) 1923 Bothrops leptura Amaral (Campbell & Lamar 2004) Distribution: Colombia, Ecuador, Panama. Bothrops rhombeatus Cauca Lancehead Cauca-Lanzenotter Cauca-lanseslange 1896 Bothrops rhombeatus García Remarks: Previously regarded as a tentative synonym of Bothrocophias colombianus (e.g., Campbell & Lamar 2004). Revalidated by Folleco-Fernandez (2010). Not mentioned by Carrasco, Mattoni, Leynaud & Scrocchi (2012). Distribution: Colombia. Bothrops roedingeri Huayuri Lancehead, (Rödinger's Lancehead) Huayuri-Lanzenotter Huayuri-lanseslange 1942 Bothrops roedingeri Mertens Remarks: Previously regarded as a synonym of pictus (Campbell & Lamar 1989). Distribution: Peru. Bothrops sanctaecrucis Bolivian Lancehead Bolivianische Lanzenotter Boliviansk Lanseslange 1966 Bothrops sanctaecrucis Hoge Distribution: Bolivia. Bothrops sazimai Franceses Island Lancehead, (Sazima's Lancehead) Franceses-Lanzenotter Franceses-lanseslange 2016 Bothrops sazimai Barbo, Gasparini, Almeida, Zaher, Grazziotin, Gusmao, Ferrarini & Sawaya Distribution: Brazil (Espirito Santo: Ilha dos Franceses). Bothrops sonene Bahuaja-Sonene Lancehead Bahuaja-Sonene-Lanzenotter Bahuaja-Sonene-lanseslange 2019 Bothrops sonene Carrasco, Grazziotin, Farfán, Koch, Ochoa, Scrocchi, Leynaud & Chaparro Distribution: Peru. Bothrops taeniatus Speckled Forest Pitviper Gesprenkelte Wald-Lanzenotter Spættet Skovlanseslange 1824 Bothrops taeniatus Wagler Lachesis taeniatus Fitzinger 1826 Bothriopsis taeniata Campbell & Lamar 1989 Bothriechis taeniatus Schätti & Kramer 1991 1854 Bothrops Castelnaudi Duméril, Bibron & Duméril (Campbell & Lamar 2004) Atropos castelnautii [sic] Duméril, Bibron & Duméril 1854 Trigonocephalus castelnaudi Jan 1859 Teleuraspis castelnaui [sic] Cope 1860 Bothriopsis castelnavii [sic] Cope 1871 Thanatos castelnaudi Posada-Arango 1889 Thanatophis castelnaudi Posada-Arango 1889 Lachesis castelnaudi Boulenger 1896 1861 Bothriopsis quadriscutatus Peters (Campbell & Lamar 2004) 1958 Bothrops lichenosus Roze Bothrops castelnaudi lichenosus Hoge & Romano-Hoge 1981 Bothriopsis taeniata lichenosa Campbell & Lamar 1989 Bothriechis taeniatus lichenosus Golay & al. 1993 Other common names: lichenosa: Lichen-like Forest Pitviper taeniatus: Speckled Forest Pitviper Remarks: Reported from Goias (e.g., Hoge & Romano Hoge 1981), which is herein provisionally referred to Tocantins, being closer to the known localities reported for the species. This was also suggested by Souza, Venâncio, Freitas, Souza & Veríssimo (2013), since Tocantins was part of Goias at the time of the report. Distribution: Bolivia, Brazil (Acre, Amapa, Amazonas, Maranhao, Mato Grosso, Para, Rondonia, Roraima), Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Surinam, Venezuela. Bothrops taeniatus © Rune Midtgaard Bothrops venezuelensis Venezuelan Lancehead Venezuelanische Lanzenotter Venezuelansk Lanseslange 1952 Bothrops venezuelensis Sandner-Montilla Bothrops venezuelae Sandner-Montilla & Römer 1961 [substitute name or unjustified emendation] (Campbell & Lamar 2004) 1961 Bothrops pifanoi Sandner-Montilla & Römer (Campbell & Lamar 2004) Distribution: Colombia, Venezuela.