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Citation: Midtgaard, Rune. RepFocus - A Survey of the Reptiles of the World. www.repfocus.dk (Compilation date: 14th April, 2023).

Checklist General remarks: The list includes only formally described species. Newly discovered, but still unnamed species are excluded. However, unnamed species or species unassigned to species level are included, if they are the only representatives of their genus in the region. Species counts exclude extinct and introduced species. Doubtful records, typically older voucher specimens of uncertain origin, have been excluded if considered questionable, as are records based on sources considered unreliable or controversial. Note: Your comments to the checklist (omissions, errors, etc.) are welcomed, preferably if they are provided with reliable references. If possible, please attach a pdf file of the relevant reference to an email addressed to:

	Snakes (Serpentes)
	= endemicEX = extinct or assumed extinct Species References  Family Boidae (Typical Boas) Genus Charina (Rubber Boas)   Charina bottae Northern Rubber Boa Banta 1965 Baxter & Stone 1985 Behler & King 1979 Groves 1994 Johnson 1942 Kluge 1993 [as bottae (part)] McDiarmid, Campbell & Toure 1999 [as bottae (part)] Nussbaum, Brodie & Storm 1983 Shofner 2007 Slater 1941 Slater 1963 Stebbins & McGinnis 2012 Stebbins 1972 Stebbins 2003 Stewart 1977 [as bottae (part)] Stimson 1969 Tanner 1975 Thompson 1982 Werner, Maxell, Hendricks & Flath 2004 Wright & Wright 1952   * Charina umbratica Southern Rubber Boa Kluge 1993 [as bottae (part)] McDiarmid, Campbell & Toure 1999 [as bottae (part)] Stebbins & McGinnis 2012 Stewart 1977 [as bottae (part)] Stimson 1969 Wright & Wright 1952 Genus Lichanura (Rosy Boas)   * Lichanura orcutti Northern Rosy Boa Mulks 2011 Wood, Fisher & Reeder 2008   Lichanura trivirgata Southern Rosy Boa Arizona Game and Fish Department 2002 Behler & King 1979 Brennan & Holycross 2006 Enderson & Bezy 2010 Lowe 1964 Stebbins & McGinnis 2012 Stebbins 1972 Stebbins 2003 Stimson 1969 Wood, Fisher & Reeder 2008 Wright & Wright 1952 Yingling 1982  Family Colubridae (Typical Snakes or Colubrids) Genus Arizona (Glossy Snakes)   Arizona elegans Eastern Glossy Snake Arizona Game and Fish Department 2002 Ballinger, Lynch & Smith 2010 Banta 1965 Bartlett & Bartlett 2013 Behler & King 1979 Brennan & Holycross 2006 Conant & Collins 1998 Degenhardt, Painter & Price 1996 Dixon & Fleet 1976 Dixon 2013 Duran 2021 Enderson & Bezy 2010 Hammerson 1999 Lowe 1964 Lynch 1985 Maslin 1959 Shofner 2007 Sievert & Sievert 1993 Smith 1956 Stebbins & McGinnis 2012 Stebbins 1972 Stebbins 2003 Taggart, Collins & Schmidt 2010 Tanner 1975 Wright & Wright 1952 Young 2011 Genus Bogertophis (Desert Rat Snakes)   Bogertophis rosaliae Baja California Rat Snake Price 1990 Schulz 1996 Stebbins & McGinnis 2012 Stebbins 1985 Stebbins 2003   Bogertophis subocularis Trans-Pecos Rat Snake Bartlett & Bartlett 2013 Behler & King 1979 Conant & Collins 1998 Degenhardt, Painter & Price 1996 Dixon 2013 Dowling 1952 Schulz 1996 Stebbins 2003 Worthington 1980 Wright & Wright 1952 Genus Carphophis (North American Worm Snakes)   * Carphophis amoenus Eastern Worm Snake Barbour 1971 Beane 2013 Behler & King 1979 Camper 2010 Camper 2019 Collins 1964 Conant & Collins 1998 Conant 1945 Conant 1951 DeGraaf & Rudis 1983 Drowne 1905 Dundee & Rossman 1989 Fowler 1907 Gentry 1956 Gibbons & Dorcas 2005 Gibbs, Breisch, Ducey, Johnson, Behler & Bothner 2007 Green & Pauley 1987 Guyer, Bailey & Mount 2018 Harris 1975 Hulse, McCoy & Censky 2001 Jensen, Camp, Gibbons & Elliott [eds.] 2008 Klemens 1993 Lohoefener & Altig 1983 Martof, Palmer, Bailey & Harrison 1980 Meade 1991 Minton 1972 Minton 2001 Mirarchi 2004 Mitchell 1994 Mount 1975 Niemiller, Reynolds & Miller 2013 Palmer & Braswell 1995 Phillips, Brandon & Moll 1999 Savannah River Ecology Laboratory 2013 Scott & Redmond 2008 Smith 1961 Trauth, Robison & Plummer 2004 Vance 1985 Vitt & Laerm 1982 White & White 2002 Wright & Wright 1952   * Carphophis vermis Western Worm Snake Anderson 1965 Ballinger, Lynch & Smith 2010 Behler & King 1979 Casper 2008 Christiansen & Bailey 1990 Daniel & Edmond 2006 Dixon 2013 Dundee & Rossman 1989 Gibbons & Dorcas 2005 LeClere 2013 Lynch 1985 Phillips, Brandon & Moll 1999 Sajdak 1978 Schmidt 1953 Sievert & Sievert 1993 Smith 1956 Smith 1961 Taggart, Collins & Schmidt 2010 Trauth, Robison & Plummer 2004 Tumlison 2014 Vance 1985 Vogt 1981 Watermolen & Murrell 2001 Wright & Wright 1952 Genus Cemophora (North American Scarlet Snakes)   * Cemophora coccinea Eastern Scarlet Snake Anderson 1965 Arndt 1985 Ashton & Ashton 1988 Barbour 1971 Beane 2013 Behler & King 1979 Camper 2019 Collins 1964 Conant & Collins 1998 Daniel & Edmond 2006 Dixon 2013 Dundee & Rossman 1989 Gentry 1956 Gibbons & Dorcas 2005 Grogan & Close 2008 Guyer, Bailey & Mount 2018 Harris 1975 Hulse, McCoy & Censky 2001 Jensen, Camp, Gibbons & Elliott [eds.] 2008 Kauffeld & Trapido 1944 Kauffeld 1935 Krysko, Enge & Moler 2019 Lohoefener & Altig 1983 Meade 1991 Minton 1972 Minton 2001 Mirarchi 2004 Mitchell 1994 Mount 1975 Niemiller, Reynolds & Miller 2013 Palmer & Braswell 1995 Phillips, Brandon & Moll 1999 Savannah River Ecology Laboratory 2013 Scott & Redmond 2008 Sievert & Sievert 1993 Smith 1961 Tennant 2003 Trauth, Robison & Plummer 2004 Vance 1985 Vitt & Laerm 1982 White & White 2002 Williams 1985 Wright & Wright 1952   * Cemophora lineri Texas Scarlet Snake Behler & King 1979 Dixon 2013 Duran 2021 Weinell & Austin 2017 Williams 1985 Williams, Brown & Wilson 1966 Genus Clonophis (Ohio Valley Water Snake)   * Clonophis kirtlandii Ohio Valley Water Snake Anton, Beauvais & Casper 2014 Barbour 1971 Behler & King 1979 Collins 1964 Conant & Collins 1998 Conant 1951 Frymire & Scott 2012 Holman 2012 Holman, Harding, Hensley & Dudderar 1989 Hulse, McCoy & Censky 2001 Meade 1991 Minton 1972 Minton 2001 Niemiller, Reynolds & Miller 2013 Phillips, Brandon & Moll 1999 Rossman & Powell 1985 Scott & Redmond 2008 Smith 1961 Wright & Wright 1952 Genus Coluber (North American Racer)   Coluber constrictor North American Racer Anderson 1965 Andrews 2002 Arizona Game and Fish Department 2002 Ashton & Ashton 1988 Ballinger, Lynch & Smith 2010 Ballinger, Meeker & Thies 2000 Banta 1965 Barbour 1971 Bartlett & Bartlett 2013 Baxter & Stone 1985 Beane 2013 Behler & King 1979 Bell 1952 Brennan & Holycross 2006 Camper 2001 Camper 2010 Camper 2019 Casper 2008 Christiansen & Bailey 1990 Collins 1964 Conant & Collins 1998 Conant 1945 Conant 1951 Daniel & Edmond 2006 Degenhardt, Painter & Price 1996 DeGraaf & Rudis 1983 Dixon 2013 Drowne 1905 Dundee & Rossman 1989 Duran 2021 Enderson & Bezy 2010 Fishbeck & Underhill 1959 Fowler 1907 Gentry 1956 Gibbons & Dorcas 2005 Gibbs, Breisch, Ducey, Johnson, Behler & Bothner 2007 Green & Pauley 1987 Groves 1994 Guyer, Bailey & Mount 2018 Hammerson 1999 Harris 1975 Holman 2012 Holman, Harding, Hensley & Dudderar 1989 Hulse, McCoy & Censky 2001 Hunter, Albright & Arbuckle 1992 Hunter, Calhoun & McCollough 1999 Jensen, Camp, Gibbons & Elliott [eds.] 2008 Johnson 1942 Johnson 2015 Klemens 1993 Krysko, Enge & Moler 2019 LeClere 2013 Lohoefener & Altig 1983 Lynch 1985 Martof, Palmer, Bailey & Harrison 1980 Maslin 1959 Meade 1991 Minton 1972 Minton 2001 Mirarchi 2004 Mitchell 1994 Mount 1975 New Hampshire Wildlife Action Plan 2005 Niemiller, Reynolds & Miller 2013 Nussbaum, Brodie & Storm 1983 Oldfield & Moriarty 1994 Palmer & Braswell 1995 Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970 Phillips, Brandon & Moll 1999 Savannah River Ecology Laboratory 2013 Scott & Redmond 2008 Shannon 1950 Shofner 2007 Sievert & Sievert 1993 Slater 1941 Slater 1963 Smith 1956 Smith 1961 Stebbins & McGinnis 2012 Stebbins 1972 Stebbins 2003 Taggart, Collins & Schmidt 2010 Tanner 1975 Tennant 2003 Thomas, Eubanks & Pecor 2000 Thompson 1982 Trauth, Robison & Plummer 2004 Vance 1985 Vitt & Laerm 1982 Vogt 1981 Watermolen & Murrell 2001 Werner, Maxell, Hendricks & Flath 2004 Wheeler & Wheeler 1966 White & White 2002 Wilson 1978 Wright & Wright 1952 Young 2011 Genus Coniophanes (Black-striped Snakes)   Coniophanes imperialis Regal Black-striped Snake Behler & King 1979 Conant & Collins 1998 Dixon 2013 Flores-Villela & Smith 2009 Wright & Wright 1952 Genus Contia (Sharp-tailed Snakes)   * Contia longicaudae Forest Sharp-tailed Snake Feldman & Hoyer 2010 Stebbins & McGinnis 2012   Contia tenuis Common Sharp-tailed Snake Behler & King 1979 Feldman & Hoyer 2010 Johnson 1942 Nussbaum, Brodie & Storm 1983 Slater 1963 Stebbins & McGinnis 2012 Stebbins 2003 Wright & Wright 1952 Genus Diadophis (Ring-necked Snake)   Diadophis punctatus Ring-necked Snake Anderson 1965 Andrews 2002 Arizona Game and Fish Department 2002 Ashton & Ashton 1988 Ballinger, Lynch & Smith 2010 Ballinger, Meeker & Thies 2000 Banta 1965 Barbour 1971 Bartlett & Bartlett 2013 Behler & King 1979 Brennan & Holycross 2006 Camper 2010 Camper 2019 Casper 2008 Christiansen & Bailey 1990 Collins 1964 Conant & Collins 1998 Conant 1945 Conant 1951 Daniel & Edmond 2006 Degenhardt, Painter & Price 1996 DeGraaf & Rudis 1983 Dixon 2013 Drowne 1905 Dundee & Rossman 1989 Duran 2021 Enderson & Bezy 2010 Fishbeck & Underhill 1959 Fowler 1907 Gentry 1956 Gibbons & Dorcas 2005 Gibbs, Breisch, Ducey, Johnson, Behler & Bothner 2007 Green & Pauley 1987 Groves 1994 Guyer, Bailey & Mount 2018 Hammerson 1999 Harris 1975 Holman 2012 Holman, Harding, Hensley & Dudderar 1989 Hulse, McCoy & Censky 2001 Hunter, Albright & Arbuckle 1992 Hunter, Calhoun & McCollough 1999 Jensen, Camp, Gibbons & Elliott [eds.] 2008 Johnson 1942 Klemens 1993 Krysko, Enge & Moler 2019 LeClere 2013 Lohoefener & Altig 1983 Lowe 1964 Lynch 1985 Martof, Palmer, Bailey & Harrison 1980 Maslin 1959 Meade 1991 Minton 1972 Minton 2001 Mirarchi 2004 Mitchell 1994 Mount 1975 Niemiller, Reynolds & Miller 2013 Nussbaum, Brodie & Storm 1983 Oldfield & Moriarty 1994 Palmer & Braswell 1995 Phillips, Brandon & Moll 1999 Savannah River Ecology Laboratory 2013 Scott & Redmond 2008 Shofner 2007 Sievert & Sievert 1993 Slater 1941 Slater 1963 Smith 1956 Smith 1961 Stebbins & McGinnis 2012 Stebbins 1972 Stebbins 2003 Taggart, Collins & Schmidt 2010 Tanner 1975 Tennant 2003 Trauth, Robison & Plummer 2004 Vance 1985 Vitt & Laerm 1982 Vogt 1981 Watermolen & Murrell 2001 White & White 2002 Wright & Wright 1952 Young 2011 Genus Drymarchon (Indigo Snakes and Cribos)   * Drymarchon couperi Indigo Snake Ashton & Ashton 1988 [as D. corais] Behler & King 1979 Conant & Collins 1998 Enge, Bankovich, Braisted & Mays 2022 Enge, Stevenson, Elliott & Bauder 2013 Gibbons & Dorcas 2005 [as D. corais] Guyer, Bailey & Mount 2018 Jensen, Camp, Gibbons & Elliott [eds.] 2008 Krysko, Enge & Moler 2019 Krysko, Granatosky, Nunez & Smith 2016 [as D. kolpobasileus] Lohoefener & Altig 1983 McCranie 1980 [as D. corais] Mirarchi 2004 Mount 1975 Schmidt 1953 Stevenson, Stegenga, Chandler & Birkhead 2021 Tennant 2003 Vitt & Laerm 1982 Wright & Wright 1952   Drymarchon melanurus Black-tailed Cribo Behler & King 1979 Conant & Collins 1998 Dixon 2013 McCranie 1980 [as D. corais] Schmidt 1953 Wright & Wright 1952 Genus Drymobius (Central American Racers)   Drymobius margaritiferus Speckled Racer Behler & King 1979 Conant & Collins 1998 Dixon 2013 Genus Farancia (American Mud and Rainbow Snakes)   * Farancia abacura American Mud Snake Anderson 1965 Ashton & Ashton 1988 Barbour 1971 Beane 2013 Behler & King 1979 Camper 2001 Camper 2019 Collins 1964 Conant & Collins 1998 Daniel & Edmond 2006 Dixon 2013 Dundee & Rossman 1989 Gentry 1956 Gibbons & Dorcas 2005 Guyer, Bailey & Mount 2018 Jensen, Camp, Gibbons & Elliott [eds.] 2008 Krysko, Enge & Moler 2019 Lohoefener & Altig 1983 Martof, Palmer, Bailey & Harrison 1980 McDaniel & Karges 1983 Meade 1991 Minton 1972 Minton 2001 Mirarchi 2004 Mitchell 1994 Mount 1975 Niemiller, Reynolds & Miller 2013 Palmer & Braswell 1995 Phillips, Brandon & Moll 1999 Savannah River Ecology Laboratory 2013 Scott & Redmond 2008 Sievert & Sievert 1993 Smith 1961 Tennant 2003 Trauth, Robison & Plummer 2004 Vance 1985 Vitt & Laerm 1982 Wright & Wright 1952   * Farancia erytrogramma Rainbow Snake Ashton & Ashton 1988 Behler & King 1979 Camper 2010 Camper 2019 Conant & Collins 1998 Dundee & Rossman 1989 Gibbons & Dorcas 2005 Guyer, Bailey & Mount 2018 Harris 1975 Jensen, Camp, Gibbons & Elliott [eds.] 2008 Krysko, Enge & Moler 2019 Lohoefener & Altig 1983 Martof, Palmer, Bailey & Harrison 1980 Mirarchi 2004 Mitchell 1982 Mitchell 1994 Mount 1975 Palmer & Braswell 1995 Savannah River Ecology Laboratory 2013 Tennant 2003 Vitt & Laerm 1982 Wright & Wright 1952 Genus Ficimia (Eastern Hook-nosed Snakes)   Ficimia streckeri Tamaulipan Hook-nosed Snake Behler & King 1979 Conant & Collins 1998 Dixon 2013 Hardy 1975 Wright & Wright 1952 Genus Gyalopion (Western Hook-nosed Snakes)   Gyalopion canum Chihuahuan Hook-nosed Snake Arizona Game and Fish Department 2002 Bartlett & Bartlett 2013 Behler & King 1979 Brennan & Holycross 2006 Conant & Collins 1998 Degenhardt, Painter & Price 1996 Dixon 2013 Enderson & Bezy 2010 Hardy 1975 Lowe 1964 Stebbins 2003 Wright & Wright 1952   Gyalopion quadrangulare Desert Hook-nosed Snake Arizona Game and Fish Department 2002 Behler & King 1979 Brennan & Holycross 2006 Enderson & Bezy 2010 Hardy 1975 Lowe 1964 Stebbins 2003 Woodin 1962 Genus Haldea (Rough Earth Snake)   * Haldea striatula Rough Earth Snake Anderson 1965 Ashton & Ashton 1988 Behler & King 1979 Camper 2001 Camper 2019 Conant & Collins 1998 Daniel & Edmond 2006 Dixon 2013 Dundee & Rossman 1989 Gentry 1956 Gibbons & Dorcas 2005 Guyer, Bailey & Mount 2018 Jensen, Camp, Gibbons & Elliott (eds.) 2008 Krysko, Enge & Moler 2019 Lohoefener & Altig 1983 Martof, Palmer, Bailey & Harrison 1980 Mirarchi 2004 Mitchell 1994 Mount 1975 Niemiller, Reynolds & Miller 2013 Palmer & Braswell 1995 Savannah River Ecology Laboratory 2013 Scott & Redmond 2008 Sievert & Sievert 1993 Smith 1956 Taggart, Collins & Schmidt 2010 Tennant 2003 Trauth, Robison & Plummer 2004 Vance 1985 Vitt & Laerm 1982 Wright & Wright 1952 Genus Heterodon (North American Hognose Snakes)   * Heterodon gloydi Dusty Hognose Snake Behler & King 1979 Dixon 2000 Smith, Chiszar, Eckerman & Walley 2003 Werler & Dixon 2000   Heterodon kennerlyi Mexican Hognose Snake Arizona Game and Fish Department 2002 Bartlett & Bartlett 2013 Behler & King 1979 Brennan & Holycross 2006 [as nasicus] Conant & Collins 1998 Degenhardt, Painter & Price 1996 Dixon 2013 Enderson & Bezy 2010 Enderson, Quijada-Mascarenas, Turner, Rosen & Bezy 2009 Lemos-Espinal & Smith 2007 Lowe 1964 [as nasicus] Schmidt 1953 Stebbins 2003 Wright & Wright 1952   Heterodon nasicus Western Hognose Snake Anderson 1965 Ballinger, Lynch & Smith 2010 Ballinger, Meeker & Thies 2000 Bartlett & Bartlett 2013 Baxter & Stone 1985 Behler & King 1979 Christiansen & Bailey 1990 Conant & Collins 1998 Daniel & Edmond 2006 Degenhardt, Painter & Price 1996 Dixon 2013 Fishbeck & Underhill 1959 Hammerson 1999 Johnson 2015 LeClere 2013 Lynch 1985 Maslin 1959 Oldfield & Moriarty 1994 Phillips, Brandon & Moll 1999 Sievert & Sievert 1993 Smith 1956 Smith 1961 Stebbins 2003 Taggart, Collins & Schmidt 2010 Thompson 1982 Werner, Maxell, Hendricks & Flath 2004 Wheeler & Wheeler 1966 Wright & Wright 1952 Young 2011   Heterodon platirhinos Eastern Hognose Snake Anderson 1965 Ashton & Ashton 1988 Ballinger, Lynch & Smith 2010 Ballinger, Meeker & Thies 2000 Barbour 1971 Behler & King 1979 Blem 1981 Camper 2019 Casper 2008 Christiansen & Bailey 1990 Collins 1964 Conant & Collins 1998 Conant 1945 [as c. contortrix] Conant 1951 Daniel & Edmond 2006 DeGraaf & Rudis 1983 Dixon 2013 Drowne 1905 Dundee & Rossman 1989 Duran 2021 Fishbeck & Underhill 1959 Fowler 1907 Gentry 1956 Gibbons & Dorcas 2005 Gibbs, Breisch, Ducey, Johnson, Behler & Bothner 2007 Green & Pauley 1987 Guyer, Bailey & Mount 2018 Harris 1975 Holman 2012 Holman, Harding, Hensley & Dudderar 1989 Hulse, McCoy & Censky 2001 Jensen, Camp, Gibbons & Elliott [eds.] 2008 Klemens 1993 Krysko, Enge & Moler 2019 LeClere 2013 Lohoefener & Altig 1983 Lynch 1985 Meade 1991 Michener & Lazell 1989 Minton 1972 Minton 2001 Mirarchi 2004 Mitchell 1994 Mount 1975 New Hampshire Wildlife Action Plan 2005 Niemiller, Reynolds & Miller 2013 Oldfield & Moriarty 1994 Palmer & Braswell 1995 Phillips, Brandon & Moll 1999 Scott & Redmond 2008 Sievert & Sievert 1993 Smith 1956 Smith 1961 Taggart, Collins & Schmidt 2010 Tarter 2013 Tennant 2003 Trauth, Robison & Plummer 2004 Vance 1985 Vitt & Laerm 1982 Vogt 1981 Warfel 2011 Watermolen & Murrell 2001 White & White 2002 Wright & Wright 1952   * Heterodon simus Southern Hognose Snake Ashton & Ashton 1988 Behler & King 1979 Camper 2001 Camper 2019 Conant & Collins 1998 Gibbons & Dorcas 2005 Guyer, Bailey & Mount 2018 Jensen, Camp, Gibbons & Elliott [eds.] 2008 Krysko, Enge & Moler 2019 Lohoefener & Altig 1983 Martof, Palmer, Bailey & Harrison 1980 Meylan 1985 Mirarchi 2004 Mount 1975 Palmer & Braswell 1995 Price & Dorcas 2011 Savannah River Ecology Laboratory 2013 Tennant 2003 Vitt & Laerm 1982 Wright & Wright 1952 Genus Hypsiglena (North American Night Snakes)   Hypsiglena chlorophaea Desert Night Snake Arizona Game and Fish Department 2002 Banta 1965 Bartlett & Bartlett 2013 Behler & King 1979 Degenhardt, Painter & Price 1996 Enderson & Bezy 2010 Enderson, Quijada-Mascarenas, Turner, Rosen & Bezy 2009 Groves 1994 [as torquata] Hammerson 1999 Lowe 1964 [as torquata] Maslin 1959 Mulcahy 2008 Nussbaum, Brodie & Storm 1983 [as torquata] Schmidt 1953 Slater 1941 [as Leptodeira torquata ochrorhyncha] Slater 1963 Stebbins & McGinnis 2012 Tanner 1975 Weaver 2010 Wright & Wright 1952 Young 2011   Hypsiglena janii Chihuahuan Night Snake Bartlett & Bartlett 2013 Behler & King 1979 Conant & Collins 1998 Degenhardt, Painter & Price 1996 Dixon 2013 Enderson & Bezy 2010 Enderson, Quijada-Mascarenas, Turner, Rosen & Bezy 2009 Hammerson 1999 Maslin 1959 Mulcahy 2008 Schmidt 1953 Sievert & Sievert 1993 Smith 1956 Taggart, Collins & Schmidt 2010 [as chlorophaea] Wright & Wright 1952 Young 2011   Hypsiglena ochrorhyncha Coast Night Snake Behler & King 1979 Johnson 1942 Mulcahy 2008 Schmidt 1953 Stebbins & McGinnis 2012 Wright & Wright 1952 Genus Lampropeltis (King Snakes and Milk Snakes)   Lampropeltis alterna Grey-banded Kingsnake Bartlett & Bartlett 2013 Behler & King 1979 Conant & Collins 1998 Degenhardt, Painter & Price 1996 Dixon 2013 Gehlbach & Baker 1962 Gehlbach 1967 Hansen & Salmon 2017 Markel 1990 Painter, Hyder & Swinford 1992 Stebbins 2003 Wright & Wright 1952   Lampropeltis californiae California Kingsnake Arizona Game and Fish Department 2002 Banta 1965 Bartlett & Bartlett 2013 Behler & King 1979 Brennan & Holycross 2006 Davenport, Stuart & Sias 1998 Enderson & Bezy 2010 [as getula] Hammerson 1999 Markel 1990 Nussbaum, Brodie & Storm 1983 [as getulus] Schmidt 1953 Shofner 2007 [as getula] Stebbins & McGinnis 2012 Stebbins 1972 [as getulus] Stebbins 2003 Tanner 1975 Wright & Wright 1952 Young 2011 [as getula]   * Lampropeltis calligaster Prarie Kingsnake Anderson 1965 Ballinger, Lynch & Smith 2010 Barbour 1971 Behler & King 1979 Blaney 1979 Christiansen & Bailey 1990 Collins 1964 Conant & Collins 1998 Daniel & Edmond 2006 Dixon 2013 Dundee & Rossman 1989 Ernst & Ernst 2003 Gentry 1956 Guyer, Bailey & Mount 2018 LeClere 2013 Lohoefener & Altig 1983 Lynch 1985 Markel 1990 Meade 1991 Minton 1972 Minton 2001 Mirarchi 2004 Niemiller, Reynolds & Miller 2013 Phillips, Brandon & Moll 1999 Sievert & Sievert 1993 Smith 1956 Smith 1961 Taggart, Collins & Schmidt 2010 Trauth, Robison & Plummer 2004 Vance 1985 Wright & Wright 1952   * Lampropeltis elapsoides Scarlet Kingsnake Ashton & Ashton 1988 [as triangulum] Beane 2013 Behler & King 1979 Camper 2019 Collins 1964 [as doliata] Conant & Collins 1998 Dundee & Rossman 1989 Gentry 1956 [as doliata temporalis] Gibbons & Dorcas 2005 [as triangulum] Gibbons & Dorcas 2005 [part] [as triangulum] Guyer, Bailey & Mount 2018 Herman & Putnam 1979 Jensen, Camp, Gibbons & Elliott [eds.] 2008 Krysko, Enge & Moler 2019 Lohoefener & Altig 1983 Markel 1990 Meade 1991 Mirarchi 2004 Mount 1975 Niemiller, Reynolds & Miller 2013 Palmer & Braswell 1995 Price & Dorcas 2011 [as triangulum] Ruane 2015 Ruane, Bryson, Pyron & Burbrink 2014 Savannah River Ecology Laboratory 2013 Scott & Redmond 2008 [part] [as triangulum] Tennant 2003 Vitt & Laerm 1982 White & White 2002 Wright & Wright 1952 [as triangulum]   * Lampropeltis extenuata Short-tailed King Snake Ashton & Ashton 1988 Behler & King 1979 Conant & Collins 1998 Gibbons & Dorcas 2005 Krysko, Enge & Moler 2019 Tennant 2003 Wright & Wright 1952   * Lampropeltis floridana Florida Kingsnake Behler & King 1979 Krysko, Enge & Moler 2019 Markel 1990 Schmidt 1953 Tennant 2003 Vitt & Laerm 1982 Wright & Wright 1952   Lampropeltis gentilis Northwestern Milk Snake Arizona Game and Fish Department 2002 Ballinger, Lynch & Smith 2010 Ballinger, Meeker & Thies 2000 Bartlett & Bartlett 2013 Baxter & Stone 1985 [as triangulum multistriata] Behler & King 1979 Brennan & Holycross 2006 [as triangulum] Conant & Collins 1998 Degenhardt, Painter & Price 1996 Dixon 2013 Douglas 1966 [as triangulum] Duran 2021 [as L. annulata] Enderson & Bezy 2010 [as triangulum] Fishbeck & Underhill 1959 Gibbons & Dorcas 2005 [part] [as triangulum] Hammerson 1999 Lowe 1964 [as doliata] Lynch 1985 [as triangulum] Markel 1990 Maslin 1959 Mulks 2005 Ruane 2015 Ruane, Bryson, Pyron & Burbrink 2014 Shofner 2007 [as triangulum] Sievert & Sievert 1993 [as syspila] Smith 1956 [as syspila] Taggart, Collins & Schmidt 2010 [as triangulum] Tanner 1975 Thompson 1982 [as triangulum] Werner, Maxell, Hendricks & Flath 2004 Wright & Wright 1952 Young 2011 [as triangulum]   * Lampropeltis getula Eastern Kingsnake Arndt 1985 Ashton & Ashton 1988 Beane 2013 Behler & King 1979 Camper 2001 Camper 2019 Conant & Collins 1998 Conant 1945 Fowler 1907 Gentry 1956 Green & Pauley 1987 Guyer, Bailey & Mount 2018 Harris 1975 Hulse, McCoy & Censky 2001 Jensen, Camp, Gibbons & Elliott [eds.] 2008 Krysko, Enge & Moler 2019 Markel 1990 Martof, Palmer, Bailey & Harrison 1980 Mirarchi 2004 Mitchell 1994 Mount 1975 Palmer & Braswell 1995 Savannah River Ecology Laboratory 2013 Schmidt 1953 Scott & Redmond 2008 Tennant 2003 Vitt & Laerm 1982 White & White 2002 Winne, Willson, Todd, Andrews & Gibbons 2007 Wright & Wright 1952   * Lampropeltis holbrooki Speckled Kingsnake Anderson 1965 Ballinger, Lynch & Smith 2010 Barbour 1971 Behler & King 1979 Boback, Link, Bergman, Hill, Montgomery, Hobert & MacKessy 1996 [as getula] Christiansen & Bailey 1990 Collins 1964 Conant & Collins 1998 Daniel & Edmond 2006 [as getula] Dixon 2013 Dundee & Rossman 1989 Duran 2021 Gentry 1956 Guyer, Bailey & Mount 2018 Hammerson 1999 [as holbrooki X splendida] LeClere 2013 Lohoefener & Altig 1983 Lynch 1985 [as getulus] Markel 1990 Meade 1991 Mirarchi 2004 Mount 1975 Phillips, Brandon & Moll 1999 Schmidt 1953 Sievert & Sievert 1993 Smith 1956 Smith 1961 Taggart, Collins & Schmidt 2010 Trauth, Robison & Plummer 2004 Vance 1985 Wright & Wright 1952   Lampropeltis knoblochi Chihuahuan Mountain Kingsnake Brennan & Holycross 2006 [as L. pyromelana [part]] Hammerson 2019   * Lampropeltis meansi Apalachicola Lowlands Kingsnake Krysko & Judd 2006 Krysko, Enge & Moler 2019   * Lampropeltis nigra Eastern Black Kingsnake Barbour 1971 Behler & King 1979 Collins 1964 Conant & Collins 1998 Conant 1951 Daniel & Edmond 2014 Daniel, Edmond & Briggler 2014 Edmond & Daniel 2014 Gentry 1956 Green & Pauley 1987 Guyer, Bailey & Mount 2018 Jensen, Camp, Gibbons & Elliott [eds.] 2008 Lohoefener & Altig 1983 Markel 1990 Meade 1991 Minton 1972 Minton 2001 Mirarchi 2004 Mitchell 1994 Mount 1975 Niemiller, Reynolds & Miller 2013 Phillips, Brandon & Moll 1999 Schmidt 1953 Smith 1961 Vitt & Laerm 1982 Wright & Wright 1952   Lampropeltis nigrita Mexican Black Kingsnake Arizona Game and Fish Department 2002 [as getula] Behler & King 1979 [as getula] Brennan & Holycross 2006 [as getula] Stebbins 2003 [as getula]   * Lampropeltis occipitolineata South Florida Mole Snake Conant & Collins 1998 Ernst & Ernst 2003 Krysko, Enge & Moler 2019 Markel 1990 Price 1987 Tennant 2003   * Lampropeltis pyromelana Sonoran Mountain Kingsnake Arizona Game and Fish Department 2002 Banta 1965 Bartlett & Bartlett 2013 Behler & King 1979 Brennan & Holycross 2006 [[part]] Degenhardt, Painter & Price 1996 Enderson & Bezy 2010 Hammerson & Mendoza-Quijano 2019 Lowe 1964 Markel 1990 Shofner 2007 Stebbins 2003 Tanner 1953 Tanner 1975 Tanner 1983 Wright & Wright 1952   * Lampropeltis rhombomaculata Brown King Snake Behler & King 1979 Blaney 1979 [as calligaster] Camper 2019 Conant & Collins 1998 Dundee & Rossman 1989 Ernst & Ernst 2003 Gentry 1956 Gibbons & Dorcas 2005 [as calligaster] Guyer, Bailey & Mount 2018 Harris 1975 Jensen, Camp, Gibbons & Elliott [eds.] 2008 Krysko, Enge & Moler 2019 Lohoefener & Altig 1983 Markel 1990 Mirarchi 2004 Mitchell 1994 Mount 1975 Niemiller, Reynolds & Miller 2013 Palmer & Braswell 1995 Savannah River Ecology Laboratory 2013 [as calligaster] Tennant 2003 Vitt & Laerm 1982 Wright & Wright 1952   Lampropeltis splendida Desert Kingsnake Arizona Game and Fish Department 2002 Bartlett & Bartlett 2013 Behler & King 1979 Brennan & Holycross 2006 Conant & Collins 1998 Degenhardt, Painter & Price 1996 Dixon 2013 Duran 2021 Hammerson 1999 [as holbrooki X splendida] Lemos-Espinal & Smith 2007 Markel 1990 Schmidt 1953 Stebbins 2003 Wright & Wright 1952 Young 2011 [as getula]   Lampropeltis triangulum Eastern Milk Snake Anderson 1965 Andrews 2002 Ballinger, Meeker & Thies 2000 Barbour 1971 Behler & King 1979 Camper 2019 Casper 2008 Christiansen & Bailey 1990 Collins 1964 Conant & Collins 1998 Conant 1945 Conant 1951 Daniel & Edmond 2006 DeGraaf & Rudis 1983 Dixon 2013 Drowne 1905 Dundee & Rossman 1989 Fowler 1907 Gentry 1956 Gibbons & Dorcas 2005 Gibbons & Dorcas 2005 [part] Gibbs, Breisch, Ducey, Johnson, Behler & Bothner 2007 Green & Pauley 1987 Guyer, Bailey & Mount 2018 Harris 1975 Holman 2012 Holman, Harding, Hensley & Dudderar 1989 Hulse, McCoy & Censky 2001 Hunter, Albright & Arbuckle 1992 Hunter, Calhoun & McCollough 1999 Jensen, Camp, Gibbons & Elliott [eds.] 2008 Klemens 1993 LeClere 2013 Lohoefener & Altig 1983 Markel 1990 Martof, Palmer, Bailey & Harrison 1980 Meade 1991 Minton 1972 Minton 2001 Mirarchi 2004 Mitchell 1994 Mount 1975 Niemiller, Reynolds & Miller 2013 Oldfield & Moriarty 1994 Olson 1987 Palmer & Braswell 1995 Phillips, Brandon & Moll 1999 Ruane 2015 Ruane, Bryson, Pyron & Burbrink 2014 Scott & Redmond 2008 [part] Sievert & Sievert 1993 Smith 1961 Stebbins 2003 Trauth, Robison & Plummer 2004 Vance 1985 Vitt & Laerm 1982 Vogt 1981 Watermolen & Murrell 2001 White & White 2002 Wright & Wright 1952 [as doliata]   Lampropeltis zonata California Mountain Kingsnake Behler & King 1979 Johnson 1942 Markel 1990 Nussbaum, Brodie & Storm 1983 Slater 1963 Stebbins & McGinnis 2012 Stebbins 1972 Stebbins 2003 Wright & Wright 1952 Zweifel 1974 Genus Leptodeira (Typical Cat-eyed Snakes)   Leptodeira septentrionalis Northern Cat-eyed Snake Barrio-Amoros 2019 Behler & King 1979 Conant & Collins 1998 Dixon 2013 Duellman 1958 Wright & Wright 1952 Genus Liodytes (North American Swamp Snakes)   * Liodytes alleni Striped Crayfish Snake Ashton & Ashton 1988 Behler & King 1979 Conant & Collins 1998 Gibbons & Dorcas 2004 Gibbons & Dorcas 2005 Jensen, Camp, Gibbons & Elliott (eds.) 2008 Krysko, Enge & Moler 2019 Lawson 1987 Tennant 2003 Vitt & Laerm 1982 Wright & Wright 1952   * Liodytes pygaea Black Swamp Snake Ashton & Ashton 1988 Behler & King 1979 Camper 2019 Conant & Collins 1998 Gibbons & Dorcas 2004 Gibbons & Dorcas 2005 Guyer, Bailey & Mount 2018 Jensen, Camp, Gibbons & Elliott (eds.) 2008 Krysko, Enge & Moler 2019 Martof, Palmer, Bailey & Harrison 1980 Mirarchi 2004 Mount 1975 Palmer & Braswell 1995 Price & Dorcas 2011 Savannah River Ecology Laboratory 2013 Tennant 2003 Vitt & Laerm 1982 Wright & Wright 1952   * Liodytes rigida Glossy Crayfish Snake Ashton & Ashton 1988 Behler & King 1979 Camper 2001 Camper 2019 Conant & Collins 1998 Dixon 2013 Dundee & Rossman 1989 Gibbons & Dorcas 2004 Gibbons & Dorcas 2005 Guyer, Bailey & Mount 2018 Jensen, Camp, Gibbons & Elliott (eds.) 2008 Krysko, Enge & Moler 2019 Lawson 1987 Lohoefener & Altig 1983 Martof, Palmer, Bailey & Harrison 1980 Mirarchi 2004 Mitchell 1994 Mount 1975 Palmer & Braswell 1995 Savannah River Ecology Laboratory 2013 Sievert & Sievert 1993 Tennant 2003 Trauth, Robison & Plummer 2004 Vance 1985 Vitt & Laerm 1982 Wright & Wright 1952 Genus Masticophis (North American Whip Snakes and Coachwhips)   Masticophis bilineatus Sonoran Whip Snake Arizona Game and Fish Department 2002 Bartlett & Bartlett 2013 Behler & King 1979 Brennan & Holycross 2006 Camper & Dixon 1994 Degenhardt, Painter & Price 1996 Enderson & Bezy 2010 Lowe 1964 Stebbins 2003 Wright & Wright 1952   Masticophis flagellum Common Coachwhip Anderson 1965 Arizona Game and Fish Department 2002 Ashton & Ashton 1988 Ballinger, Lynch & Smith 2010 Barbour 1971 Bartlett & Bartlett 2013 Behler & King 1979 Brennan & Holycross 2006 Camper 2001 Camper 2010 Camper 2019 Collins & Hirschfeld 1971 Collins 1964 Conant & Collins 1998 Daniel & Edmond 2006 Degenhardt, Painter & Price 1996 Dixon 2013 Dundee & Rossman 1989 Duran 2021 Enderson & Bezy 2010 Gentry 1956 Gibbons & Dorcas 2005 Guyer, Bailey & Mount 2018 Hammerson 1999 Jensen, Camp, Gibbons & Elliott (eds.) 2008 Krysko, Enge & Moler 2019 Lohoefener & Altig 1983 Lowe 1964 Lynch 1985 Martof, Palmer, Bailey & Harrison 1980 Maslin 1959 Meade 1991 Mirarchi 2004 Mount 1975 Niemiller, Reynolds & Miller 2013 Palmer & Braswell 1995 Phillips, Brandon & Moll 1999 Savannah River Ecology Laboratory 2013 Scott & Redmond 2008 Sievert & Sievert 1993 Smith 1956 Smith 1961 Stebbins 2003 Taggart, Collins & Schmidt 2010 Tennant 2003 Trauth, Robison & Plummer 2004 Vance 1985 Vitt & Laerm 1982 Wilson 1973 Wright & Wright 1952 Young 2011   Masticophis fuliginosus Baja California Coachwhip Behler & King 1979 Grismer 2002 Stebbins & McGinnis 2012 Stebbins 2003   Masticophis lateralis Pacific Striped Whip Snake Behler & King 1979 Conant & Collins 1998 Jennings 1983 Stebbins & McGinnis 2012 Stebbins 1972 Stebbins 2003 Wright & Wright 1952   Masticophis piceus Western Coachwhip Arizona Game and Fish Department 2002 Banta 1965 Bartlett & Bartlett 2013 Behler & King 1979 Degenhardt, Painter & Price 1996 O'Connell & Smith 2018 Shofner 2007 [as flagellum] Stebbins & McGinnis 2012 Stebbins 1972 [as flagellum] Tanner 1975 Wilson 1973 [as M. flagellum] Wright & Wright 1952   Masticophis schotti Eastern Striped Whip Snake Behler & King 1979 Camper & Dixon 1994 Conant & Collins 1998 Dixon 2013 Wright & Wright 1952   Masticophis taeniatus Western Striped Whip Snake Arizona Game and Fish Department 2002 Banta 1965 Bartlett & Bartlett 2013 Behler & King 1979 Brennan & Holycross 2006 Camper & Dixon 1994 Conant & Collins 1998 Degenhardt, Painter & Price 1996 Dixon 2013 Enderson & Bezy 2010 Groves 1994 Hammerson 1999 Hubbard 2011 Johnson 1942 Lowe 1964 Maslin 1959 Nussbaum, Brodie & Storm 1983 Parker 1982 Shofner 2007 Slater 1941 Slater 1963 Stebbins & McGinnis 2012 Stebbins 1972 Stebbins 2003 Tanner 1975 Wright & Wright 1952 Young 2011 Genus Nerodia (North American Water Snakes)   * Nerodia clarkii Salt Marsh Water Snake Behler & King 1979 Conant & Collins 1998 Dixon 2013 Dundee & Rossman 1989 Duran 2021 Gibbons & Dorcas 2004 Gibbons & Dorcas 2005 Guyer, Bailey & Mount 2018 Krysko, Enge & Moler 2019 Lawson 1987 Lohoefener & Altig 1983 Mirarchi 2004 Mount 1975 Schmidt 1953 Tennant 2003 Wright & Wright 1952   Nerodia cyclopion Western Green Water Snake Anderson 1965 Ashton & Ashton 1988 Barbour 1971 Behler & King 1979 Collins 1964 Conant & Collins 1998 Daniel & Edmond 2006 Dixon 2013 Dundee & Rossman 1989 Gentry 1956 Gibbons & Dorcas 2004 Gibbons & Dorcas 2005 Guyer, Bailey & Mount 2018 Krysko, Enge & Moler 2019 Lawson 1987 Lohoefener & Altig 1983 Meade 1991 Mirarchi 2004 Mount 1975 Niemiller, Reynolds & Miller 2013 Phillips, Brandon & Moll 1999 Schmidt 1953 Scott & Redmond 2008 Smith 1961 Tennant 2003 Trauth, Robison & Plummer 2004 Vance 1985 Wright & Wright 1952   Nerodia erythrogaster Plain-bellied Water Snake Anderson 1965 Ashton & Ashton 1988 Barbour 1971 Bartlett & Bartlett 2013 Behler & King 1979 Camper 2001 Camper 2010 Camper 2019 Christiansen & Bailey 1990 Collins 1964 Conant & Collins 1998 Conant 1951 Daniel & Edmond 2006 Degenhardt, Painter & Price 1996 Dixon 2013 Dundee & Rossman 1989 Gentry 1956 Gibbons & Dorcas 2004 Gibbons & Dorcas 2005 Guyer, Bailey & Mount 2018 Harris 1975 Holman 2012 Holman, Harding, Hensley & Dudderar 1989 Jensen, Camp, Gibbons & Elliott (eds.) 2008 Krysko, Enge & Moler 2019 Lawson 1987 LeClere 2013 Lohoefener & Altig 1983 Martof, Palmer, Bailey & Harrison 1980 McCranie 1990 Meade 1991 Minton 1972 Minton 2001 Mirarchi 2004 Mitchell 1994 Mount 1975 Niemiller, Reynolds & Miller 2013 Palmer & Braswell 1995 Phillips, Brandon & Moll 1999 Savannah River Ecology Laboratory 2013 Scott & Redmond 2008 Sievert & Sievert 1993 Smith 1956 Smith 1961 Stebbins 2003 Taggart, Collins & Schmidt 2010 Tennant 2003 Trauth, Robison & Plummer 2004 Vance 1985 Vitt & Laerm 1982 White & White 2002 Wright & Wright 1952   * Nerodia fasciata North American Banded Water Snake Anderson 1965 Ashton & Ashton 1988 Barbour 1971 Behler & King 1979 Camper 2010 Camper 2019 Collins 1964 Conant & Collins 1998 Daniel & Edmond 2006 Dixon 2013 Dundee & Rossman 1989 Gentry 1956 Gibbons & Dorcas 2004 Gibbons & Dorcas 2005 Guyer, Bailey & Mount 2018 Jensen, Camp, Gibbons & Elliott (eds.) 2008 Krysko, Enge & Moler 2019 Lawson 1987 Lohoefener & Altig 1983 Martof, Palmer, Bailey & Harrison 1980 Meade 1991 Mirarchi 2004 Mount 1975 Niemiller, Reynolds & Miller 2013 Palmer & Braswell 1995 Phillips, Brandon & Moll 1999 Savannah River Ecology Laboratory 2013 Schmidt 1953 Scott & Redmond 2008 Sievert & Sievert 1993 Smith 1961 Tennant 2003 Trauth, Robison & Plummer 2004 Vance 1985 Vitt & Laerm 1982 Wright & Wright 1952   * Nerodia floridana Eastern Green Water Snake Behler & King 1979 Camper 2019 Conant & Collins 1998 Gibbons & Dorcas 2004 Gibbons & Dorcas 2005 Guyer, Bailey & Mount 2018 Jensen, Camp, Gibbons & Elliott (eds.) 2008 Krysko, Enge & Moler 2019 Lawson 1987 Mirarchi 2004 Mount 1975 Price & Dorcas 2011 Savannah River Ecology Laboratory 2013 Tennant 2003 Vitt & Laerm 1982 Wright & Wright 1952   * Nerodia harteri Brazos River Water Snake Behler & King 1979 Conant & Collins 1998 Dixon 2013 Gibbons & Dorcas 2004 Lawson 1987 Mecham 1983 Wright & Wright 1952   * Nerodia paucimaculata Concho Water Snake Behler & King 1979 Conant & Collins 1998 Dixon 2013 Gibbons & Dorcas 2004 Mecham 1983   Nerodia rhombifer Diamondback Water Snake Anderson 1965 Barbour 1971 Behler & King 1979 Christiansen & Bailey 1990 Collins 1964 Conant & Collins 1998 Daniel & Edmond 2006 Dixon 2013 Dundee & Rossman 1989 Duran 2021 Gentry 1956 Gibbons & Dorcas 2004 Gibbons & Dorcas 2005 Guyer, Bailey & Mount 2018 Krysko, Enge & Moler 2019 Lawson 1987 LeClere 2013 Lohoefener & Altig 1983 McAllister 1985 Meade 1991 Minton 1972 Minton 2001 Mirarchi 2004 Mount 1975 Niemiller, Reynolds & Miller 2013 Phillips, Brandon & Moll 1999 Scott & Redmond 2008 Sievert & Sievert 1993 Smith 1956 Smith 1961 Taggart, Collins & Schmidt 2010 Trauth, Robison & Plummer 2004 Vance 1985 Wright & Wright 1952   Nerodia sipedon Northern Water Snake Anderson 1965 Andrews 2002 Ashton & Ashton 1988 Ballinger, Lynch & Smith 2010 Ballinger, Meeker & Thies 2000 Barbour 1971 Behler & King 1979 Camper 2019 Casper 2008 Christiansen & Bailey 1990 Collins 1964 Conant & Collins 1998 Conant 1945 Conant 1951 Daniel & Edmond 2006 DeGraaf & Rudis 1983 Dixon 2013 Drowne 1905 Dundee & Rossman 1989 Fowler 1907 Gentry 1956 Gibbons & Dorcas 2004 Gibbons & Dorcas 2005 Gibbs, Breisch, Ducey, Johnson, Behler & Bothner 2007 Green & Pauley 1987 Guyer, Bailey & Mount 2018 Hammerson 1999 Harris 1975 Holman 2012 Holman, Harding, Hensley & Dudderar 1989 Hulse, McCoy & Censky 2001 Hunter, Albright & Arbuckle 1992 Hunter, Calhoun & McCollough 1999 Jensen, Camp, Gibbons & Elliott (eds.) 2008 Klemens 1993 Krysko, Enge & Moler 2019 Lawson 1987 LeClere 2013 Lohoefener & Altig 1983 Lynch 1985 Martof, Palmer, Bailey & Harrison 1980 Maslin 1959 Meade 1991 Minton 1972 Minton 2001 Mirarchi 2004 Mitchell 1994 Mount 1975 Niemiller, Reynolds & Miller 2013 Oldfield & Moriarty 1994 Palmer & Braswell 1995 Phillips, Brandon & Moll 1999 Savannah River Ecology Laboratory 2013 Scott & Redmond 2008 Sievert & Sievert 1993 Smith 1956 Smith 1961 Stebbins 2003 Taggart, Collins & Schmidt 2010 Tennant 2003 Trauth, Robison & Plummer 2004 Vance 1985 Vitt & Laerm 1982 Vogt 1981 Watermolen & Murrell 2001 White & White 2002 Wright & Wright 1952 Young 2011   * Nerodia taxispilota American Brown Water Snake Ashton & Ashton 1988 Beane 2013 Behler & King 1979 Camper 2010 Camper 2019 Conant & Collins 1998 Gibbons & Dorcas 2004 Gibbons & Dorcas 2005 Guyer, Bailey & Mount 2018 Jensen, Camp, Gibbons & Elliott (eds.) 2008 Krysko, Enge & Moler 2019 Lawson 1987 Martof, Palmer, Bailey & Harrison 1980 McCranie 1983 Mirarchi 2004 Mitchell 1994 Mount 1975 Palmer & Braswell 1995 Savannah River Ecology Laboratory 2013 Tennant 2003 Vitt & Laerm 1982 Wright & Wright 1952 Genus Opheodrys (North American Green Snakes)   Opheodrys aestivus Rough Green Snake Anderson 1965 Ashton & Ashton 1988 Barbour 1971 Beane 2013 Behler & King 1979 Camper 2010 Camper 2019 Collins 1964 Conant & Collins 1998 Conant 1945 Conant 1951 Daniel & Edmond 2006 Dixon 2013 Dundee & Rossman 1989 Fowler 1907 Gentry 1956 Gibbons & Dorcas 2005 Green & Pauley 1987 Guyer, Bailey & Mount 2018 Harris 1975 Hulse, McCoy & Censky 2001 Jensen, Camp, Gibbons & Elliott (eds.) 2008 Krysko, Enge & Moler 2019 Lohoefener & Altig 1983 Martof, Palmer, Bailey & Harrison 1980 Meade 1991 Minton 1972 Minton 2001 Mirarchi 2004 Mitchell 1994 Mount 1975 Niemiller, Reynolds & Miller 2013 Nugent, Escobar, Conradi & Walters 1989 Palmer & Braswell 1995 Phillips, Brandon & Moll 1999 Savannah River Ecology Laboratory 2013 Scott & Redmond 2008 Sievert & Sievert 1993 Smith 1956 Smith 1961 Taggart, Collins & Schmidt 2010 Tennant 2003 Trauth, Robison & Plummer 2004 Vance 1985 Vitt & Laerm 1982 White & White 2002 Wright & Wright 1952   Opheodrys vernalis Smooth Green Snake Anderson 1965 Andrews 2002 Ballinger, Lynch & Smith 2010 Ballinger, Meeker & Thies 2000 Bartlett & Bartlett 2013 Baxter & Stone 1985 Behler & King 1979 Casper 2008 Christiansen & Bailey 1990 Conant & Collins 1998 Conant 1951 Daniel & Edmond 2006 Davis & Letsche 2009 Degenhardt, Painter & Price 1996 DeGraaf & Rudis 1983 Dixon 2013 Douglas 1966 Drowne 1905 Fishbeck & Underhill 1959 Fowler 1907 Gibbons & Dorcas 2005 Gibbs, Breisch, Ducey, Johnson, Behler & Bothner 2007 Green & Pauley 1987 Hammerson 1999 Harris 1975 Holman 2012 Holman, Harding, Hensley & Dudderar 1989 Hulse, McCoy & Censky 2001 Hunter, Albright & Arbuckle 1992 Hunter, Calhoun & McCollough 1999 Johnson 2015 Klemens 1993 LeClere 2013 Lynch 1985 Martof, Palmer, Bailey & Harrison 1980 Maslin 1959 Minton 1972 Minton 2001 Mitchell 1994 New Hampshire Wildlife Action Plan 2005 Oldfield & Moriarty 1994 Olson 1987 Phillips, Brandon & Moll 1999 Shofner 2007 Smith 1961 Stebbins 2003 Tanner 1975 Thompson 1982 Vogt 1981 Watermolen & Murrell 2001 Werner, Maxell, Hendricks & Flath 2004 Wheeler & Wheeler 1966 Wright & Wright 1952 Young 2011 Genus Oxybelis (Neotropical Vine Snakes)   Oxybelis microphthalmus Thornscrub Vine Snake Arizona Game and Fish Department 2002 [as aeneus] Barbour & Amaral 1926 Behler & King 1979 [as aeneus] Brennan & Holycross 2006 [as aeneus] Enderson & Bezy 2010 [as aeneus] Jadin, Blair, Orlofske, Jowers, Rivas, Vitt, Ray, Smith & Murphy 2020 Keiser 1974 [as aeneus] Keiser 1982 [as aeneus] Lowe 1964 [as aeneus] Stebbins 2003 [as aeneus] Wright & Wright 1952 Genus Pantherophis (North American Rat Snakes)   Pantherophis alleghaniensis Grey Rat Snake Anderson 1965 [as spiloides] Barbour 1971 [as spiloides] Behler & King 1979 [as spiloides] Burbrink 2001 [as spiloides] Casper 2008 [as spiloides] Collins 1964 [as spiloides] Conant 1951 [as obsoleta] Dowling 1952 [as spiloides] Gentry 1956 [as spiloides] Green & Pauley 1987 [as obsoleta] Guyer, Bailey & Mount 2018 [as P. obsoletus] Holman 2012 [as spiloides] Holman, Harding, Hensley & Dudderar 1989 [as Elaphe o. obsoleta] Jensen, Camp, Gibbons & Elliott (eds.) 2008 [as spiloides] Krysko, Enge & Moler 2019 [as "P. obsoletus complex"] Lohoefener & Altig 1983 [as spiloides] Minton 2001 [as spiloides] Mirarchi 2004 [as Elaphe obsoleta] Mount 1975 [as spiloides] Niemiller, Reynolds & Miller 2013 [as spiloides] Phillips, Brandon & Moll 1999 [as spiloides] Schulz 1996 [as obsoletus] Scott & Redmond 2008 [as spiloides] Smith 1961 [as spiloides] Tennant 2003 [as spiloides] Vitt & Laerm 1982 [as spiloides] Vogt 1981 [as Elaphe obsoleta] Watermolen & Murrell 2001 [as obsoletus] Wright & Wright 1952 [as obsoleta]   Pantherophis bairdi Rio Grande Rat Snake Behler & King 1979 Burbrink 2001 Conant & Collins 1998 Dixon 2013 Dowling 1952 Wright & Wright 1952   Pantherophis emoryi Great Plains Rat Snake Anderson 1965 Ballinger, Lynch & Smith 2010 Bartlett & Bartlett 2013 Behler & King 1979 Burbrink 2002 Conant & Collins 1998 Daniel & Edmond 2006 Degenhardt, Painter & Price 1996 Dixon 2013 Dowling 1952 Dundee & Rossman 1989 Duran 2021 Hammerson 1999 Lynch 1985 [as Elaphe guttata] Maslin 1959 Phillips, Brandon & Moll 1999 Schulz 1996 Shofner 2007 Sievert & Sievert 1993 Smith 1956 Smith 1961 Stebbins 2003 Taggart, Collins & Schmidt 2010 Tanner 1975 Trauth, Robison & Plummer 2004 Vance 1985 Wright & Wright 1952 Young 2011   * Pantherophis guttatus Red Corn Snake Arndt 1985 Ashton & Ashton 1988 Barbour 1971 Behler & King 1979 Camper 2001 Camper 2010 Camper 2019 Collins 1964 Conant & Collins 1998 Conant 1945 Dixon 2013 Dowling 1952 Dundee & Rossman 1989 Gentry 1956 Gibbons & Dorcas 2005 Green & Pauley 1987 Guyer, Bailey & Mount 2018 Harris 1975 Hulse, McCoy & Censky 2001 Jensen, Camp, Gibbons & Elliott (eds.) 2008 Krysko, Enge & Moler 2019 Lohoefener & Altig 1983 Meade 1991 Mirarchi 2004 Mitchell 1994 Mount 1975 Niemiller, Reynolds & Miller 2013 Palmer & Braswell 1995 Savannah River Ecology Laboratory 2013 Schulz 1996 Scott & Redmond 2008 Stebbins 2003 Tennant 2003 Vance 1985 Vitt & Laerm 1982 White & White 2002 Wright & Wright 1952   * Pantherophis obsoletus Western Rat Snake Anderson 1965 Ballinger, Lynch & Smith 2010 Behler & King 1979 Burbrink 2001 Christiansen & Bailey 1990 Daniel & Edmond 2006 Dixon 2013 Dowling 1952 Dundee & Rossman 1989 Duran 2021 Irwin, Miller & Taggart 1992 Lynch 1985 Oldfield & Moriarty 1994 Schulz 1996 Sievert & Sievert 1993 Smith 1956 Taggart, Collins & Schmidt 2010 Trauth, Robison & Plummer 2004 Vance 1985 Wright & Wright 1952   * Pantherophis quadrivittatus Eastern Rat Snake Andrews 2002 [as Elaphe o. obsoletus] Barbour 1971 [as Elaphe o. obsoleta] Behler & King 1979 [as obsoletus] Burbrink 2001 [as alleghaniensis] Camper 2001 [as obsoletus] Camper 2010 [as obsoletus] Camper 2019 [as P. alleghaniensis] Collins 1964 [as obsoletus] Conant 1945 [as E. o. obsoleta] DeGraaf & Rudis 1983 [as obsoleta] Dowling 1952 [as obsoletus] Fowler 1907 [as Elaphe obsoletus] Gibbs, Breisch, Ducey, Johnson, Behler & Bothner 2007 [as Elaphe a.] Harris 1975 [as Elaphe o. obsoleta] Hulse, McCoy & Censky 2001 [as Elaphe obsoleta] Jensen, Camp, Gibbons & Elliott (eds.) 2008 [as Elaphe obsoleta] Klemens 1993 [as Elaphe obsoleta] Krysko, Enge & Moler 2019 [as "P. obsoletus complex"] Martof, Palmer, Bailey & Harrison 1980 [as obsoletus] Meade 1991 [as obsoletus] Mitchell 1994 [as Elaphe o. obsoleta] Palmer & Braswell 1995 [as obsoletus] Savannah River Ecology Laboratory 2013 [as obsoletus] Schulz 1996 [as obsoletus] Tennant 2003 [as Elaphe obsoleta rossalleni] Thompson 2012 [as alleghaniensis] Vitt & Laerm 1982 [as Elaphe obsoleta] White & White 2002 [as Elaphe o. obsoleta] Wright & Wright 1952 [as obsoletus]   * Pantherophis ramspotti Western Fox Snake Ballinger, Lynch & Smith 2010 [as vulpinus] Ballinger, Meeker & Thies 2000 [as vulpina] Behler & King 1979 [as vulpinus] Christiansen & Bailey 1990 [as vulpinus] Crother, White, Savage, Eckstut, Graham & Gardner 2011 Dowling 1952 [as vulpinus] Fishbeck & Underhill 1959 [as vulpinus] LeClere 2013 Lynch 1985 [as Elaphe vulpina] Oldfield & Moriarty 1994 [as vulpinus] Powell 1990 [as Elaphe vulpina] Schulz 1996 [as vulpinus] Wright & Wright 1952 [as vulpinus]   Pantherophis vulpinus Eastern Fox Snake Anderson 1965 Behler & King 1979 Casper 2008 Conant & Collins 1998 Conant 1951 Crother, White, Savage, Eckstut, Graham & Gardner 2011 Dowling 1952 Holman 2012 Holman, Harding, Hensley & Dudderar 1989 Minton 1972 Minton 2001 Phillips, Brandon & Moll 1999 Powell 1990 Schulz 1996 Simon, Whitaker, Castrale & Minton 2002 Smith 1961 Vogt 1981 Watermolen & Murrell 2001 Wright & Wright 1952 Genus Phyllorhynchus (American Leaf-nosed Snakes)   Phyllorhynchus browni Saddled Leaf-nosed Snake Arizona Game and Fish Department 2002 Behler & King 1979 Brennan & Holycross 2006 Enderson & Bezy 2010 Lowe 1964 Stebbins 2003 Wright & Wright 1952   Phyllorhynchus decurtatus Spotted Leaf-nosed Snake Arizona Game and Fish Department 2002 Banta 1965 Behler & King 1979 Brennan & Holycross 2006 Enderson & Bezy 2010 Lowe 1964 McCleary & McDiarmid 1993 Shofner 2007 Stebbins & McGinnis 2012 Stebbins 1972 Stebbins 2003 Wright & Wright 1952 Genus Pituophis (Bullsnakes, Pine Snakes and Gopher Snakes)   Pituophis catenifer Gopher Snake Anderson 1965 Arizona Game and Fish Department 2002 Ballinger, Lynch & Smith 2010 Ballinger, Meeker & Thies 2000 Banta 1965 Bartlett & Bartlett 2013 Baxter & Stone 1985 Behler & King 1979 Brennan & Holycross 2006 Casper 2008 Christiansen & Bailey 1990 Conant & Collins 1998 Daniel & Edmond 2006 Degenhardt, Painter & Price 1996 Dixon 2013 Duran 2021 Enderson & Bezy 2010 Ferguson, Payne & Storm 1956 Fishbeck & Underhill 1959 Groves 1994 Hammerson 1999 Johnson 1942 Johnson 2015 LeClere 2013 Lowe 1964 [as melanoleucus] Lynch 1985 Maslin 1959 Minton 1972 Minton 2001 Nussbaum, Brodie & Storm 1983 [as melanoleucus] Oldfield & Moriarty 1994 Olson 1987 [as melanoleucus] Olson 1995 [as P. melanoleucus] Phillips, Brandon & Moll 1999 Schmidt 1953 Shofner 2007 Sievert & Sievert 1993 Simon, Whitaker, Castrale & Minton 2002 Slater 1941 Slater 1963 Smith 1956 Smith 1961 Stebbins & McGinnis 2012 Stebbins 1972 [as melanoleucus] Stebbins 2003 Sweet & Parker 1990 [as melanoleucus] Taggart, Collins & Schmidt 2010 Tanner 1975 Thompson 1982 [as melanoleucus] Vance 1985 Vogt 1981 Watermolen & Murrell 2001 Werner, Maxell, Hendricks & Flath 2004 Wheeler & Wheeler 1966 [as melanoleucus] Wright & Wright 1952 Young 2011   * Pituophis melanoleucus Common Pine Snake Ashton & Ashton 1988 Barbour 1971 Behler & King 1979 Camper 2019 Collins 1964 Conant & Collins 1998 Dundee & Rossman 1989 Fowler 1907 Gentry 1956 Gibbons & Dorcas 2005 Green & Pauley 1987 Guyer, Bailey & Mount 2018 Hulse, McCoy & Censky 2001 Jensen, Camp, Gibbons & Elliott (eds.) 2008 Krysko, Enge & Moler 2019 Lohoefener & Altig 1983 Martof, Palmer, Bailey & Harrison 1980 Meade 1991 Mirarchi 2004 Mitchell 1994 Mount 1975 Niemiller, Reynolds & Miller 2013 Palmer & Braswell 1995 Price & Dorcas 2011 Savannah River Ecology Laboratory 2013 Schmidt 1953 Scott & Redmond 2008 Sweet & Parker 1990 Tennant 2003 Vitt & Laerm 1982 Wright & Wright 1952   * Pituophis ruthveni Louisiana Pine Snake Adams, Pierce, Rudolph, Ryberg & Hibbitts 2017 Behler & King 1979 Conant & Collins 1998 Dixon 2013 Dundee & Rossman 1989 Gibbons & Dorcas 2005 Schmidt 1953 Wright & Wright 1952 Genus Regina (Queen Snakes)   * Regina grahamii Mississippi Crayfish Snake Anderson 1965 Ballinger, Lynch & Smith 2010 Behler & King 1979 Christiansen & Bailey 1990 Conant & Collins 1998 Daniel & Edmond 2006 Dixon 2013 Dundee & Rossman 1989 Gibbons & Dorcas 2004 Gibbons & Dorcas 2005 Lawson 1987 LeClere 2013 Lohoefener & Altig 1983 Lynch 1985 Phillips, Brandon & Moll 1999 Sievert & Sievert 1993 Smith 1956 Smith 1961 Taggart, Collins & Schmidt 2010 Trauth, Robison & Plummer 2004 Vance 1985 Wright & Wright 1952   Regina septemvittata Queen Snake Arndt 1985 Ashton & Ashton 1988 Barbour 1971 Beane 2013 Behler & King 1979 Camper 2019 Casper 2008 Collins 1964 Conant & Collins 1998 Fontenot & Platt 1996 Gentry 1956 Gibbons & Dorcas 2004 Gibbons & Dorcas 2005 Gibbs, Breisch, Ducey, Johnson, Behler & Bothner 2007 Green & Pauley 1987 Guyer, Bailey & Mount 2018 Harris 1975 Holman 2012 Holman, Harding, Hensley & Dudderar 1989 Hulse, McCoy & Censky 2001 Jensen, Camp, Gibbons & Elliott (eds.) 2008 Krysko, Enge & Moler 2019 Lawson 1987 Lohoefener & Altig 1983 Meade 1991 Minton 1972 Minton 2001 Mirarchi 2004 Mitchell 1994 Mount 1975 Niemiller, Reynolds & Miller 2013 Palmer & Braswell 1995 Phillips, Brandon & Moll 1999 Savannah River Ecology Laboratory 2013 Scott & Redmond 2008 Simon, Whitaker, Castrale & Minton 2002 Smith 1961 Tennant 2003 Trauth, Robison & Plummer 2004 Vance 1985 Vitt & Laerm 1982 Vogt 1981 Watermolen & Murrell 2001 White & White 2002 Wright & Wright 1952 Genus Rhadinaea (Graceful Brown Snakes)   * Rhadinaea flavilata Pine Woods Snake Ashton & Ashton 1988 Behler & King 1979 Camper 2019 Conant & Collins 1998 Dundee & Rossman 1989 Gibbons & Dorcas 2005 Guyer, Bailey & Mount 2018 Jensen, Camp, Gibbons & Elliott (eds.) 2008 Krysko, Enge & Moler 2019 Lohoefener & Altig 1983 Martof, Palmer, Bailey & Harrison 1980 McKelvy, Ozelski-McKelvy & Figueroa 2016 Mirarchi 2004 Mount 1975 Palmer & Braswell 1995 Savannah River Ecology Laboratory 2013 Tennant 2003 Vitt & Laerm 1982 Whiteman, Mills, Scott & Gibbons 1995 Wright & Wright 1952 Genus Rhinocheilus (Long-nosed Snakes)   Rhinocheilus lecontei Common Long-nosed Snake Arizona Game and Fish Department 2002 Banta 1965 Bartlett & Bartlett 2013 Behler & King 1979 Brennan & Holycross 2006 Conant & Collins 1998 Degenhardt, Painter & Price 1996 Dixon 2013 Enderson & Bezy 2010 Groves 1994 Hammerson 1999 Lowe 1964 Manier 2004 Maslin 1959 Medica 1975 Medica 1980 Nussbaum, Brodie & Storm 1983 Shofner 2007 Sievert & Sievert 1993 Slater 1941 Smith 1956 Stebbins & McGinnis 2012 Stebbins 1972 Stebbins 2003 Taggart, Collins & Schmidt 2010 Tanner 1975 Wright & Wright 1952 Young 2011 Genus Salvadora (Patch-nosed Snakes)   Salvadora deserticola Big Bend Patch-nosed Snake Arizona Game and Fish Department 2002 Bartlett & Bartlett 2013 Behler & King 1979 Conant & Collins 1998 Degenhardt, Painter & Price 1996 Dixon 2013 Hernandez-Jimenez, Flores-Villela, Aguilar-Bremauntz & Campbell 2021 Wright & Wright 1952   Salvadora grahamiae Mountain Patch-nosed Snake Arizona Game and Fish Department 2002 Bartlett & Bartlett 2013 Behler & King 1979 Brennan & Holycross 2006 Conant & Collins 1998 Degenhardt, Painter & Price 1996 Dixon 2013 Duran 2021 Enderson & Bezy 2010 Hernandez-Jimenez, Flores-Villela, Aguilar-Bremauntz & Campbell 2021 Lowe 1964 Stebbins 2003 Wright & Wright 1952   Salvadora hexalepis Western Patch-nosed Snake Arizona Game and Fish Department 2002 Banta 1965 Behler & King 1979 Brennan & Holycross 2006 Cameron & Hansen 1994 Enderson & Bezy 2010 Hernandez-Jimenez, Flores-Villela, Aguilar-Bremauntz & Campbell 2021 Lowe 1964 Shofner 2007 Stebbins & McGinnis 2012 Stebbins 1972 Stebbins 2003 Tanner 1975 Wright & Wright 1952   Salvadora lineata Lined Patch-nosed Snake Behler & King 1979 Dixon 2013 Hernandez-Jimenez, Flores-Villela, Aguilar-Bremauntz & Campbell 2021 Schmidt 1940 Wright & Wright 1952 Genus Senticolis (American Green Rat Snake)   Senticolis triaspis American Green Rat Snake Arizona Game and Fish Department 2002 Bartlett & Bartlett 2013 Behler & King 1979 Brennan & Holycross 2006 Degenhardt, Painter & Price 1996 Dowling 1952 Enderson & Bezy 2010 Garrett & Painter 1992 Lowe 1964 Price 1991 Schulz 1996 Stebbins 2003 Wright & Wright 1952 [as chlorosoma] Genus Sonora (North American Ground, Sand, and Shovel-nosed Snakes)   Sonora annulata Southern Shovel-nosed Snake Arizona Game and Fish Department 2002 Behler & King 1979 Brennan & Holycross 2006 Cox, Davis Rabosky, Holmes, Reyes-Velasco, Roelke, Smith, Flores-Villela, McGuire & Campbell 2018 Enderson & Bezy 2010 Stebbins & McGinnis 2012 Wright & Wright 1952   Sonora cincta Sonoran Banded Sand Snake Banta & Leviton 1963 Behler & King 1979 Cox, Davis Rabosky, Holmes, Reyes-Velasco, Roelke, Smith, Flores-Villela, McGuire & Campbell 2018 Lowe 1964 Stebbins 2003 Wright & Wright 1952   Sonora episcopa Great Plains Ground Snake Anderson 1965 Behler & King 1979 [as semiannulata] Cox, Davis Rabosky, Holmes, Reyes-Velasco, Roelke, Smith, Flores-Villela, McGuire & Campbell 2018 Daniel & Edmond 2006 [as semiannulata] Frost 1983 [as semiannulata] Hammerson 1999 [as semiannulata] Maslin 1959 Sievert & Sievert 1993 [as semiannulata] Smith 1956 Taggart, Collins & Schmidt 2010 [as semiannulata] Trauth, Robison & Plummer 2004 [as semiannulata] Vance 1985 Wright & Wright 1952 Young 2011 [as semiannulata]   * Sonora occipitalis Northern Shovel-nosed Snake Arizona Game and Fish Department 2002 Banta 1965 Behler & King 1979 Brennan & Holycross 2006 Cox, Davis Rabosky, Holmes, Reyes-Velasco, Roelke, Smith, Flores-Villela, McGuire & Campbell 2018 Stebbins & McGinnis 2012 Wright & Wright 1952   Sonora palarostris Sonoran Shovel-nosed Snake Arizona Game and Fish Department 2002 Behler & King 1979 Brennan & Holycross 2006 Cox, Davis Rabosky, Holmes, Reyes-Velasco, Roelke, Smith, Flores-Villela, McGuire & Campbell 2018 Enderson & Bezy 2010 Lowe 1964 Stebbins 2003 Wright & Wright 1952   Sonora semiannulata Western Ground Snake Arizona Game and Fish Department 2002 Banta 1965 Bartlett & Bartlett 2013 Behler & King 1979 Brennan & Holycross 2006 Conant & Collins 1998 Cox, Davis Rabosky, Holmes, Reyes-Velasco, Roelke, Smith, Flores-Villela, McGuire & Campbell 2018 Degenhardt, Painter & Price 1996 Dixon 2013 Enderson & Bezy 2010 Frost 1983 Groves 1994 Lowe 1964 Nussbaum, Brodie & Storm 1983 Shofner 2007 Slater 1941 Stebbins & McGinnis 2012 Stebbins 1972 Stebbins 2003 Tanner 1975 Wright & Wright 1952   * Sonora taylori South Texas Ground Snake Cox, Davis Rabosky, Holmes, Reyes-Velasco, Roelke, Smith, Flores-Villela, McGuire & Campbell 2018 Wright & Wright 1952 Genus Storeria (North American Brown Snakes)   Storeria dekayi Common Brown Snake Anderson 1965 Andrews 2002 Ballinger, Lynch & Smith 2010 Ballinger, Meeker & Thies 2000 Barbour 1971 Beane 2013 Behler & King 1979 Camper 2019 Casper 2008 Christiansen & Bailey 1990 Christman 1982 Collins 1964 Conant & Collins 1998 Conant 1945 Conant 1951 Daniel & Edmond 2006 DeGraaf & Rudis 1983 Dixon 2013 Drowne 1905 Dundee & Rossman 1989 Duran 2021 Fishbeck & Underhill 1959 Fowler 1907 Gentry 1956 Gibbons & Dorcas 2005 Gibbs, Breisch, Ducey, Johnson, Behler & Bothner 2007 Green & Pauley 1987 Guyer, Bailey & Mount 2018 Harris 1975 Holman 2012 Holman, Harding, Hensley & Dudderar 1989 Hulse, McCoy & Censky 2001 Hunter, Albright & Arbuckle 1992 Hunter, Calhoun & McCollough 1999 Jensen, Camp, Gibbons & Elliott (eds.) 2008 Klemens 1993 Krysko, Enge & Moler 2019 LeClere 2013 Lohoefener & Altig 1983 Lynch 1985 Martof, Palmer, Bailey & Harrison 1980 Meade 1991 Minton 1972 Minton 2001 Mirarchi 2004 Mitchell 1994 Mount 1975 Niemiller, Reynolds & Miller 2013 Oldfield & Moriarty 1994 Olson 1987 Palmer & Braswell 1995 Phillips, Brandon & Moll 1999 Savannah River Ecology Laboratory 2013 Scott & Redmond 2008 Sievert & Sievert 1993 Simon, Whitaker, Castrale & Minton 2002 Smith 1956 Smith 1961 Taggart, Collins & Schmidt 2010 Tennant 2003 Trauth, Robison & Plummer 2004 Vance 1985 Vitt & Laerm 1982 Vogt 1981 Watermolen & Murrell 2001 White & White 2002 Wright & Wright 1952   Storeria occipitomaculata North American Red-bellied Snake Anderson 1965 Andrews 2002 Arndt 1985 Ashton & Ashton 1988 Ballinger, Lynch & Smith 2010 Ballinger, Meeker & Thies 2000 Barbour 1971 Baxter & Stone 1985 Behler & King 1979 Camper 2019 Casper 2008 Christiansen & Bailey 1990 Collins 1964 Conant & Collins 1998 Conant 1951 Daniel & Edmond 2006 DeGraaf & Rudis 1983 Dixon 2013 Dundee & Rossman 1989 Fishbeck & Underhill 1959 Fowler 1907 Gentry 1956 Gibbons & Dorcas 2005 Gibbs, Breisch, Ducey, Johnson, Behler & Bothner 2007 Green & Pauley 1987 Guyer, Bailey & Mount 2018 Harris 1975 Holman 2012 Holman, Harding, Hensley & Dudderar 1989 Hulse, McCoy & Censky 2001 Hunter, Albright & Arbuckle 1992 Hunter, Calhoun & McCollough 1999 Jensen, Camp, Gibbons & Elliott (eds.) 2008 Johnson 2015 Klemens 1993 Krysko, Enge & Moler 2019 LeClere 2013 Lohoefener & Altig 1983 Lynch 1985 Martof, Palmer, Bailey & Harrison 1980 Meade 1991 Minton 1972 Minton 2001 Mirarchi 2004 Mitchell 1994 Mount 1975 Niemiller, Reynolds & Miller 2013 Oldfield & Moriarty 1994 Palmer & Braswell 1995 Phillips, Brandon & Moll 1999 Savannah River Ecology Laboratory 2013 Scott & Redmond 2008 Sievert & Sievert 1993 Simon, Whitaker, Castrale & Minton 2002 Smith 1956 Smith 1961 Stebbins 2003 Taggart, Collins & Schmidt 2010 Tennant 2003 Trauth, Robison & Plummer 2004 Vance 1985 Vitt & Laerm 1982 Vogt 1981 Watermolen & Murrell 2001 Wheeler & Wheeler 1966 White & White 2002 Wright & Wright 1952   * Storeria victa Florida Brown Snake Behler & King 1979 Jensen, Camp, Gibbons & Elliott (eds.) 2008 Krysko, Enge & Moler 2019 Tennant 2003 Vitt & Laerm 1982 Wright & Wright 1952 Genus Tantilla (American Centipede Snakes)   Tantilla atriceps Mexican Black-headed Centipede Snake Behler & King 1979 Cole & Hardy 1981 Cole & Hardy 1983 Conant & Collins 1998 Dixon 2013 Tanner 1966 Wilson & Mata-Silva 2015 Wright & Wright 1952   * Tantilla coronata Southeastern Centipede Snake Ashton & Ashton 1988 Barbour 1971 Behler & King 1979 Camper 2010 Camper 2019 Cole & Hardy 1981 Collins 1964 Conant & Collins 1998 Dundee & Rossman 1989 Gentry 1956 Gibbons & Dorcas 2005 Guyer, Bailey & Mount 2018 Jensen, Camp, Gibbons & Elliott (eds.) 2008 Krysko, Enge & Moler 2019 Lohoefener & Altig 1983 Martof, Palmer, Bailey & Harrison 1980 Meade 1991 Minton 1972 Minton 2001 Mirarchi 2004 Mitchell 1994 Mount 1975 Niemiller, Reynolds & Miller 2013 Palmer & Braswell 1995 Savannah River Ecology Laboratory 2013 Scott & Redmond 2008 Simon, Whitaker, Castrale & Minton 2002 Telford 1982 Tennant 2003 Vitt & Laerm 1982 Wilson & Mata-Silva 2015 Wright & Wright 1952   Tantilla cucullata Trans-Pecos Centipede Snake Behler & King 1979 [as rubra diabola] Conant & Collins 1998 Dixon 2013 Hillis & Campbell 1982 Wilson & Mata-Silva 2015   Tantilla gracilis Flat-headed Centipede Snake Anderson 1965 Behler & King 1979 Cole & Hardy 1981 Conant & Collins 1998 Daniel & Edmond 2006 Dixon 2013 Dundee & Rossman 1989 Duran 2021 Gibbons & Dorcas 2005 Phillips, Brandon & Moll 1999 Sievert & Sievert 1993 Smith 1956 Smith 1961 Taggart, Collins & Schmidt 2010 Trauth, Robison & Plummer 2004 Vance 1985 Wilson & Mata-Silva 2014 Wilson & Mata-Silva 2015 Wright & Wright 1952   Tantilla hobartsmithi Southwestern Centipede Snake Arizona Game and Fish Department 2002 Banta 1965 [as utahensis] Bartlett & Bartlett 2013 Behler & King 1979 [as T. planiceps utahensis] Brennan & Holycross 2006 Cole & Hardy 1981 Cole & Hardy 1983 Conant & Collins 1998 Degenhardt, Painter & Price 1996 Dixon 2013 Enderson & Bezy 2010 Hammerson 1999 McCoy, Knopf & Walker 1964 [as T. utahensis] Shofner 2007 Stebbins & McGinnis 2012 Stebbins 1985 Stebbins 2003 Tanner 1966 [as T. planiceps utahensis] Tanner 1975 [as T. planiceps utahensis] Wilson & Mata-Silva 2014 Wilson & Mata-Silva 2015 Wright & Wright 1952 [as T. utahiensis] Young 2011   Tantilla nigriceps Plains Centipede Snake Arizona Game and Fish Department 2002 Ballinger, Lynch & Smith 2010 Bartlett & Bartlett 2013 Behler & King 1979 Brennan & Holycross 2006 Censky & McCoy 1985 Cole & Hardy 1981 Conant & Collins 1998 Degenhardt, Painter & Price 1996 Dixon 2013 Enderson & Bezy 2010 Hammerson 1999 Hayes, Duvall, Gern & Baxter 1990 Lowe 1964 Lynch 1985 Maslin 1959 Sievert & Sievert 1993 Smith 1956 Stebbins 2003 Taggart, Collins & Schmidt 2010 Wilson & Mata-Silva 2014 Wilson & Mata-Silva 2015 Wright & Wright 1952 Young 2011   * Tantilla oolitica Rim Rock Centipede Snake Behler & King 1979 Conant & Collins 1998 Gibbons & Dorcas 2005 Krysko, Enge & Moler 2019 Telford 1980 Tennant 2003 Wilson & Mata-Silva 2015   Tantilla planiceps Western Centipede Snake Behler & King 1979 Cole & Hardy 1981 Cole & Hardy 1983 Stebbins & McGinnis 2012 Stebbins 1972 Stebbins 2003 Tanner 1966 Wilson & Mata-Silva 2014 Wilson & Mata-Silva 2015 Wright & Wright 1952   * Tantilla relicta Florida Centipede Snake Ashton & Ashton 1988 Behler & King 1979 Cole & Hardy 1981 Conant & Collins 1998 Gibbons & Dorcas 2005 Jensen, Camp, Gibbons & Elliott (eds.) 2008 Krysko, Enge & Moler 2019 Telford 1980 Tennant 2003 Wilson & Mata-Silva 2015   Tantilla wilcoxi Chihuahuan Centipede Snake Arizona Game and Fish Department 2002 Behler & King 1979 Brennan & Holycross 2006 Enderson & Bezy 2010 Hansen & Tremper 2018 Lowe 1964 Stebbins 2003 Wilson & Mata-Silva 2014 Wilson & Mata-Silva 2015 Wilson 1983 Wright & Wright 1952   Tantilla yaquia Yaqui Centipede Snake Arizona Game and Fish Department 2002 Bartlett & Bartlett 2013 Behler & King 1979 Brennan & Holycross 2006 Cole & Hardy 1981 Degenhardt, Painter & Price 1996 Enderson & Bezy 2010 McCoy 1964 McDiarmid 1977 Painter, Hyder & Swinford 1992 Stebbins 2003 Tanner 1966 Wilson & Mata-Silva 2014 Wilson & Mata-Silva 2015 Genus Thamnophis (North American Garter Snakes and Ribbon Snakes)   * Thamnophis atratus Aquatic Garter Snake Behler & King 1979 Rossman, Ford & Seigel 1996 Stebbins & McGinnis 2012 Stebbins 2003 Wright & Wright 1952   * Thamnophis brachystoma Short-headed Garter Snake Behler & King 1979 Conant & Collins 1998 Gibbs, Breisch, Ducey, Johnson, Behler & Bothner 2007 Hulse, McCoy & Censky 2001 Rossman, Ford & Seigel 1996 Wright & Wright 1952   Thamnophis butleri Northeastern Garter Snake Behler & King 1979 Casper 2008 Conant & Collins 1998 Conant 1951 Holman 2012 Holman, Harding, Hensley & Dudderar 1989 Minton 1972 Minton 1980 Minton 2001 Rossman, Ford & Seigel 1996 Simon, Whitaker, Castrale & Minton 2002 Vogt 1981 Watermolen & Murrell 2001 Wright & Wright 1952   * Thamnophis couchii Sierra Garter Snake Banta 1965 Behler & King 1979 Fitch 1984 Rossman, Ford & Seigel 1996 Stebbins & McGinnis 2012 Stebbins 1972 Stebbins 2003 Wright & Wright 1952   Thamnophis cyrtopsis Black-necked Garter Snake Arizona Game and Fish Department 2002 Bartlett & Bartlett 2013 Behler & King 1979 Brennan & Holycross 2006 Conant & Collins 1998 Degenhardt, Painter & Price 1996 Dixon 2013 Enderson & Bezy 2010 Hammerson 1999 Lowe 1964 Maslin 1959 Rossman, Ford & Seigel 1996 Shofner 2007 Sievert & Sievert 1993 Stebbins 2003 Tanner 1975 Webb 1980 Wright & Wright 1952 Young 2011   Thamnophis elegans Terrestrial Garter Snake Arizona Game and Fish Department 2002 Ballinger, Lynch & Smith 2010 Ballinger, Meeker & Thies 2000 Banta 1965 Bartlett & Bartlett 2013 Baxter & Stone 1985 Behler & King 1979 Brennan & Holycross 2006 Conant & Collins 1998 Degenhardt, Painter & Price 1996 Douglas 1966 Enderson & Bezy 2010 Fishbeck & Underhill 1959 Fitch 1983 Groves 1994 Hammerson 1999 Hendricks 1996 Johnson 1942 Lowe 1964 Lynch 1985 Maslin 1959 Nussbaum, Brodie & Storm 1983 Rossman, Ford & Seigel 1996 Shofner 2007 Sievert & Sievert 1993 Slater 1941 Slater 1963 Stebbins & McGinnis 2012 Stebbins 1972 Stebbins 2003 Tanner 1975 Thompson 1982 Werner, Maxell, Hendricks & Flath 2004 Wright & Wright 1952 Young 2011   Thamnophis eques Mexican Garter Snake Arizona Game and Fish Department 2002 Bartlett & Bartlett 2013 Behler & King 1979 Brennan & Holycross 2006 Degenhardt, Painter & Price 1996 Enderson & Bezy 2010 Lowe 1964 Queiroz & Smith 1996 Rossman, Ford & Seigel 1996 Stebbins 2003 Wright & Wright 1952   * Thamnophis gigas Giant Garter Snake Behler & King 1979 Rossman, Ford & Seigel 1996 Stebbins & McGinnis 2012 Stebbins 2003 Wright & Wright 1952   Thamnophis hammondii Two-striped Garter Snake Behler & King 1979 Rossman, Ford & Seigel 1996 Stebbins & McGinnis 2012 Stebbins 2003 Wright & Wright 1952   Thamnophis marcianus Checkered Garter Snake Arizona Game and Fish Department 2002 Bartlett & Bartlett 2013 Behler & King 1979 Brennan & Holycross 2006 Conant & Collins 1998 Degenhardt, Painter & Price 1996 Dixon 2013 Duran 2021 Enderson & Bezy 2010 Lowe 1964 Rossman, Ford & Seigel 1996 Sievert & Sievert 1993 Smith 1956 Stebbins 1972 Stebbins 2003 Taggart, Collins & Schmidt 2010 Wright & Wright 1952   Thamnophis ordinoides Northwestern Garter Snake Behler & King 1979 Johnson 1942 Kirk 1979 Nussbaum, Brodie & Storm 1983 Rossman, Ford & Seigel 1996 Slater 1963 Stebbins & McGinnis 2012 Stebbins 1972 Stebbins 2003 Wright & Wright 1952   Thamnophis proximus Western Ribbon Snake Anderson 1965 Ballinger, Lynch & Smith 2010 Barbour 1971 Bartlett & Bartlett 2013 Behler & King 1979 Casper 2008 Christiansen & Bailey 1990 Collins 1964 Conant & Collins 1998 Daniel & Edmond 2006 Degenhardt, Painter & Price 1996 Dixon 2013 Dundee & Rossman 1989 Duran 2021 Gentry 1956 Gibbons & Dorcas 2005 Hammerson 1999 LeClere 2013 Lohoefener & Altig 1983 Lynch 1985 Maslin 1959 Meade 1991 Minton 1972 Minton 2001 Niemiller, Reynolds & Miller 2013 Phillips, Brandon & Moll 1999 Rossman 1970 Rossman, Ford & Seigel 1996 Scott & Redmond 2008 Sievert & Sievert 1993 Simon, Whitaker, Castrale & Minton 2002 Smith 1956 Smith 1961 Stebbins 2003 Taggart, Collins & Schmidt 2010 Trauth, Robison & Plummer 2004 Vance 1985 Vogt 1981 Watermolen & Murrell 2001 Wright & Wright 1952 Young 2011   Thamnophis radix Plains Garter Snake Anderson 1965 Ballinger, Lynch & Smith 2010 Ballinger, Meeker & Thies 2000 Bartlett & Bartlett 2013 Baxter & Stone 1985 Behler & King 1979 Casper 2008 Christiansen & Bailey 1990 Conant & Collins 1998 Conant 1951 Daniel & Edmond 2006 Degenhardt, Painter & Price 1996 Dixon 2013 Fishbeck & Underhill 1959 Hammerson 1999 Johnson 2015 LeClere 2013 Lynch 1985 Maslin 1959 Minton 1972 Minton 2001 Oldfield & Moriarty 1994 Olson 1987 Phillips, Brandon & Moll 1999 Rossman, Ford & Seigel 1996 Sievert & Sievert 1993 Simon, Whitaker, Castrale & Minton 2002 Smith 1956 Smith 1961 Stebbins 2003 Taggart, Collins & Schmidt 2010 Thompson 1982 Vance 1985 Vogt 1981 Watermolen & Murrell 2001 Werner, Maxell, Hendricks & Flath 2004 Wheeler & Wheeler 1966 Wright & Wright 1952 Young 2011   * Thamnophis rufipunctatus Arizona Narrow-headed Garter Snake Arizona Game and Fish Department 2002 Bartlett & Bartlett 2013 Behler & King 1979 Brennan & Holycross 2006 Degenhardt, Painter & Price 1996 Enderson & Bezy 2010 Lowe 1964 Rossman, Ford & Seigel 1996 Stebbins 2003 Tanner 1990 Wright & Wright 1952   Thamnophis saurita Eastern Ribbon Snake Andrews 2002 Ashton & Ashton 1988 Barbour 1971 Beane 2013 Behler & King 1979 Camper 2010 Camper 2019 Casper 2008 Collins 1964 Conant & Collins 1998 Conant 1945 Conant 1951 DeGraaf & Rudis 1983 Drowne 1905 Dundee & Rossman 1989 Fowler 1907 Gentry 1956 Gibbons & Dorcas 2005 Gibbs, Breisch, Ducey, Johnson, Behler & Bothner 2007 Green & Pauley 1987 Guyer, Bailey & Mount 2018 Harris 1975 Holman 2012 Holman, Harding, Hensley & Dudderar 1989 Hulse, McCoy & Censky 2001 Hunter, Albright & Arbuckle 1992 Hunter, Calhoun & McCollough 1999 Jensen, Camp, Gibbons & Elliott (eds.) 2008 Klemens 1993 Krysko, Enge & Moler 2019 Lohoefener & Altig 1983 Martof, Palmer, Bailey & Harrison 1980 Meade 1991 Minton 1972 Minton 2001 Mirarchi 2004 Mitchell 1994 Mount 1975 New Hampshire Wildlife Action Plan 2005 Niemiller, Reynolds & Miller 2013 Palmer & Braswell 1995 Phillips, Brandon & Moll 1999 Rossman 1970 Rossman, Ford & Seigel 1996 Savannah River Ecology Laboratory 2013 Scott & Redmond 2008 Simon, Whitaker, Castrale & Minton 2002 Tennant 2003 Vitt & Laerm 1982 Vogt 1981 Watermolen & Murrell 2001 White & White 2002 Wright & Wright 1952   Thamnophis sirtalis Common Garter Snake Anderson 1965 Andrews 2002 Ashton & Ashton 1988 Ballinger, Lynch & Smith 2010 Ballinger, Meeker & Thies 2000 Banta 1965 Barbour 1971 Bartlett & Bartlett 2013 Baxter & Stone 1985 Behler & King 1979 Camper 2001 Camper 2019 Casper 2008 Christiansen & Bailey 1990 Collins 1964 Conant & Collins 1998 Conant 1945 Conant 1951 Daniel & Edmond 2006 Degenhardt, Painter & Price 1996 DeGraaf & Rudis 1983 Dixon 2013 Drowne 1905 Dundee & Rossman 1989 Fishbeck & Underhill 1959 Fitch 1980 Fowler 1907 Gentry 1956 Gibbons & Dorcas 2005 Gibbs, Breisch, Ducey, Johnson, Behler & Bothner 2007 Green & Pauley 1987 Groves 1994 Guyer, Bailey & Mount 2018 Hammerson 1999 Harris 1975 Holman 2012 Holman, Harding, Hensley & Dudderar 1989 Hulse, McCoy & Censky 2001 Hunter, Albright & Arbuckle 1992 Hunter, Calhoun & McCollough 1999 Irwin 1992 Jensen, Camp, Gibbons & Elliott (eds.) 2008 Johnson 1942 Johnson 2015 Klemens 1993 Krysko, Enge & Moler 2019 LeClere 2013 Lohoefener & Altig 1983 Lynch 1985 Martof, Palmer, Bailey & Harrison 1980 Maslin 1959 McAllister & Robison 2013 Meade 1991 Minton 1972 Minton 2001 Mirarchi 2004 Mitchell 1994 Mount 1975 Niemiller, Reynolds & Miller 2013 Nussbaum, Brodie & Storm 1983 Oldfield & Moriarty 1994 Olson 1987 Palmer & Braswell 1995 Phillips, Brandon & Moll 1999 Rossman, Ford & Seigel 1996 Savannah River Ecology Laboratory 2013 Scott & Redmond 2008 Shofner 2007 Sievert & Sievert 1993 Simon, Whitaker, Castrale & Minton 2002 Slater 1941 Slater 1963 Smith 1956 Smith 1961 Stebbins & McGinnis 2012 Stebbins 1972 Stebbins 1985 Stebbins 2003 Taggart, Collins & Schmidt 2010 Tanner 1975 Tennant 2003 Thompson 1982 Trauth, Robison & Plummer 2004 Vance 1985 Vitt & Laerm 1982 Vogt 1981 Watermolen & Murrell 2001 Werner, Maxell, Hendricks & Flath 2004 Wheeler & Wheeler 1966 White & White 2002 Wright & Wright 1952 Young 2011 Genus Trimorphodon (Lyre Snakes)   Trimorphodon lambda Sonoran Lyre Snake Arizona Game and Fish Department 2002 Banta 1965 Bartlett & Bartlett 2013 Behler & King 1979 Brennan & Holycross 2006 [as T. biscutatus] Brown 2003 Degenhardt, Painter & Price 1996 Devitt, LaDuc & McGuire 2008 Enderson & Bezy 2010 Gehlbach 1958 Gehlbach 1971 LaDuc & Johnson 2003 Scott & McDiarmid 1984 [as T. biscutatus] Shofner 2007 [as biscutatus] Stebbins & McGinnis 2012 Stebbins 1972 Stebbins 2003 [as T. biscutatus] Tanner 1975 Wright & Wright 1952   Trimorphodon lyrophanes Peninsular Lyre Snake Behler & King 1979 Devitt, LaDuc & McGuire 2008 Gehlbach 1971 Lowe 1964 Scott & McDiarmid 1984 [as T. biscutatus] Stebbins & McGinnis 2012 Stebbins 1972 Wright & Wright 1952   Trimorphodon vilkinsonii Chihuahua Lyresnake Bartlett & Bartlett 2013 Behler & King 1979 Conant & Collins 1998 Degenhardt, Painter & Price 1996 Devitt, LaDuc & McGuire 2008 Dixon 2013 Gehlbach 1971 LaDuc & Johnson 2003 Medica 1962 Schmidt 1953 Scott & McDiarmid 1984 [as T. biscutatus (part)] Wright & Wright 1952 Genus Tropidoclonion (Lined Snake)   * Tropidoclonion lineatum Lined Snake Anderson 1965 Ballinger, Lynch & Smith 2010 Ballinger, Meeker & Thies 2000 Bartlett & Bartlett 2013 Behler & King 1979 Christiansen & Bailey 1990 Conant & Collins 1998 Daniel & Edmond 2006 Degenhardt, Painter & Price 1996 Dixon 2013 Duran 2021 Fishbeck & Underhill 1959 Hammerson 1999 LeClere 2013 Lynch 1985 Maslin 1959 Oldfield & Moriarty 1994 Phillips, Brandon & Moll 1999 Raimond & Lorch 2012 Sievert & Sievert 1993 Smith 1956 Smith 1961 Stebbins 2003 Taggart, Collins & Schmidt 2010 Wright & Wright 1952 Young 2011 Genus Virginia (Smooth Earth Snake)   * Virginia valeriae Smooth Earth Snake Anderson 1965 Arndt 1985 Ashton & Ashton 1988 Barbour 1971 Beane 2013 Behler & King 1979 Camper 2010 Camper 2019 Christiansen & Bailey 1990 Collins 1964 Conant & Collins 1998 Conant 1945 Conant 1951 Daniel & Edmond 2006 Dixon 2013 Dundee & Rossman 1989 Gentry 1956 Gibbons & Dorcas 2005 Green & Pauley 1987 Guyer, Bailey & Mount 2018 Harris 1975 Hulse, McCoy & Censky 2001 Jensen, Camp, Gibbons & Elliott (eds.) 2008 Kezer & Trapido 1944 Krysko, Enge & Moler 2019 LeClere 2013 Lohoefener & Altig 1983 Martof, Palmer, Bailey & Harrison 1980 Meade 1991 Minton 1972 Minton 2001 Mirarchi 2004 Mitchell 1994 Mount 1975 Niemiller, Reynolds & Miller 2013 Palmer & Braswell 1995 Phillips, Brandon & Moll 1999 Powell, Collins & Fish 1992 Savannah River Ecology Laboratory 2013 Scott & Redmond 2008 Sievert & Sievert 1993 Simon, Whitaker, Castrale & Minton 2002 Smith 1956 Smith 1961 Taggart, Collins & Schmidt 2010 Tennant 2003 Trauth, Robison & Plummer 2004 Vance 1985 Vitt & Laerm 1982 White & White 2002 Wright & Wright 1952  Family Elapidae [part 1: terrestrial species] (Cobras, Mambas, etc.) Genus Micruroides (Western Coral Snake)   Micruroides euryxanthus Western Coral Snake Arizona Game and Fish Department 2002 Bartlett & Bartlett 2013 Behler & King 1979 Brennan & Holycross 2006 Campbell & Lamar 2004 Degenhardt, Painter & Price 1996 Enderson & Bezy 2010 Ernst 1992 Lowe 1964 Roze 1996 Stebbins 2003 Wright & Wright 1952 Genus Micrurus (American Coral Snakes)   * Micrurus fulvius Harlequin Coral Snake Ashton & Ashton 1988 Beane 2013 Behler & King 1979 Campbell & Lamar 2004 Camper 2019 Conant & Collins 1998 Dundee & Rossman 1989 Ernst 1992 Guyer, Bailey & Mount 2018 Jensen, Camp, Gibbons & Elliott (eds.) 2008 Krysko, Enge & Moler 2019 Lohoefener & Altig 1983 Martof, Palmer, Bailey & Harrison 1980 Mirarchi 2004 Mount 1975 Palmer & Braswell 1995 Price & Dorcas 2011 Roze & Tilger 1983 Roze 1996 Savannah River Ecology Laboratory 2013 Tennant 2003 Vitt & Laerm 1982 Wright & Wright 1952   Micrurus tener Texas Coral Snake Behler & King 1979 Campbell & Lamar 2004 Conant & Collins 1998 Dixon 2013 Dundee & Rossman 1989 Ernst 1992 Roze 1996 Trauth, Robison & Plummer 2004 Vance 1985 Wright & Wright 1952  Family Elapidae [part 2: marine species] (Sea Snakes) Genus Hydrophis (Typical Sea Snakes)   Hydrophis platurus Yellow-bellied Sea Snake Campbell & Lamar 2004 Ernst 1992 Ineich 1988 McKeown 1996 Oliver & Shaw 1953 Stebbins & McGinnis 2012 Stebbins 2003 Zug 2013  Family Leptotyphlopidae (Thread Snakes) Genus Rena (Maroon Thread Snakes)   Rena dulcis Texas Thread Snake Adalsteinsson, Branch, Trape, Vitt & Hedges 2009 Arizona Game and Fish Department 2002 Bartlett & Bartlett 2013 Behler & King 1979 Brennan & Holycross 2006 Conant & Collins 1998 Davenport, Ehrenberger, Triece, McMullen & Johnson 2020 Degenhardt, Painter & Price 1996 Dixon 2013 Duran 2021 Enderson & Bezy 2010 Hahn 1979 Hahn 1980 Hammerson 1999 Lapin & Hammerson 1982 Lowe 1964 Martins, Koch, Pinto, Folly, Fouquet & Passos 2019 Montgomery, Montgomery & Mackessy 2013 Schmidt 1953 Sievert & Sievert 1993 Stebbins 2003 Taggart, Collins & Schmidt 2010 Wright & Wright 1952 Young 2011   Rena humilis Western Thread Snake Arizona Game and Fish Department 2002 Banta 1965 Behler & King 1979 Enderson & Bezy 2010 Hahn 1980 Martins, Koch, Pinto, Folly, Fouquet & Passos 2019 Stebbins & McGinnis 2012 Tanner 1975 Wright & Wright 1952   Rena segrega Trans-Pecos Thread Snake Arizona Game and Fish Department 2002 Bartlett & Bartlett 2013 Behler & King 1979 Conant & Collins 1998 Degenhardt, Painter & Price 1996 Dixon 2013 Hahn 1979 [as Leptotyphlops humilis] Hahn 1980 Martins, Koch, Pinto, Folly, Fouquet & Passos 2019 Wright & Wright 1952  Family Viperidae (Vipers) Genus Agkistrodon (American Copperheads, Cottonmouths, and Cantils)   * Agkistrodon conanti Florida Cottonmouth Behler & King 1979 Burbrink & Guiher 2015 Campbell & Lamar 2004 Ernst 1992 Gloyd & Conant 1990 Guyer, Bailey & Mount 2018 Jensen, Camp, Gibbons & Elliott (eds.) 2008 Krysko, Enge & Moler 2019 Mirarchi 2004 Mount 1975 Tennant 2003 Vitt & Laerm 1982   * Agkistrodon contortrix Eastern Copperhead Anderson 1965 Arndt 1985 Ashton & Ashton 1988 Ballinger, Lynch & Smith 2010 Barbour 1971 Beane 2013 Behler & King 1979 Burbrink & Guiher 2015 Campbell & Lamar 2004 Camper 2001 Camper 2010 Camper 2019 Christiansen & Bailey 1990 Collins 1964 Conant & Collins 1998 Conant 1945 [as A. m. mokeson] Conant 1951 Daniel & Edmond 2006 Dixon 2013 Dundee & Rossman 1989 Ernst 1992 Fowler 1907 Gentry 1956 Gibbons & Dorcas 2005 Gibbs, Breisch, Ducey, Johnson, Behler & Bothner 2007 Gloyd & Conant 1990 Green & Pauley 1987 Guyer, Bailey & Mount 2018 Harris 1975 Hulse, McCoy & Censky 2001 Jensen, Camp, Gibbons & Elliott (eds.) 2008 Klemens 1993 Krysko, Enge & Moler 2019 LeClere 2013 Lohoefener & Altig 1983 Lynch 1985 Martof, Palmer, Bailey & Harrison 1980 Meade 1991 Minton 1972 Minton 2001 Mirarchi 2004 Mitchell 1994 Mount 1975 Niemiller, Reynolds & Miller 2013 Palmer & Braswell 1995 Phillips, Brandon & Moll 1999 Savannah River Ecology Laboratory 2013 Scott & Redmond 2008 Sievert & Sievert 1993 Simon, Whitaker, Castrale & Minton 2002 Smith 1956 Smith 1961 Taggart, Collins & Schmidt 2010 Tennant 2003 Trauth, Robison & Plummer 2004 Vance 1985 Vitt & Laerm 1982 White & White 2002 Wright & Wright 1952   Agkistrodon laticinctus Broad-banded Copperhead Behler & King 1979 Burbrink & Guiher 2015 Conant & Collins 1998 Dixon 2013 Ernst 1992 Sievert & Sievert 1993 Smith 1956 Wright & Wright 1952   * Agkistrodon piscivorus Northern Cottonmouth Anderson 1965 Barbour 1971 Behler & King 1979 Burbrink & Guiher 2015 Campbell & Lamar 2004 Camper 2010 Camper 2019 Collins 1964 Conant & Collins 1998 Daniel & Edmond 2006 Dixon 2013 Dundee & Rossman 1989 Duran 2021 Ernst 1992 Gentry 1956 Gibbons & Dorcas 2005 Gloyd & Conant 1990 Guyer, Bailey & Mount 2018 Jensen, Camp, Gibbons & Elliott (eds.) 2008 Lohoefener & Altig 1983 Martof, Palmer, Bailey & Harrison 1980 Meade 1991 Minton 2001 Mirarchi 2004 Mitchell 1994 Mount 1975 Niemiller, Reynolds & Miller 2013 Palmer & Braswell 1995 Phillips, Brandon & Moll 1999 Savannah River Ecology Laboratory 2013 Scott & Redmond 2008 Sievert & Sievert 1993 Simon, Whitaker, Castrale & Minton 2002 Smith 1956 Smith 1961 Taggart, Collins & Schmidt 2010 Trauth, Robison & Plummer 2004 Vance 1985 Vitt & Laerm 1982 Wilson & Minton 1983 Wright & Wright 1952 Genus Crotalus (Typical Rattlesnakes)   * Crotalus abyssus Grand Canyon Rattlesnake Arizona Game and Fish Department 2002 Behler & King 1979 Brennan & Holycross 2006 Campbell & Lamar 2004 Ernst 1992 Shofner 2007 Wright & Wright 1952   * Crotalus adamanteus Eastern Diamondback Rattlesnake Ashton & Ashton 1988 Behler & King 1979 Campbell & Lamar 2004 Camper 2019 Conant & Collins 1998 Dundee & Rossman 1989 Ernst 1992 Gibbons & Dorcas 2005 Guyer, Bailey & Mount 2018 Jensen, Camp, Gibbons & Elliott (eds.) 2008 Krysko, Enge & Moler 2019 Lohoefener & Altig 1983 Martof, Palmer, Bailey & Harrison 1980 Mirarchi 2004 Mount 1975 Palmer & Braswell 1995 Price & Dorcas 2011 Savannah River Ecology Laboratory 2013 Tennant 2003 Vitt & Laerm 1982 Wright & Wright 1952   Crotalus atrox Western Diamondback Rattlesnake Arizona Game and Fish Department 2002 Banta 1965 Bartlett & Bartlett 2013 Behler & King 1979 Brennan & Holycross 2006 Campbell & Lamar 2004 Conant & Collins 1998 Degenhardt, Painter & Price 1996 Dixon 2013 Duran 2021 Enderson & Bezy 2010 Ernst 1992 Lowe 1964 Sievert & Sievert 1993 Stebbins & McGinnis 2012 Stebbins 1972 Stebbins 2003 Trauth, Robison & Plummer 2004 Vance 1985 Wright & Wright 1952   Crotalus cerastes Sidewinder Arizona Game and Fish Department 2002 Banta 1965 Behler & King 1979 Brennan & Holycross 2006 Campbell & Lamar 2004 Enderson & Bezy 2010 Ernst 1992 Lowe 1964 Shofner 2007 Stebbins & McGinnis 2012 Stebbins 1972 Stebbins 2003 Tanner 1975 Wright & Wright 1952   * Crotalus cerberus Arizona Black Rattlesnake Arizona Game and Fish Department 2002 Bartlett & Bartlett 2013 Behler & King 1979 Brennan & Holycross 2006 Campbell & Lamar 2004 Degenhardt, Painter & Price 1996 Enderson & Bezy 2010 Ernst 1992 Wright & Wright 1952   * Crotalus concolor Midget Faded Rattlesnake Baxter & Stone 1985 Behler & King 1979 Brennan & Holycross 2006 Campbell & Lamar 2004 Hammerson 1999 Maslin 1959 Tanner 1975 Young 2011   Crotalus helleri Southern Pacific Rattlesnake Behler & King 1979 Campbell & Lamar 2004 Ernst 1992 Stebbins & McGinnis 2012 Wright & Wright 1952   Crotalus horridus Timber Rattlesnake Anderson 1965 Andrews 2002 Ashton & Ashton 1988 Ballinger, Lynch & Smith 2010 Barbour 1971 Beane 2013 Behler & King 1979 Campbell & Lamar 2004 Camper 2001 Camper 2010 Camper 2019 Casper 2008 Christiansen & Bailey 1990 Collins 1964 Conant & Collins 1998 Conant 1951 Daniel & Edmond 2006 DeGraaf & Rudis 1983 Dixon 2013 Drowne 1905 Dundee & Rossman 1989 Ernst 1992 Fowler 1907 Gentry 1956 Gibbons & Dorcas 2005 Gibbs, Breisch, Ducey, Johnson, Behler & Bothner 2007 Green & Pauley 1987 Guyer, Bailey & Mount 2018 Harris 1975 Hulse, McCoy & Censky 2001 Hunter, Albright & Arbuckle 1992 Hunter, Calhoun & McCollough 1999 Jensen, Camp, Gibbons & Elliott (eds.) 2008 Klemens 1993 Krysko, Enge & Moler 2019 LeClere 2013 Lohoefener & Altig 1983 Lynch 1985 Martof, Palmer, Bailey & Harrison 1980 Meade 1991 Minton 1972 Minton 2001 Mirarchi 2004 Mitchell 1994 Mount 1975 New Hampshire Wildlife Action Plan 2005 Niemiller, Reynolds & Miller 2013 Oldfield & Moriarty 1994 Palmer & Braswell 1995 Phillips, Brandon & Moll 1999 Price & Dorcas 2011 Savannah River Ecology Laboratory 2013 Scott & Redmond 2008 Sievert & Sievert 1993 Simon, Whitaker, Castrale & Minton 2002 Smith 1956 Smith 1961 Taggart, Collins & Schmidt 2010 Tennant 2003 Trauth, Robison & Plummer 2004 Vance 1985 Vitt & Laerm 1982 Vogt 1981 Watermolen & Murrell 2001 Wright & Wright 1952   Crotalus lepidus Common Rock Rattlesnake Arizona Game and Fish Department 2002 Bartlett & Bartlett 2013 Behler & King 1979 Brennan & Holycross 2006 Bryson, Linkem, Dorcas, Lathrop, Jones, Alvarado-Diaz, Grunwald & Murphy 2014 Campbell & Lamar 2004 Conant & Collins 1998 Degenhardt, Painter & Price 1996 Dixon 2013 Dorcas 1992 Enderson & Bezy 2010 Ernst 1992 Lowe 1964 Stebbins 2003 Wright & Wright 1952   * Crotalus lutosus Great Basin Rattlesnake Arizona Game and Fish Department 2002 Banta 1965 Behler & King 1979 Brennan & Holycross 2006 Campbell & Lamar 2004 Ernst 1992 Slater 1941 Stebbins & McGinnis 2012 Tanner 1975 Wright & Wright 1952   Crotalus molossus Western Black-tailed Rattlesnake Anderson & Greenbaum 2012 Arizona Game and Fish Department 2002 Bartlett & Bartlett 2013 Behler & King 1979 Brennan & Holycross 2006 Campbell & Lamar 2004 Conant & Collins 1998 Degenhardt, Painter & Price 1996 Enderson & Bezy 2010 Ernst 1992 Lowe 1964 Stebbins 2003 Wright & Wright 1952   Crotalus oreganus Northern Pacific Rattlesnake Behler & King 1979 Ernst 1992 Slater 1941 Stebbins & McGinnis 2012   Crotalus ornatus Northeastern Black-tailed Rattlesnake Anderson & Greenbaum 2012 Behler & King 1979 [as molossus] Campbell & Lamar 2004 [as molossus] Dixon 2013 [as molossus] Ernst 1992 [as molossus]   Crotalus pricei Twin-spotted Rattlesnake Arizona Game and Fish Department 2002 Behler & King 1979 Brennan & Holycross 2006 Campbell & Lamar 2004 Enderson & Bezy 2010 Ernst 1992 Lowe 1964 Stebbins 2003 Wright & Wright 1952   Crotalus pyrrhus Southwestern Speckled Rattlesnake Arizona Game and Fish Department 2002 Banta 1965 Behler & King 1979 Brennan & Holycross 2006 [as mitchellii] Brown 2003 Campbell & Lamar 2004 Douglas, Douglas, Schuett, Porras & Thomason 2007 Enderson & Bezy 2010 [as mitchellii] Ernst 1992 [as mitchellii] Lowe 1964 [as mitchellii] Stebbins & McGinnis 2012 [as mitchellii] Stebbins 1972 [as mitchellii] Stebbins 2003 Tanner 1975 Wright & Wright 1952   Crotalus ruber Red Diamond Rattlesnake Behler & King 1979 Campbell & Lamar 2004 Ernst 1992 Stebbins & McGinnis 2012 Stebbins 1972 Stebbins 2003 Wright & Wright 1952   Crotalus scutulatus Mojave Rattlesnake Arizona Game and Fish Department 2002 Banta 1965 Bartlett & Bartlett 2013 Behler & King 1979 Brennan & Holycross 2006 Campbell & Lamar 2004 Conant & Collins 1998 Degenhardt, Painter & Price 1996 Dixon 2013 Enderson & Bezy 2010 Ernst 1992 Lowe 1964 Price 1982 Shofner 2007 Stebbins & McGinnis 2012 Stebbins 1972 Stebbins 2003 Tanner 1975 Watson, Spencer, Schield, Butler, Smith, Flores-Villela, Campbell, Mackessy, Castoe & Meik 2019 Wright & Wright 1952   * Crotalus stephensi Panamint Rattlesnake Banta 1965 Behler & King 1979 Campbell & Lamar 2004 Douglas, Douglas, Schuett, Porras & Thomason 2007 Stebbins & McGinnis 2012 Stebbins 2003 Wright & Wright 1952   Crotalus tigris Tiger Rattlesnake Arizona Game and Fish Department 2002 Behler & King 1979 Brennan & Holycross 2006 Brown 2020 Campbell & Lamar 2004 Enderson & Bezy 2010 Ernst 1992 Lowe 1964 Stebbins 2003 Wright & Wright 1952   Crotalus viridis Prairie Rattlesnake Arizona Game and Fish Department 2002 Ballinger, Lynch & Smith 2010 Ballinger, Meeker & Thies 2000 Bartlett & Bartlett 2013 Baxter & Stone 1985 Behler & King 1979 Brennan & Holycross 2006 Campbell & Lamar 2004 Christiansen & Bailey 1990 Conant & Collins 1998 Degenhardt, Painter & Price 1996 Dixon 2013 Enderson & Bezy 2010 Ernst 1992 Fishbeck & Underhill 1959 Groves 1994 Hammerson 1999 Johnson 2015 LeClere 2013 Lowe 1964 Lynch 1985 Maslin 1959 Nussbaum, Brodie & Storm 1983 Shofner 2007 Sievert & Sievert 1993 Slater 1941 Smith 1956 Stebbins 1972 Stebbins 2003 Taggart, Collins & Schmidt 2010 Tanner 1975 Thompson 1982 Werner, Maxell, Hendricks & Flath 2004 Wheeler & Wheeler 1966 Wright & Wright 1952 Young 2011   Crotalus willardi Ridge-nosed Rattlesnake Arizona Game and Fish Department 2002 Bartlett & Bartlett 2013 Behler & King 1979 Brennan & Holycross 2006 Campbell & Lamar 2004 Degenhardt, Painter & Price 1996 Enderson & Bezy 2010 Ernst 1992 Holycross & Smith 1997 Lowe 1964 Stebbins 2003 Wright & Wright 1952 Genus Sistrurus (Pygmy Rattlesnakes)   Sistrurus catenatus Eastern Massasauga Anderson 1965 Bailey, Campa, Harrison & Bissell 2011 Behler & King 1979 Campbell & Lamar 2004 Casper 2008 Christiansen & Bailey 1990 Conant & Collins 1998 Conant 1951 Daniel & Edmond 2006 Ernst 1992 Gibbs, Breisch, Ducey, Johnson, Behler & Bothner 2007 Holman 2012 Holman, Harding, Hensley & Dudderar 1989 Hulse, McCoy & Censky 2001 LeClere 2013 Minton 1972 Minton 1983 Minton 2001 Oldfield & Moriarty 1994 Phillips, Brandon & Moll 1999 Simon, Whitaker, Castrale & Minton 2002 Smith 1961 Vogt 1981 Watermolen & Murrell 2001 Wright & Wright 1952   * Sistrurus miliarius North American Pygmy Rattlesnake Anderson 1965 Ashton & Ashton 1988 Barbour 1971 Behler & King 1979 Campbell & Lamar 2004 Camper 2019 Conant & Collins 1998 Daniel & Edmond 2006 Dixon 2013 Dundee & Rossman 1989 Ernst 1992 Gentry 1956 Gibbons & Dorcas 2005 Guyer, Bailey & Mount 2018 Jensen, Camp, Gibbons & Elliott (eds.) 2008 Krysko, Enge & Moler 2019 Lohoefener & Altig 1983 Martof, Palmer, Bailey & Harrison 1980 Meade 1991 Mirarchi 2004 Mount 1975 Niemiller, Reynolds & Miller 2013 Palmer & Braswell 1995 Price & Dorcas 2011 Savannah River Ecology Laboratory 2013 Scott & Redmond 2008 Sievert & Sievert 1993 Snyder, Burchfield & Nall 1967 Tennant 2003 Trauth, Robison & Plummer 2004 Vance 1985 Vitt & Laerm 1982 Wright & Wright 1952   Sistrurus tergeminus Western Massasauga Anderson 1965 Arizona Game and Fish Department 2002 Ballinger, Lynch & Smith 2010 Bartlett & Bartlett 2013 Behler & King 1979 Brennan & Holycross 2006 [as catenatus] Campbell & Lamar 2004 [as catenatus] Christiansen & Bailey 1990 Conant & Collins 1998 Degenhardt, Painter & Price 1996 Dixon 2013 Duran 2021 Enderson & Bezy 2010 [as catenatus] Ernst 1992 Hammerson 1999 LeClere 2013 Lowe 1964 [as catenatus] Lynch 1985 [as catenatus] Maslin 1959 Minton 1983 [as catenatus] Sievert & Sievert 1993 Sinclair & Snell 1990 Smith 1956 Stebbins 2003 Taggart, Collins & Schmidt 2010 [as catenatus] Wright & Wright 1952 Young 2011 [as catenatus]