Citation: Midtgaard, Rune. RepFocus - A Survey of the Reptiles of the World. (www.repfocus.dk).
Latest update:
August 22nd, 2022.
 
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Genus
Psammophis
 |
Old World Sand Snakes and Grass Snakes, Sun Snakes, Sand Racers, (Whip Snakes)
|
 |
Sandrennnattern
|
 |
Sandsnoge
|
|
1819 |  |
Macrosoma Leach in Bowdich [not Macrosoma Huebner 1818 (Insecta)] (type species: Coluber elegans Shaw 1802) |
|
1826 | |
Psammophis Boie [substitute name for Macrosoma Leach in Bowdich 1819] |
|
1838 | |
Taphrometopon Brandt (type species: Coluber lineolatus Brandt 1838; syn. Williams & Wallach 1989) |
|
1854 | |
Chorisodon Dumeril, Bibron & Dumeril (type species: Chorisodon sibericum Dumeril, Bibron & Dumeril 1854, by monotypy; syn. Wallach, Williams & Boundy 2014) |
|
1854 | |
Monodiastema Bibron in Dumeril, Bibron & Dumeril (type species: Chorisodon sibericum Dumeril, Bibron & Dumeril 1854, by monotypy; syn. Williams & Wallach 1989) |
|
1868 | |
Phayrea Theobald (type species: Phayrea isabellina Theobald 1868; syn. Williams & Wallach 1989) |
|
1872 | |
Amphiophis Bocage (type species: Amphiophis angolensis Bocage 1872, by monotypy; syn. Williams & Wallach 1989) |
|
1924 | |
Mike Werner (type species: Mike elegantissima Werner 1924; syn. Williams & Wallach 1989) |
Contents:
35 species, of which 5 (14.3%) are endemic.
Endemism: 0%  100%
Remarks:
Previously included
Dromophis. Some authors regard
Rhamphiophis as a synonym of Psammophis (e.g., Wallach, Williams & Boundy 2014). Taphrometopon was regarded as a valid genus by Wallach, Williams & Boundy (2014).
Distribution:
Africa, Middle East, Asia, Malay Archipelago.
Reported from:
Afghanistan,
Algeria,
Angola
(incl.
Cabinda),
Azerbaijan,
Bahrain,
Benin,
Botswana,
Burkina Faso,
Burundi,
Cambodia,
Cameroon,
Central African Republic,
Chad,
China
(Gansu,
Inner Mongolia,
Ningxia,
Xinjiang),
Congo-Brazzaville,
Congo-Kinshasa,
Djibouti,
Egypt
(incl.
Sinai),
Eritrea,
Eswatini,
Ethiopia,
Gabon,
Gambia,
Ghana,
Guinea,
Guinea-Bissau
(incl.
Bijagos Archipelago),
India
(Andhra Pradesh,
Bihar,
Chhattisgarh,
Delhi,
Gujarat,
Himachal Pradesh,
Jammu & Kashmir,
Karnataka,
Madhya Pradesh,
Maharashtra,
Odisha,
Punjab,
Rajasthan,
Uttar Pradesh,
Uttarakhand,
West Bengal),
Indonesia
(Bali,
Java),
Iran,
Iraq,
Israel,
Ivory Coast,
Jordan,
Kazakhstan,
Kenya,
Kuwait,
Kyrgyzstan,
Laos,
Lebanon,
Lesotho,
Liberia,
Libya,
Malawi,
Mali,
Mauritania,
Mongolia,
Morocco,
Mozambique
(incl.
Bazaruto Archipelago
[incl.
Benguerua]),
Myanmar,
Namibia,
Nepal,
Niger,
Nigeria,
Oman
(incl.
Masirah),
Pakistan,
Qatar,
Rwanda,
Saudi Arabia
(incl.
Farasan Islands),
Senegal,
Sierra Leone,
Somalia,
South Africa
(Eastern Cape,
Free State,
Gauteng,
KwaZulu-Natal,
Limpopo,
Mpumalanga,
North West Province,
Northern Cape,
Western Cape),
South Sudan,
Sudan,
Syria,
Tajikistan,
Tanzania
(incl.
Mafia,
Zanzibar),
Thailand,
Togo,
Tunisia,
Turkmenistan,
Uganda,
United Arab Emirates,
Uzbekistan,
Vietnam,
Western Sahara,
Yemen,
Zambia,
Zimbabwe.
| |
|
Psammophis aegyptius
|
Sahara Sand Snake, Egyptian Sand Snake
|
|
Sahara-Sandrennnatter
|
|
Sahara-sandsnog
|
|
1958 | |
Psammophis aegyptius Marx |
|
| |
Psammophis schokari aegyptius Kramer & Schnurrenberger 1963 |
Remarks:
Regarded by some authors as a subspecies or a synonym of schokari (e.g., Hughes 1999), but most recent works have treated it as a separate species
(e.g., Bouskila 2004; Baha el Din 2006; Rato, Brito, Carretero, Larbes, Shacham & Harris 2007; Vasconcelos Goncalves, Martínez-Freiría, Crochet, Geniez, Carranza & Brito 2018).
In the distribution map of aegyptius, Sindaco, Venchi & Grieco (2013) plotted a locality in Chad, but they did not make any reference to this locality in the text.
Not mentioned for Algeria by Beddek (2017) or by Rouag & Ziane (2023).
Distribution:
Algeria,
Chad,
Egypt
(incl.
Sinai),
Israel,
Libya,
Niger,
Saudi Arabia,
Sudan.
|
|
|
Psammophis afroccidentalis
|
West African Sand Snake, West African Whip Snake
|
|
Westafrikanische Sandrennnatter
|
|
Vestafrikansk Sandsnog
|
|
2019 | |
Psammophis afroccidentalis Trape, Böhme & Mediannikov in Trape, Crochet, Broadley, Sourouille, Mané, Burger, Böhme, Saleh, Karan, Lanza & Mediannikov 2019 |
Remarks:
Previously regarded as the West African population of sibilans.
A relict population in southern Algeria, a damaged specimen previously assigned to rukwae by Böhme (1986) and to sibilans by Hughes (2012), also represents
afroccidentalis (Böhme, Trape & Geniez 2019).
Not mentioned for Algeria by Rouag & Ziane (2023) or Rouag, Ziane & Sousa (2024).
Distribution:
Algeria,
Benin,
Burkina Faso,
Chad,
Gambia,
Ghana,
Guinea,
Guinea-Bissau,
Ivory Coast,
Mali,
Mauritania,
Niger,
Nigeria,
Senegal,
Togo.
|
|
|
Psammophis angolensis
|
Dwarf Sand Snake, Angolan Sand Snake, Pygmy Sand Snake
|
|
Zwerg-Sandrennnatter
|
|
Dværg-sandsnog
|
|
1872 | |
Amphiophis angolensis Bocage |
|
| |
Dromophis angolensis Boettger 1888 |
|
| |
Psammophis angolensis Boulenger 1891 |
|
1877 | |
Ablabes homeyeri Peters (Broadley 1983) |
Distribution:
Angola,
Botswana,
Congo-Kinshasa,
Ethiopia,
Malawi,
Mozambique,
Namibia,
South Africa
(Gauteng,
Limpopo,
Mpumalanga,
North West Province),
Tanzania
(incl.
Zanzibar),
Zambia,
Zimbabwe.
|
|
|
Psammophis ansorgii
|
Benguela Sand Snake, (Ansorge's Whip Snake, Line-marked Sand Racer)
|
|
Ansorges Sandrennnatter
|
|
Benguela-sandsnog
|
|
1905 | |
Psammophis Ansorgii Boulenger |
Distribution:
Angola.
|
|
|
Psammophis biseriatus
|
Eastern Link-marked Sand Snake, Two-striped Sand Snake
|
|
Zweistreifen-Sandrennnatter
|
|
Tostribet Sandsnog
|
|
1881 | |
Psammophis biseriatus Peters |
Remarks:
Previously included tanganicus.
Not mentioned for Djibouti by Spawls, Mazuch & Mohammad (2023).
Distribution:
Djibouti,
Ethiopia,
Kenya,
Somalia,
Tanzania.
|
|
|
Psammophis brevirostris
|
Short-snouted Grass Snake
|
|
Kurzschnauzen-Sandrennnatter
|
|
Kortsnudet Sandsnog
|
|
1881 | |
Psammophis brevirostris Peters |
|
| |
Psammophis sibilans brevirostris Broadley 1977 |
Remarks:
Previously included leopardinus. Formerly regarded as a synonym of sibilans (e.g., Loveridge 1957). Regarded as a separate species by Brandstätter (1996). Validity confirmed by Broadley (2002).
Distribution:
Botswana,
Eswatini,
Mozambique,
Namibia,
South Africa
(Eastern Cape,
Gauteng,
KwaZulu-Natal,
Limpopo,
Mpumalanga,
North West Province),
Zimbabwe.
|
|
|
Psammophis condanarus
|
Oriental Sand Snake, Indo-Burmese Sand Snake, Condanarus Sand Snake, Indian Sand Snake, Himalayan Sand Snake
|
|
Asiatische Sandrennnatter
|
|
Indisk Sandsnog
|
|
1820 | |
Coluber condanarus Merrem |
|
| |
Psammophis condanarus Boulenger 1890 |
|
| |
Taphrometopon condanarum Wallach, Williams & Boundy 2014 |
|
1853 | |
Leptophis bellii Jerdon (Smith 1943) |
|
1863 | |
Psammophis indicus Beddome (Smith 1943) |
|
1868 | |
Phayrea isabellina Theobald (Wallach, Williams & Boundy 2014) |
|
1924 | |
Mike elegantissima Werner (Wallach, Williams & Boundy 2014) |
Remarks:
Previously included indochinensis. Reported from Karnataka (Prasad 1992), but according to Whitaker & Captain (2004), presence in this state needs confirmation.
Distribution:
India
(Andhra Pradesh,
Bihar,
Chhattisgarh,
Himachal Pradesh,
Karnataka,
Madhya Pradesh,
Maharashtra,
Odisha,
Punjab,
Telangana,
Uttar Pradesh,
Uttarakhand,
West Bengal),
Myanmar,
Nepal,
Pakistan.
|
|
|
Psammophis cornusafricae
|
African Horn Sand Snake
|
|
Bari-Sandrennnatter
|
|
Bari-sandsnog
|
|
2023 | |
Psammophis cornusafricae Smíd, Fernández, Elmi & Mazuch |
Distribution:
Somalia.
|
|
|
Psammophis crucifer
|
Cross-marked Grass Snake, Montane Grass Snake
|
|
Kreuz-Sandrennnatter
|
|
Kors-sandsnog
|
|
1803 | |
Coluber crucifer Daudin |
|
| |
Psammophis crucifer Boie in Oken 1827 |
|
| |
Saurophis crucifer Fisk 1883 |
|
| |
Taphrometopon crucifer Wallach, Williams & Boundy 2014 |
Distribution:
Eswatini,
Lesotho,
Mozambique,
South Africa
(Eastern Cape,
Free State,
Gauteng,
KwaZulu-Natal,
Limpopo,
Mpumalanga,
North West Province,
Northern Cape,
Western Cape),
Zimbabwe.
|
|
|
Psammophis elegans
|
Elegant Sand Snake
|
|
Schlanke Sandrennnatter
|
|
Gratie-sandsnog
|
|
1802 | |
Coluber elegans Shaw |
|
| |
Psammophis elegans Duméril & Bibron 1854 |
|
1961 | |
Psammophis elegans univittatus Perret (Böhme 2010) |
|
| |
Psammophis univittatus Hughes 1999 |
Remarks:
Hughes (1999) regarded univittatus as a separate species, However, Böhme (2010) retained it as a subspecies of elegans. Not mentioned by Chirio & LeBreton (2007), who may have followed Böhme.
Distribution:
Benin,
Burkina Faso,
Cameroon,
Central African Republic,
Chad,
Gambia,
Ghana,
Guinea,
Guinea-Bissau,
Ivory Coast,
Mali,
Mauritania,
Niger,
Nigeria,
Senegal,
Sierra Leone,
Togo.
|
|
|
Psammophis indochinensis
|
Indochinese Sand Snake
|
|
Hinterindische Sandrennnatter
|
|
Indokinesisk Sandsnog
|
|
1943 | |
Psammophis condanarus indochinensis Smith |
|
| |
Psammophis indochinensis Hughes 1999 |
|
| |
Taphrometopon indochinensis Wallach, Williams & Boundy 2014 |
Distribution:
Cambodia,
Indonesia
(Bali,
Java),
Laos,
Myanmar,
Thailand,
Vietnam.
|
|
|
Psammophis jallae
|
Zimbabwe Sand Snake, (Jalla's Sand Snake)
|
|
Jallas Sandrennnatter
|
|
Zimbabwe-sandsnog
|
|
1896 | |
Psammophis jallae Peracca |
|
1921 | |
Psammophis rohani Angel (Broadley 1983) |
|
1932 | |
Psammophis longirostris Fitzsimons (Broadley 1983) |
Distribution:
Angola,
Botswana,
Congo-Kinshasa,
Namibia,
South Africa
(Gauteng,
Limpopo,
North West Province),
Zambia,
Zimbabwe.
|
|
|
Psammophis leightoni
|
Cape Sand Snake, (Leighton's Sand Snake)
|
|
Westliche Kap-Sandrennnatter
|
|
Kap-sandsnog
|
|
1902 | |
Psammophis leightoni Boulenger |
|
| |
Psammophis sibilans leightoni Loveridge 1940 |
Remarks:
Previously included namibensis and trinasalis. Formerly regarded as a subspecies of sibilans (e.g., Loveridge 1940). Revalidated as a separate species by FitzSimons (1970, 1974). Presence in Northern Cape needs confirmation (Bates, Branch, Bauer, Burger, Marais, Alexander & Villiers [eds.] 2014).
Distribution:
South Africa
(Western Cape).
|
|
|
Psammophis leithii
|
Pakistani Sand Snake, Pakistan Ribbon Snake, Indian Ribbon Snake, Sind Ribbon Snake, (Leith's Sand Snake)
|
|
Gebänderte Sandrennnatter
|
|
Pakistansk Sandsnog
|
|
1869 | |
Psammophis leithii Günther |
|
| |
Taphrometopon leithii Wallach, Williams & Boundy 2014 |
Distribution:
Afghanistan,
India
(Delhi,
Gujarat,
Himachal Pradesh,
Jammu & Kashmir,
Maharashtra,
Punjab,
Rajasthan,
Uttar Pradesh),
Pakistan.
|
|
|
Psammophis leopardinus
|
Leopard Sand Snake, Leopard Grass Snake, Chain-marked Grass Snake
|
|
Leoparden-Sandrennnatter
|
|
Leopard-sandsnog
|
|
1887 | |
Psammophis sibilans var. leopardina Bocage |
|
| |
Psammophis leopardinus Hughes 1999 |
|
| |
Psammophis brevirostris leopardinus Haagner, Branch & Haagner 2000 |
Remarks:
Previously regarded as a synonym of sibilans (e.g., Loveridge 1957) or of brevirostris (e.g., Brandstätter 1996).
Records from Zambia and adjacent Congo-Kinshasa refer to zambiensis.
Distribution:
Angola,
Namibia.
|
|
|
Psammophis lineolatus
|
Steppe Sand Snake, Steppe Ribbon Snake
|
|
Steppenrennnatter
|
|
Steppe-sandsnog
|
|
1838 | |
Coluber lineolatus Brandt [not Coluber lineolatus Wied 1825] |
|
| |
Taphrometopon lineolatum Peters 1861 |
|
| |
Psammophis lineolatus Smith 1943 |
|
1854 | |
Chorisodon sibericum Duméril & Bibron (Peters 1861) |
|
1912 | |
Psammophis triticeus Wall (Smith 1943) |
Distribution:
Afghanistan,
Azerbaijan,
China
(Gansu,
Inner Mongolia,
Ningxia,
Xinjiang),
Iran,
Kazakhstan,
Kyrgyzstan,
Mongolia,
Pakistan,
Tajikistan,
Turkmenistan,
Uzbekistan.
|
|
|
Psammophis longifrons
|
Stout Sand Snake
|
|
Indische Sandrennnatter
|
|
Langsnudet Sandsnog
|
|
1896 | |
Psammophis longifrons Boulenger |
|
| |
Taphrometopon longifrons Wallach, Williams & Boundy 2014 |
Remarks:
Andhra Pradesh is included in the distribution based on the type locality, Cudappah Hills, although regarded as probably incorrect by Whitaker & Captain (2004).
However, the species has since then been found in localities closer to the type locality, suggesting that it might be correct.
Distribution:
India
(Andhra Pradesh,
Chhattisgarh,
Gujarat,
Karnataka,
Madhya Pradesh,
Maharashtra,
Telangana).
|
|
|
Psammophis mossambicus
|
East African Olive Grass Snake, (Olive Grass Snake, Olive Whip Snake, Hissing Sand Snake)
|
|
Ostafrikanische Olivfarbige Sandrennnatter
|
|
Østafrikansk Olivensandsnog
|
|
1882 | |
Psammophis sibilans var. mossambica Peters |
|
| |
Psammophis mossambicus Branch 1998 |
|
1882 | |
Psammophis sibilans tettensis Peters (Trape, Crochet, Broadley, Sourouille, Mané, Burger, Böhme, Saleh, Karan, Lanza & Mediannikov 2019) |
|
1884 | |
Psammophis sibilans intermedius Fischer (Trape, Crochet, Broadley, Sourouille, Mané, Burger, Böhme, Saleh, Karan, Lanza & Mediannikov 2019) |
|
1908 | |
Psammophis thomasi Gough (Broadley 2002) |
|
1919 | |
Psammophis subtaeniatus occidentalis Werner (Trape, Crochet, Broadley, Sourouille, Mané, Burger, Böhme, Saleh, Karan, Lanza & Mediannikov 2019) |
|
| |
Psammophis phillipsi occidentalis Hughes & Wade 2004 |
|
| |
Psammophis occidentalis Chirio & LeBreton 2007 |
Remarks:
Previously regarded as a synonym of sibilans (e.g., Loveridge 1957), of phillipsii (e.g., Broadley 1983), or of brevirostris (e.g., Brandstätter 1995). This species includes what was previously considered the eastern and southern African populations of phillipsii (Griffin 2003).
Distribution:
Angola
(incl.
Cabinda),
Botswana,
Burundi,
Cameroon,
Central African Republic,
Chad,
Congo-Brazzaville,
Congo-Kinshasa,
Eswatini,
Gabon,
Kenya,
Malawi,
Mozambique,
Namibia,
Nigeria.
Rwanda,
South Africa
(KwaZulu-Natal,
Limpopo,
Mpumalanga),
South Sudan,
Sudan,
Tanzania,
Uganda,
Zambia,
Zimbabwe.
|
|
|
Psammophis namibensis
|
Namib Sand Snake
|
|
Namib-Sandrennnatter
|
|
Namibisk Sandsnog
|
|
1975 | |
Psammophis leightoni namibensis Broadley |
|
| |
Psammophis namibensis Broadley 2002 |
Distribution:
Angola,
Namibia,
South Africa
(Northern Cape,
Western Cape).
|
|
|
Psammophis notostictus
|
Karoo Sand Snake, Dapple-backed Sand Snake
|
|
Karoo-Sandrennnatter
|
|
Karoo-sandsnog
|
|
1867 | |
Psammophis moniliger notostictus Peters |
|
| |
Psammophis sibilans notostictus Fischer 1888 |
|
| |
Psammophis notostictus Boulenger 1896 |
|
1887 | |
Psammophis sibilans stenocephalus Bocage (Broadley 1983) |
Remarks:
Previously regarded as a subspecies of sibilans.
Distribution:
Angola,
Botswana,
Namibia,
South Africa
(Eastern Cape,
Free State,
Northern Cape,
Western Cape).
|
|
|
Psammophis orientalis
|
Eastern Stripe-bellied Sand Snake
|
|
Östliche Gelbbauch-Sandrennnatter
|
|
Østlig Bugstribet Sandsnog
|
|
1977 | |
Psammophis subtaeniatus orientalis Broadley |
|
| |
Psammophis orientalis Broadley 2002 |
Distribution:
Kenya,
Malawi,
Mozambique
(incl.
Bazaruto Archipelago
[incl.
Benguerua]),
Somalia,
Tanzania,
Zimbabwe.
|
|
|
Psammophis phillipsii
|
West African Olive Grass Snake, (Phillips' Sand Snake, Olive Grass Snake)
|
|
Phillips-Sandrennnatter
|
|
Vestafrikansk Olivensandsnog
|
|
1844 | |
Coluber Phillipsii Hallowell |
|
| |
Psammophis phillipsii Hallowell 1854 |
|
| |
Psammophis sibilans phillipsii Loveridge 1938 |
|
1856 | |
Psammophis irregularis Fischer (Trape, Crochet, Broadley, Sourouille, Mané, Burger, Böhme, Saleh, Karan, Lanza & Mediannikov 2019) |
Remarks:
Previously included mossambicus.
Now restricted to West Africa.
Records from Central Africa north, south and east of the Congo forest block and from eastern and southern Africa refer to mossambicus
(Griffin 2003; Trape, Crochet, Broadley, Sourouille, Mané, Burger, Böhme, Saleh, Karan, Lanza & Mediannikov 2019).
Distribution:
Benin,
Gambia,
Ghana,
Guinea,
Guinea-Bissau
(incl.
Bijagos Archipelago),
Ivory Coast,
Liberia,
Mali,
Nigeria,
Senegal,
Sierra Leone,
Togo.
|
|
|
Psammophis pulcher
|
Venus Sand Snake, Beautiful Sand Snake
|
|
Schöne Sandrennnatter
|
|
Venus-sandsnog
|
|
1895 | |
Psammophis pulcher Boulenger |
Distribution:
Ethiopia,
Kenya.
|
|
|
Psammophis punctulatus
|
Northern Speckled Sand Snake
|
|
Nördliche Gepunktete Sandrennnatter
|
|
Nordlig Spættet Sandsnog
|
|
1854 | |
Psammophis punctulatus Dumeril, Bibron & Dumeril |
|
1859 | |
Dendrophis furcata Bianconi (Wallach, Williams & Boundy 2014) |
Remarks:
Previously included trivirgatus.
Distribution:
Djibouti,
Egypt,
Eritrea,
Ethiopia,
Somalia,
Sudan,
Tanzania.
|
|
|
Psammophis rukwae
|
Lake Rukwa Sand Snake
|
|
Rukwa-Sandrennnatter
|
|
Rukwa-sandsnog
|
|
1966 | |
Psammophis sibilans rukwae Broadley |
|
| |
Psammophis rukwae Broadley 1977 |
|
1995 | |
Psammophis rukwae silvomarginata Brandstätter (Chippaux 2001) |
Remarks:
Previously included P. sudanensis leucogaster.
Records of rukwae from West Africa probably refer to that subspecies (Trape & Mané 2006a).
Reported from Niger by Ineich, Chirio, Ascani, Rabeil & Newby (2014), but since it was not listed for the country by Trape & Mané (2015), rukwae is not included for Niger herein.
Also see Kelly, Barker Villet, Broadley & Branch (2008).
Known from each a single locality in Kenya and Uganda (Spawls, Howell, Drewes & Ashe 2002), however, the species was not mentioned by Malonza & Bwong (2023).
Distribution:
Cameroon,
Central African Republic,
Chad,
Eritrea,
Ethiopia,
Kenya,
South Sudan,
Sudan,
Tanzania,
Uganda.
|
|
|
Psammophis schokari
|
Arabian Sand Snake, Afro-Asian Sand Snake, Asian Sand Snake, Variable Sand Snake, Desert Sand Snake, Saharo-Sindian Ribbon Snake, (Schokari Sand Snake, Forskål's Sand Snake)
|
|
Arabische Sandrennnatter
|
|
Arabisk Sandsnog
|
|
1775 | |
Coluber schokari Forskål |
|
| |
Psammophis schokari Boulenger 1896 |
|
| |
Psammophis sibilans schokari Loveridge 1941 |
|
1872 | |
Psammophis sindanus Stoliczka (Smith 1943) |
Remarks:
Previously included aegyptius.
Records from Niger (e.g., Villiers 1950) refer to aegyptius (Trape & Mané 2006a).
Records from Benin are based on wrong locality data or misidentifications (Ullenbruch, Grell & Böhme 2010; Hughes 2013).
Presence in Gujarat needs confirmation (Patel & Vyas 2019).
Distribution:
Afghanistan,
Algeria,
Bahrain,
Djibouti,
Egypt
(incl.
Sinai),
Eritrea,
India
(Jammu & Kashmir,
Punjab,
Rajasthan),
Iran,
Iraq,
Israel,
Jordan,
Kuwait,
Lebanon,
Libya,
Mali,
Mauritania,
Morocco,
Oman
(incl.
Masirah),
Pakistan,
Qatar,
Saudi Arabia
(incl.
Farasan Islands),
Somalia,
Sudan,
Syria,
Tunisia,
Turkmenistan,
United Arab Emirates,
Western Sahara,
Yemen.
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|
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Psammophis sibilans
|
Hissing Sand Snake, African Hissing Snake, Striped Sand Snake, African Beauty Snake, Large Brown Grass Snake, Olive Grass Snake, Olive Sand Snake, Sun Snake
|
|
Schmuck-Sandrennnatter, Gestreifte Sandrennnatter, Zischnatter
|
|
Brun Sandsnog
|
|
1758 | |
Coluber sibilans Linnaeus |
|
| |
Psammophis sibilans Boulenger 1896 |
|
1802 | |
Coluber gemmatus Shaw (Trape, Crochet, Broadley, Sourouille, Mané, Burger, Böhme, Saleh, Karan, Lanza & Mediannikov 2019) |
|
1803 | |
Coluber moniliger Daudin (Trape, Crochet, Broadley, Sourouille, Mané, Burger, Böhme, Saleh, Karan, Lanza & Mediannikov 2019) |
|
| |
Psammophis moniliger Peters 1862 |
|
1829 | |
Coluber auritus Geoffroy Saint-Hillaire (Trape, Crochet, Broadley, Sourouille, Mané, Burger, Böhme, Saleh, Karan, Lanza & Mediannikov 2019) |
|
1895 | |
Psammophis lacrymans Reuss (Trape, Crochet, Broadley, Sourouille, Mané, Burger, Böhme, Saleh, Karan, Lanza & Mediannikov 2019) |
Remarks:
Previously regarded as a widespread African species, including the populations now assigned to afroccidentalis, brevirostris, leightoni, leopardinus, mossambicus, occidentalis, phillipsii,
rukwae, schokari, subtaeniatus, sudanensis, and trinasalis.
Now restricted to northeastern Africa from Egypt to Ethiopia (Trape, Crochet, Broadley, Sourouille, Mané, Burger, Böhme, Saleh, Karan, Lanza & Mediannikov 2019).
Recently recorded in Saudi Arabia (Aloufi & al. 2021).
Records from Eritrea are tentatively retained as sibilans herein, pending confirmation in future studies.
The species may also be present in South Sudan.
Records from West Africa refer to afroccidentalis.
Records from Cameroon, Chad, and Central African Republic, east to Ethiopia and Tanzania refer to rukwae.
Most older records of from eastern and southern Africa refer to mossambicus (Hughes 1999; Griffin 2003).
Introduced to:
Cape Verde.
Distribution:
Egypt
(incl.
Sinai),
Eritrea (see remarks),
Ethiopia,
Saudi Arabia,
Somalia,
South Sudan,
Sudan.
|
|
|
Psammophis subtaeniatus
|
Western Stripe-bellied Sand Snake, Western Yellow-bellied Sand Snake, Southern Stripe-bellied Sand Snake
|
|
Westliche Gelbbauch-Sandrennnatter
|
|
Vestlig Bugstribet Sandsnog
|
|
1882 | |
Psammophis sibilans var. subtaeniata Peters |
|
| |
Psammophis subtaeniatus Boulenger 1896 |
|
1896 | |
Psammophis bocagii Boulenger (Broadley 1983) |
|
1908 | |
Psammophis transvaalensis Gough (Broadley 1983) |
Remarks:
Previously included orientalis and sudanensis. A record from Cameroon (Böhme 1975) refer to rukwae (Böhme 1978). Records from the Central African Republic refer to sudanensis (Chirio & Ineich 2006). Presence in Ethiopia considered doubtful (Largen & Rasmussen 1993), although recorded by Böhme (1987).
Distribution:
Angola,
Botswana,
Congo-Kinshasa,
Eswatini,
Malawi,
Mozambique,
Namibia,
South Africa
(Gauteng,
KwaZulu-Natal,
Limpopo,
Mpumalanga,
North West Province),
Zambia,
Zimbabwe.
|
|
|
Psammophis sudanensis
|
Sudan Sand Snake, (Eastern Stripe-bellied Sand Snake, Northern Stripe-bellied Sand Snake)
|
|
Sudanische Sandrennnatter
|
|
Sudansk Sandsnog
|
|
1919 | |
Psammophis subtaeniatus var. sudanensis Werner |
|
| |
Psammophis sudanensis Hughes 1999 |
|
1983 | |
Psammophis leucogaster Spawls (Hughes 1999) |
|
| |
Psammophis rukwae leucogaster Böhme 1986 |
|
| |
Psammophis sudanensis leucogaster Trape & Mané 2006a |
Other common names:
leucogaster: White-bellied Sand Snake
Remarks:
Previously regarded as a synonym of sibilans (e.g., Broadley 1977). Revalidated as a separate species by Hughes (1999). Records from Guinea (Chirio 2012) and Benin (e.g., Ullenbruch, Grell & Böhme 2010) were based on misidentifications, although the species is probably present in Benin (Hughes 2013; Trape & Baldé 2014).
Distribution:
Burkina Faso,
Cameroon,
Central African Republic,
Chad,
Ethiopia,
Ghana,
Kenya,
Malawi,
Mozambique,
Niger,
Nigeria,
Senegal,
South Sudan,
Sudan,
Tanzania
(incl.
Mafia,
Zanzibar),
Uganda.
|
|
|
Psammophis tanganicus
|
Tanganyika Sand Snake, Western Link-marked Sand Snake
|
|
Ketten-Sandrennnatter
|
|
Tanganyika-sandsnog
|
|
1940 | |
Psammophis biseriatus tanganicus Loveridge |
|
| |
Psammophis tanganicus Bezy & Drewes 1985 |
Remarks:
A report from Libya (as biseriatus) (e.g., Scortecci 1937; Zavattari 1937; Loveridge 1940; Kramer & Schnurrenberger 1959) is considered questionable
(Venchi & Sindaco 2007; Sindaco, Venchi & Grieco 2013; Bauer, DeBoer & Taylor 2017; Spawls, Mazuch & Mohammad 2023) and disregarded herein, pending confirmation for the country.
Also records from Sudan and South Sudan are disregarded herein, following Spawls, Mazuch & Mohammad (2023), who do not mention the species for these countries.
Distribution:
Djibouti,
Eritrea,
Ethiopia,
Kenya,
Somalia,
Tanzania,
Uganda.
|
|
|
Psammophis trigrammus
|
Western Sand Snake
|
|
Westliche Sandrennnatter
|
|
Vestlig Sandsnog
|
|
1865 | |
Psammophis trigrammus Günther |
Distribution:
Angola,
Namibia,
South Africa
(Northern Cape).
|
|
|
Psammophis trinasalis
|
Kalahari Sand Snake, Fork-marked Sand Snake
|
|
Kalahari-Sandrennnatter
|
|
Kalahari-sandsnog
|
|
1867 | |
Psammophis moniliger furcatus Peters [not Dendrophis furcata Bianconi 1859] (Broadley 1983) |
|
| |
Psammophis sibilans furcatus Fischer 1888 |
|
| |
Psammophis furcatus Boulenger 1895 |
|
1902 | |
Psammophis sibilans trinasalis Werner |
|
| |
Psammophis trinasalis Werner 1903 |
|
| |
Psammophis leightoni trinasalis Mertens 1955 |
Remarks:
Revalidated as a separate species by Broadley (2002).
Distribution:
Botswana,
Namibia,
South Africa
(Eastern Cape,
Free State,
Gauteng,
Limpopo,
Mpumalanga,
North West Province,
Northern Cape).
|
|
|
Psammophis trivirgatus
|
Southern Speckled Sand Snake
|
|
Südliche Gepunktete Sandrennnatter
|
|
Sydlig Spættet Sandsnog
|
|
1878 | |
Psammophis punctulatus trivirgatus Peters |
|
| |
Psammophis trivirgatus Lanza 1990 |
Distribution:
Kenya,
Somalia,
Tanzania,
Uganda.
|
|
|
Psammophis turpanensis
|
Turpan Sand Snake
|
|
Turpan-Sandrennnatter
|
|
Turpan-sandsnog
|
|
2021 | |
Psammophis turpanensis Chen, Liu, Cai, Li, Wu & Guo |
Distribution:
China
(Xinjiang).
|
|
|
Psammophis zambiensis
|
Zambian Sand Snake, Zambian Whip Snake
|
|
Sambianische Sandrennnatter
|
|
Zambiansk Sandsnog
|
|
2002 | |
Psammophis zambiensis Hughes & Wade |
Remarks:
Previously regarded as a population of leopardinus (e.g., Brandstätter 1996).
There are no confirmed records from Angola, but the country is included in the distribution herein, based on some older records of sibilans that may be
referable to zambiensis, following Marques, Ceríaco, Blackburn & Bauer (2018), who suggested that the species could also be present in Botswana,
Mozambique, Namibia (Caprivi Strip), and Zimbabwe.
Distribution:
Angola,
Congo-Kinshasa,
Malawi,
Zambia.
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