Reptiles of Uruguay    Bibliography of the reptiles of Uruguay Taxonomic history of the reptiles of Uruguay Introduced species

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Citation: Midtgaard, Rune. RepFocus - A Survey of the Reptiles of the World. www.repfocus.dk (Compilation date: 14th April, 2023).

Checklist General remarks: The list includes only formally described species. Newly discovered, but still unnamed species are excluded. However, unnamed species or species unassigned to species level are included, if they are the only representatives of their genus in the region. Species counts exclude extinct and introduced species. Doubtful records, typically older voucher specimens of uncertain origin, have been excluded if considered questionable, as are records based on sources considered unreliable or controversial. Note: Your comments to the checklist (omissions, errors, etc.) are welcomed, preferably if they are provided with reliable references. If possible, please attach a pdf file of the relevant reference to an email addressed to:

	Worm Lizards (Amphisbaenia)
	= endemicEX = extinct or assumed extinct Species References  Family Amphisbaenidae (Typical Worm Lizards) Genus Amphisbaena (Neotropical Worm Lizards)   Amphisbaena darwinii Uruguayan Ringed Worm Lizard Achaval & Olmos 2003 Achaval-Elena-2001 Carreira & Maneyro 2015 Carreira, Brazeiro, Camargo, Rosa, Canavero & Manyro 2012 Carreira, Meneghel & Achaval 2005 Gans 1967 Gans 2005 Perez, Ribeiro & Borges-Martins 2012 Peters & Donoso-Barros 1970 Ruiz-Garcia, Curi, Lamas & Cespedez 2016 Teixeira, Vechio, Neto & Rodrigues 2014   Amphisbaena munoai Munoa Worm Lizard Achaval & Olmos 2003 Carreira & Maneyro 2015 Carreira, Brazeiro, Camargo, Rosa, Canavero & Manyro 2012 Carreira, Meneghel & Achaval 2005 Gans 2005 Perez & Borges-Martins 2019 Perez, Ribeiro & Borges-Martins 2012 Peters & Donoso-Barros 1970 Genus Anops (Keel-headed Worm Lizards)   Anops kingii Pampas Worm Lizard Achaval & Olmos 2003 Achaval-Elena-2001 Carreira & Maneyro 2015 Carreira, Brazeiro, Camargo, Rosa, Canavero & Manyro 2012 Carreira, Meneghel & Achaval 2005 Gans 2005 Peters & Donoso-Barros 1970 Genus Leposternon (South American Worm Lizards)   Leposternon microcephalum Small-headed Worm Lizard Achaval & Olmos 2003 Achaval-Elena-2001 Carreira & Maneyro 2015 Carreira, Brazeiro, Camargo, Rosa, Canavero & Manyro 2012 Carreira, Meneghel & Achaval 2005 Gans 1971 Gans 2005

	Crocodilians (Crocodylia)
	= endemicEX = extinct or assumed extinct Species References  Family Alligatoridae (Alligators and Caimans) Genus Caiman (Typical Caimans)   Caiman latirostris Broad-snouted Caiman Achaval & Olmos 2003 Achaval-Elena-2001 Carreira & Maneyro 2015 Carreira, Brazeiro, Camargo, Rosa, Canavero & Manyro 2012 Carreira, Meneghel & Achaval 2005 King & Burke 1989 Wermuth & Mertens 1977

	Lizards (Sauria)
	= endemicEX = extinct or assumed extinct Species References  Family Anguidae (Slowworms, etc.) Genus Ophiodes (South American Glass Lizards)   Ophiodes intermedius Asuncion Glass Lizard Achaval & Olmos 2003 Achaval-Elena-2001 Carreira & Maneyro 2015 Carreira, Brazeiro, Camargo, Rosa, Canavero & Manyro 2012 Carreira, Meneghel & Achaval 2005 Colina, Arrieta & Carreira 2012 Schools & Hedges 2021   Ophiodes striatus Dark-striped Glass Lizard Achaval & Olmos 2003 Achaval-Elena-2001 Carreira & Maneyro 2015 [as "aff. striatus"] Carreira, Brazeiro, Camargo, Rosa, Canavero & Manyro 2012 [as "aff. striatus"] Carreira, Meneghel & Achaval 2005 [as "aff. striatus"] Peters & Donoso-Barros 1970 Schools & Hedges 2021 Wermuth 1969   Ophiodes vertebralis Uruguayan Glass Lizard Achaval & Olmos 2003 Achaval-Elena-2001 Carreira & Maneyro 2015 Carreira, Brazeiro, Camargo, Rosa, Canavero & Manyro 2012 Carreira, Meneghel & Achaval 2005 Peters & Donoso-Barros 1970 Schools & Hedges 2021 Wermuth 1969  Family Gymnophthalmidae (Scaly-tongued Spectacled Tejus) Genus Cercosaura (Eastern Shade Tejus)   Cercosaura schreibersii South Brazilian Shade Teju Achaval & Olmos 2003 Achaval-Elena-2001 Carreira & Maneyro 2015 Carreira, Brazeiro, Camargo, Rosa, Canavero & Manyro 2012 Carreira, Meneghel & Achaval 2005 Doan & Lamar 2012 Peters & Donoso-Barros 1970 Ribeiro-Junior & Amaral 2016 Ribeiro-Junior & Amaral 2017  Family Leiosauridae (Smooth Iguanas) Genus Anisolepis (South American Tree Iguanas)   Anisolepis undulatus Brazilian Tree Iguana Achaval & Olmos 2003 Achaval-Elena-2001 Carreira & Maneyro 2015 Carreira, Achaval & Meneghel 2006 Carreira, Brazeiro, Camargo, Rosa, Canavero & Manyro 2012 Carreira, Meneghel & Achaval 2005 Etheridge & Williams 1991 Peters & Donoso-Barros 1970  Family Liolaemidae (South American Lesser Iguanas) Genus Liolaemus (Smooth-throated Lizards)   * Liolaemus gardeli Tacuarembo Smooth-throated Lizard Verrastro, Maneyro, Silva & Farias 2017   Liolaemus occipitalis Rio Grande Smooth-throated Lizard Carreira & Maneyro 2015 Carreira, Brazeiro, Camargo, Rosa, Canavero & Manyro 2012 Pincheira-Donoso, Scolaro & Sura 2008 Verrastro, Maneyro, Silva & Farias 2017 Verrastro, Schossler & da Silva 2006   * Liolaemus undulatus Uruguayan Smooth-throated Lizard Abdala, Laspiur & Langstroth 2021 Achaval & Olmos 2003 [as L. wiegmanni] Achaval-Elena-2001 [as L. wiegmanni] Carreira & Maneyro 2015 [as L. wiegmanni] Carreira, Brazeiro, Camargo, Rosa, Canavero & Manyro 2012 [as L. wiegmanni] Carreira, Meneghel & Achaval 2005 [as L. wiegmanni] Pincheira-Donoso, Scolaro & Sura 2008 [as L. wiegmanni] Verrastro, Maneyro, Silva & Farias 2017 [as L. wiegmanni]  Family Phyllodactylidae (Leaf-toed Geckos) Genus Homonota (Broad-headed Geckos)   Homonota uruguayensis Uruguayan Broad-headed Gecko Achaval & Olmos 2003 Achaval-Elena-2001 Carreira & Maneyro 2015 Carreira, Brazeiro, Camargo, Rosa, Canavero & Manyro 2012 Carreira, Meneghel & Achaval 2005 Kluge 1964 Peters & Donoso-Barros 1970 Vanzolini 1968  Family Scincidae (Skinks) Genus Aspronema (South American White-striped Skinks)   Aspronema dorsivittatum South American White-striped Skink Achaval & Olmos 2003 Achaval-Elena-2001 Carreira & Maneyro 2015 Carreira, Brazeiro, Camargo, Rosa, Canavero & Manyro 2012 Carreira, Meneghel & Achaval 2005 Harvey, Aguayo & Miralles 2008 Hedges & Conn 2012 Peters & Donoso-Barros 1970  Family Teiidae (Greater Tejus) Genus Contomastix (Short-tailed Whiptails)   Contomastix lacertoides Uruguayan Whiptail Achaval & Olmos 2003 Achaval Elena 2001 Cabrera & Carreira 2009 [as charrua] Carreira & Maneyro 2015 Carreira, Brazeiro, Camargo, Rosa, Canavero & Manyro 2012 Carreira, Meneghel & Achaval 2005 Harvey, Ugueto & Gutberlet 2012 Maslin & Secoy 1986 Peters & Donoso-Barros 1970 Genus Salvator (Southern Tejus)   Salvator merianae Southern Black-and-White Teju Achaval & Olmos 2003 Achaval Elena 2001 Avila-Pires 1995 Carreira & Maneyro 2015 Carreira, Brazeiro, Camargo, Rosa, Canavero & Manyro 2012 Carreira, Meneghel & Achaval 2005 Koehler & Langerwerf 2000 Peters & Donoso-Barros 1970 Ribeiro-Junior & Amaral 2016 Genus Teius (Typical Tejus)   Teius oculatus Green Teju Achaval & Olmos 2003 Cacciali, Morando, Koehler & Avila 2016 Carreira & Maneyro 2015 Carreira, Brazeiro, Camargo, Rosa, Canavero & Manyro 2012 Carreira, Meneghel & Achaval 2005 Cei 1993 Harvey, Ugueto & Gutberlet 2012  Family Tropiduridae (Rough-tailed Iguanas) Genus Stenocercus (Whorl-tailed Iguanas)   Stenocercus azureus Uruguayan Whorl-tailed Iguana Achaval & Olmos 2003 Achaval Elena 2001 Carreira & Maneyro 2015 Carreira, Brazeiro, Camargo, Rosa, Canavero & Manyro 2012 Carreira, Meneghel & Achaval 2005 Torres-Carvajal 2005 Torres-Carvajal 2007 Genus Tropidurus (Eastern Keel-tailed Iguanas)   Tropidurus catalanensis Uruguayan Keel-tailed Iguana Achaval & Olmos 2003 [as torquatus] Achaval Elena 2001 [as torquatus] Cacciali & Koehler 2018 Carreira & Maneyro 2015 Carreira, Brazeiro, Camargo, Rosa, Canavero & Manyro 2012 [as torquatus] Carreira, Meneghel & Achaval 2005 [as torquatus] Carvalho 2013 [as torquatus] Kunz & Borges-Martins 2013 Rodrigues 1987 [as torquatus]

	Snakes (Serpentes)
	= endemicEX = extinct or assumed extinct Species References  Family Anomalepididae (Neotropical Blind Snakes) Genus Liotyphlops (Smooth Blind Snakes)   Liotyphlops ternetzii Paraguayan Blind Snake Achaval & Olmos 2003 Achaval-Elena-2001 Carreira & Maneyro 2015 Carreira, Brazeiro, Camargo, Rosa, Canavero & Manyro 2012 Carreira, Meneghel & Achaval 2005 Melgarejo & Meneghel 1984  Family Boidae (Typical Boas) Genus Eunectes (Anacondas)   Eunectes notaeus Yellow Anaconda Achaval & Olmos 2003 Achaval-Elena-2001 Carreira & Maneyro 2015 Carreira, Brazeiro, Camargo, Rosa, Canavero & Manyro 2012 Carreira, Meneghel & Achaval 2005 Dirksen 2001 Dirksen 2002 Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970  Family Colubridae (Typical Snakes or Colubrids) Genus Adelphostigma (Twin-spotted Leaf-litter Snakes)   Adelphostigma occipitalis Bahia Leaf-litter Snake Achaval & Olmos 2003 Achaval-Elena-2001 Carreira & Maneyro 2015 Carreira, Brazeiro, Camargo, Rosa, Canavero & Manyro 2012 Carreira, Meneghel & Achaval 2005 Myers 1974 Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970 Genus Atractus (Spindle Snakes)   Atractus reticulatus Reticulated Spindle Snake Carreira & Maneyro 2015 Carreira, Brazeiro, Camargo, Rosa, Canavero & Manyro 2012 Carreira, Lombardo & Achaval-Coppes 2012 Carreira, Meneghel & Achaval 2004 Carreira, Meneghel & Achaval 2005 Passos, Fernandes, Bernils & Moura-Leite 2010 Genus Boiruna (Southern Snake Eaters)   Boiruna maculata South American Spotted Snake Eater Achaval & Olmos 2003 Achaval-Elena-2001 Carreira & Maneyro 2015 Carreira, Brazeiro, Camargo, Rosa, Canavero & Manyro 2012 Carreira, Meneghel & Achaval 2005 Giraudo & Scrocchi 2002 Zaher 1996 Genus Calamodontophis (Southeastern Neotropical Forest Snakes)   Calamodontophis paucidens Southern Forest Snake Achaval & Olmos 2003 Carreira & Lombardo 2008 Carreira & Maneyro 2015 Carreira & Meneghel 2003 Carreira, Brazeiro, Camargo, Rosa, Canavero & Manyro 2012 Carreira, Lombardo & Achaval-Coppes 2012 Carreira, Meneghel & Achaval 2005 Franco, Carvalho-Cintra & Lema 2006 Franco, Salomao, Borges-Martins, Di-Bernardo, Meneghel & Carreira 2001 Genus Chironius (Sipos)   Chironius gouveai Uruguayan Sipo Achaval & Olmos 2003 [as bicarinatus] Achaval-Elena-2001 [as bicarinatus] Carreira & Maneyro 2015 [as bicarinatus] Carreira, Brazeiro, Camargo, Rosa, Canavero & Manyro 2012 [as bicarinatus] Carreira, Meneghel & Achaval 2005 [as bicarinatus] Dixon, Wiest & Cei 1993 [as bicarinatus] Entiauspe-Neto, Lyra, Koch, Quintela, Abegg & Loebmann 2020 Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970 [as bicarinatus] Genus Dibernardia (East South American Leaf-litter Snakes)   Dibernardia poecilopogon Uruguayan Leaf-litter Snake Achaval & Olmos 2003 Achaval-Elena-2001 Carreira & Maneyro 2015 Carreira, Brazeiro, Camargo, Rosa, Canavero & Manyro 2012 Carreira, Meneghel & Achaval 2005 Myers 1974 Genus Dipsas (Neotropical Snail Eaters)   Dipsas turgida Bolivian Snail Eater Achaval & Olmos 2003 Achaval-Elena-2001 Carreira & Maneyro 2015 Carreira, Brazeiro, Camargo, Rosa, Canavero & Manyro 2012 Carreira, Meneghel & Achaval 2005 Genus Dryophylax (Northern Mock Vipers)   Dryophylax hypoconia Southern Mock Viper Achaval & Olmos 2003 Achaval-Elena-2001 Carreira & Maneyro 2015 Carreira, Brazeiro, Camargo, Rosa, Canavero & Manyro 2012 Carreira, Meneghel & Achaval 2005 Giraudo & Scrocchi 2002 Trevine, Caicedo-Portilla, Hoogmoed, Thomas, Franco, Montingelli, Osorno-Munoz & Zaher 2021 Genus Erythrolamprus (Neotropical Smooth Snakes)   Erythrolamprus almadensis Almada Smooth Snake Achaval & Olmos 2003 Achaval-Elena-2001 Carreira & Maneyro 2015 Carreira, Brazeiro, Camargo, Rosa, Canavero & Manyro 2012 Carreira, Meneghel & Achaval 2005 Giraudo & Scrocchi 2002 Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970 Vanzolini 1986   Erythrolamprus jaegeri Southern Green Smooth Snake Achaval & Olmos 2003 Achaval-Elena-2001 Carreira & Maneyro 2015 Carreira, Brazeiro, Camargo, Rosa, Canavero & Manyro 2012 Carreira, Meneghel & Achaval 2005 Dixon 1987 Dixon 1989 Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970   Erythrolamprus poecilogyrus Yellow-bellied Smooth Snake Achaval & Olmos 2003 Achaval-Elena-2001 Carreira & Maneyro 2015 Carreira, Brazeiro, Camargo, Rosa, Canavero & Manyro 2012 Carreira, Meneghel & Achaval 2005 Dixon 1989 Giraudo & Scrocchi 2002 Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970   Erythrolamprus semiaureus Golden Smooth Snake Achaval & Olmos 2003 Achaval-Elena-2001 Carreira & Maneyro 2015 Carreira, Brazeiro, Camargo, Rosa, Canavero & Manyro 2012 Carreira, Meneghel & Achaval 2005 Dixon 1983 Dixon 1989 Giraudo, Arzamendia & Cacciali 2006 Genus Helicops (South American Keelbacks)   Helicops infrataeniatus Surinam Keelback Achaval & Olmos 2003 Achaval-Elena-2001 Carreira & Maneyro 2015 Carreira, Brazeiro, Camargo, Rosa, Canavero & Manyro 2012 Carreira, Meneghel & Achaval 2005 Giraudo & Scrocchi 2002 Landgref-Filho & Aoki 2011 Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970 Genus Leptophis (Neotropical Parrot Snakes)   Leptophis marginatus Paraguayan Parrot Snake Achaval & Olmos 2003 Achaval-Elena-2001 Albuquerque & Fernandes 2022 Carreira & Maneyro 2015 Carreira, Brazeiro, Camargo, Rosa, Canavero & Manyro 2012 Carreira, Meneghel & Achaval 2005 Meneghel & Achaval 1997 [as L. ahaetulla] Genus Lygophis (South American Striped Ground Snakes)   Lygophis anomalus Yellow-striped Ground Snake Achaval & Olmos 2003 Achaval-Elena-2001 Carreira & Maneyro 2015 Carreira, Brazeiro, Camargo, Rosa, Canavero & Manyro 2012 Carreira, Meneghel & Achaval 2005 Dixon 1985 Dixon 1989 Panzera, Guerrero & Manayro 2017 Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970   Lygophis flavifrenatus Yellow-lined Ground Snake Achaval & Olmos 2003 Achaval-Elena-2001 Carreira & Maneyro 2015 Carreira, Brazeiro, Camargo, Rosa, Canavero & Manyro 2012 Carreira, Meneghel & Achaval 2005 Genus Mesotes (Southern Mock Vipers)   Mesotes strigatus Striped Mock Viper Achaval & Olmos 2003 Achaval-Elena-2001 Carreira & Maneyro 2015 Carreira, Brazeiro, Camargo, Rosa, Canavero & Manyro 2012 Carreira, Meneghel & Achaval 2005 Pietro & Nenda 2007 Genus Oxyrhopus (Calico Snakes)   Oxyrhopus rhombifer Rhombic Calico Snake Achaval & Olmos 2003 Achaval-Elena-2001 Carreira & Maneyro 2015 Carreira, Brazeiro, Camargo, Rosa, Canavero & Manyro 2012 Carreira, Meneghel & Achaval 2005 Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970 Genus Paraphimophis (Rusty Snake Eater)   Paraphimophis rusticus Rusty Snake Eater Achaval & Olmos 2003 Achaval-Elena-2001 Carreira & Maneyro 2015 Carreira, Brazeiro, Camargo, Rosa, Canavero & Manyro 2012 Carreira, Meneghel & Achaval 2005 Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970 Zaher 1996 Genus Phalotris (South American Collared Snakes)   Phalotris lemniscatus Southern Black-sided Collared Snake Achaval & Olmos 2003 Carreira & Maneyro 2015 Carreira, Brazeiro, Camargo, Rosa, Canavero & Manyro 2012 Carreira, Meneghel & Achaval 2005 Golay, Smith, Broadley, Dixon, McCarthy, Rage, Schatti & Toriba 1993 Genus Philodryas (South American Bush Racers)   Philodryas aestiva Eastern Brazilian Green Bush Racer Achaval & Olmos 2003 Achaval-Elena-2001 Carreira & Maneyro 2015 Carreira, Brazeiro, Camargo, Rosa, Canavero & Manyro 2012 Carreira, Meneghel & Achaval 2005 Giraudo & Scrocchi 2002 Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970 Thomas 1976   Philodryas olfersii Common Green Bush Racer Achaval & Olmos 2003 Achaval-Elena-2001 Carreira & Maneyro 2015 Carreira, Brazeiro, Camargo, Rosa, Canavero & Manyro 2012 Carreira, Lombardo & Achaval-Coppes 2012 Carreira, Meneghel & Achaval 2005 Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970 Genus Pseudablabes (Reticulated Bush Racers)   Pseudablabes agassizii Burrowing Night Snake Achaval & Olmos 2003 Achaval-Elena-2001 Carreira & Maneyro 2015 Carreira, Brazeiro, Camargo, Rosa, Canavero & Manyro 2012 Carreira, Meneghel & Achaval 2005 Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970   Pseudablabes patagoniensis Patagonian Bush Racer Achaval & Olmos 2003 Achaval-Elena-2001 Carreira & Maneyro 2015 Carreira, Brazeiro, Camargo, Rosa, Canavero & Manyro 2012 Carreira, Meneghel & Achaval 2005 Gouveia, Novelli, Vieira & Sousa 2017 Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970 Thomas 1976 Genus Psomophis (Smooth Ground Snakes)   Psomophis obtusus Red-bellied Ground Snake Achaval & Olmos 2003 Achaval-Elena-2001 Carreira & Maneyro 2015 Carreira, Brazeiro, Camargo, Rosa, Canavero & Manyro 2012 Carreira, Meneghel & Achaval 2005 Giraudo & Scrocchi 2002 Myers & Cadle 1994 Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970 Pietro, Nenda & Williams 2010 Genus Tachymenis (South American Scrub Snakes)   Tachymenis ocellata Ocellated Pampas Snake Achaval & Olmos 2003 Achaval-Elena-2001 Carreira & Maneyro 2015 Carreira, Brazeiro, Camargo, Rosa, Canavero & Manyro 2012 Carreira, Meneghel & Achaval 2005 Giraudo & Scrocchi 2002 Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970 Genus Tantilla (American Centipede Snakes)   Tantilla melanocephala South American Black-headed Centipede Snake Achaval & Olmos 2003 Achaval-Elena-2001 Carreira & Maneyro 2015 Carreira, Brazeiro, Camargo, Rosa, Canavero & Manyro 2012 Carreira, Meneghel & Achaval 2005 Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970 Wilson & Mata-Silva 2015 Wilson & Mena 1980 Wilson 1987 Wilson 1992 Genus Tomodon (Pampas Snakes)   Tomodon dorsatus Brazilian Pampas Snake Carreira & Lombardo 2006 Carreira & Maneyro 2015 Carreira, Brazeiro, Camargo, Rosa, Canavero & Manyro 2012 Carreira, Lombardo & Achaval-Coppes 2012 Genus Xenodon (Northern Mock Lanceheads and South American Hognose Snakes)   Xenodon dorbignyi Spotted Hognose Snake Achaval & Olmos 2003 Achaval-Elena-2001 Carreira & Maneyro 2015 Carreira, Brazeiro, Camargo, Rosa, Canavero & Manyro 2012 Carreira, Meneghel & Achaval 2005 Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970   Xenodon histricus Rayed Hognose Snake Achaval & Olmos 2003 Achaval-Elena-2001 Carreira & Maneyro 2015 Carreira, Brazeiro, Camargo, Rosa, Canavero & Manyro 2012 Carreira, Meneghel & Achaval 2005 Orejas-Miranda 1971 Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970   Xenodon merremii Toad-eating Mock Lancehead Achaval & Olmos 2003 Carreira & Achaval 2007 Carreira & Maneyro 2015 Carreira, Brazeiro, Camargo, Rosa, Canavero & Manyro 2012 Carreira, Meneghel & Achaval 2005  Family Elapidae [part 1: terrestrial species] (Cobras, Mambas, etc.) Genus Micrurus (American Coral Snakes)   Micrurus altirostris Uruguayan Coral Snake Achaval & Olmos 2003 Achaval-Elena-2001 Campbell & Lamar 2004 Carreira & Maneyro 2015 Carreira, Brazeiro, Camargo, Rosa, Canavero & Manyro 2012 Carreira, Meneghel & Achaval 2005 Roze 1996 Silva & Sites 1999  Family Leptotyphlopidae (Thread Snakes) Genus Epictia (Neotropical Thread Snakes)   Epictia munoai Rio Grande do Sul Thread Snake Achaval & Olmos 2003 Achaval-Elena-2001 Carreira & Maneyro 2015 Carreira, Brazeiro, Camargo, Rosa, Canavero & Manyro 2012 Carreira, Meneghel & Achaval 2005 Francisco, Pinto & Fernandes 2012 Hahn 1980 Martins, Koch, Pinto, Folly, Fouquet & Passos 2019 McDiarmid, Campbell & Toure 1999 Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970 Wallach 2016  Family Viperidae (Vipers) Genus Bothrops (American Lanceheads)   Bothrops alternatus Urutu Achaval & Olmos 2003 Achaval-Elena-2001 Campbell & Lamar 2004 Carrasco, Grazziotin, Farfan, Koch, Ochoa, Scrocchi, Leynaud & Chaparro 2019 Carreira & Maneyro 2015 Carreira, Brazeiro, Camargo, Rosa, Canavero & Manyro 2012 Carreira, Meneghel & Achaval 2005 David, Dobiey & Vogel 2018   Bothrops pubescens Pampas Lancehead Achaval & Olmos 2003 Achaval-Elena-2001 Campbell & Lamar 2004 Carrasco, Grazziotin, Farfan, Koch, Ochoa, Scrocchi, Leynaud & Chaparro 2019 Carreira & Maneyro 2015 Carreira, Brazeiro, Camargo, Rosa, Canavero & Manyro 2012 Carreira, Meneghel & Achaval 2005 David, Dobiey & Vogel 2018 Silva & Rodrigues 2008 Genus Crotalus (Typical Rattlesnakes)   Crotalus durissus South American Rattlesnake Achaval & Olmos 2003 Achaval-Elena-2001 Campbell & Lamar 2004 Carreira & Maneyro 2015 Carreira, Brazeiro, Camargo, Rosa, Canavero & Manyro 2012 Carreira, Meneghel & Achaval 2005 David, Dobiey & Vogel 2018 Prigioni, Borteiro, Kolenc, Colina & Gonzalez 2013

	Turtles (Testudines)
	= endemicEX = extinct or assumed extinct Species References  Family Chelidae (Austro-American Side-necked Turtles) Genus Acanthochelys (South American Side-necked Swamp Turtles)   Acanthochelys spixii Black Spiny-necked Swamp Turtle Achaval & Olmos 2003 Achaval-Elena-2001 Carreira & Maneyro 2015 Carreira, Brazeiro, Camargo, Rosa, Canavero & Manyro 2012 Carreira, Meneghel & Achaval 2005 Fritz & Havas 2006 Iverson 1992 King & Burke 1989 Rhodin, Iverson, Bour, Fritz, Georges, Shaffer & Dijk 2021 Rhodin, Silva & Mittermeier 1984 Genus Hydromedusa (South American Snake-necked Turtles)   Hydromedusa tectifera Uruguayan Snake-necked Turtle Achaval & Olmos 2003 Achaval-Elena-2001 Alcalde, Sanchez & Pritchard 2021 Carreira & Maneyro 2015 Carreira, Brazeiro, Camargo, Rosa, Canavero & Manyro 2012 Carreira, Meneghel & Achaval 2005 Fritz & Havas 2006 Iverson 1992 King & Burke 1989 Reis Martins, Carvalho-Garbin & Freire Bruno 2011 Rhodin, Iverson, Bour, Fritz, Georges, Shaffer & Dijk 2021 Sousa & Novelli 2009 Genus Phrynops (Lesser Toad-headed Turtles)   Phrynops hilarii Spotted-bellied Toad-headed Turtle Achaval & Olmos 2003 Achaval-Elena-2001 Carreira & Maneyro 2015 Carreira, Brazeiro, Camargo, Rosa, Canavero & Manyro 2012 Carreira, Meneghel & Achaval 2005 Fritz & Havas 2006 Iverson 1992 King & Burke 1989 Rhodin, Iverson, Bour, Fritz, Georges, Shaffer & Dijk 2021   Phrynops williamsi Rio Cadea Toad-headed Turtle Achaval & Olmos 2003 Achaval-Elena-2001 Carreira & Maneyro 2015 Carreira, Brazeiro, Camargo, Rosa, Canavero & Manyro 2012 Carreira, Meneghel & Achaval 2005 Fritz & Havas 2006 Iverson 1992 King & Burke 1989 Rhodin, Iverson, Bour, Fritz, Georges, Shaffer & Dijk 2021  Family Cheloniidae (Hard-shelled Sea Turtles) Genus Caretta (Loggerhead Sea Turtle)   Caretta caretta Loggerhead Sea Turtle Achaval & Olmos 2003 Achaval-Elena-2001 Carreira & Maneyro 2015 Carreira, Brazeiro, Camargo, Rosa, Canavero & Manyro 2012 Carreira, Meneghel & Achaval 2005 Fallabrino, Bager, Estrades & Achaval 2000 Pritchard 1979 Rhodin, Iverson, Bour, Fritz, Georges, Shaffer & Dijk 2021 Genus Chelonia (Green Sea Turtle)   Chelonia mydas Green Sea Turtle Achaval & Olmos 2003 Achaval-Elena-2001 Carreira & Maneyro 2015 Carreira, Brazeiro, Camargo, Rosa, Canavero & Manyro 2012 Carreira, Meneghel & Achaval 2005 Fallabrino, Bager, Estrades & Achaval 2000 King & Burke 1989 Rhodin, Iverson, Bour, Fritz, Georges, Shaffer & Dijk 2021 Genus Eretmochelys (Hawksbill Sea Turtle)   Eretmochelys imbricata Hawksbill Sea Turtle Carreira & Maneyro 2015 Carreira, Brazeiro, Camargo, Rosa, Canavero & Manyro 2012 Rhodin, Iverson, Bour, Fritz, Georges, Shaffer & Dijk 2021 Genus Lepidochelys (Ridley Sea Turtles)   Lepidochelys olivacea Olive Ridley Sea Turtle Achaval & Olmos 2003 Achaval-Elena-2001 Carreira & Maneyro 2015 Carreira, Brazeiro, Camargo, Rosa, Canavero & Manyro 2012 Carreira, Meneghel & Achaval 2005 Fallabrino, Bager, Estrades & Achaval 2000 Rhodin, Iverson, Bour, Fritz, Georges, Shaffer & Dijk 2021  Family Dermochelyidae (Leatherback Sea Turtle) Genus Dermochelys (Leatherback Sea Turtle)   Dermochelys coriacea Leatherback Sea Turtle Achaval & Olmos 2003 Achaval-Elena-2001 Carreira & Maneyro 2015 Carreira, Brazeiro, Camargo, Rosa, Canavero & Manyro 2012 Carreira, Meneghel & Achaval 2005 Fallabrino, Bager, Estrades & Achaval 2000 King & Burke 1989 Rhodin, Iverson, Bour, Fritz, Georges, Shaffer & Dijk 2021  Family Emydidae (Western Pond Turtles) Genus Trachemys (Slider Turtles)   Trachemys dorbigni South Brazilian Slider Achaval & Olmos 2003 Achaval-Elena-2001 Carreira & Maneyro 2015 Carreira, Brazeiro, Camargo, Rosa, Canavero & Manyro 2012 Carreira, Meneghel & Achaval 2005 Fritz & Havas 2006 Iverson 1992 King & Burke 1989 Rhodin, Iverson, Bour, Fritz, Georges, Shaffer & Dijk 2021 Wermuth & Mertens 1977